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Glutamine increases stability of TPH1 mRNA via p38 mitogen-activated kinase in mouse mastocytoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:267-277. [PMID: 36331742 PMCID: PMC9884262 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Expression changes for tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, by environmental glutamine (GLN) were examined in mouse mastocytoma-derived P815-HTR cells. GLN-treated cells exhibited a robust increase in TPH1 mRNA after a 6 h exposure to GLN. 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a glutamine-utilizing glutaminase inhibitor, significantly inhibited the GLN-induction of TPH1 mRNA. Nuclear run-on assays and mRNA decay experiments demonstrated that the primary mechanism leading to increased TPH1 mRNA levels was not due to transcriptional changes, but rather due to increased TPH1 RNA stability induced by GLN. Treatment with GLN also led to activation of p38 MAP kinase, but not p42/44 MAPK. In addition, SB203580, a p38 MAP kinase specific inhibitor, completely abolished the GLN-mediated increase of TPH1 mRNA levels, suggesting the pathway stabilizing TPH1 mRNA might be mediated by the activated p38 MAP kinase pathway. Additionally, SB203580 significantly reduced the stability of TPH1 mRNA, and this reduction of the stability was not affected by GLN in the culture medium, implying a sequential signaling from GLN being mediated by p38 MAP kinase, resulting in alteration of TPH1 mRNA stability. TPH1 mRNA stability loss was also dependent on de novo protein synthesis as shown by treatment of cells with a transcriptional/translational blocker. We provide evidence that TPH1 mRNA levels are increased in response to increased exogenous GLN in mouse mastocytoma cells via a stabilization of TPH1 mRNA due to the activity of the p38 MAP kinase.
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Xi JJ, Yang GH, Liu YN, Qiu JJ, Gong XL, Yan JB, Zeng F. Genome-wide hypermethylation is closely associated with abnormal expression of genes involved in neural development in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a Down syndrome mouse model. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1383-1392. [PMID: 33527608 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mental retardation is the main clinical manifestation of Down syndrome (DS), and neural abnormalities occur during the early embryonic period and continue throughout life. Tc1, a model mouse for DS, carries the majority part of the human chromosome 21 and has multiple neuropathy phenotypes similar to patients with DS. To explore the mechanism of early neural abnormalities of Tc1 mouse, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from Tc1 mice were obtained, and genome-wide gene expression and methylation analysis were performed for Tc1 and wild-type iPS cells. Our results showed hypermethylation profiles for Tc1 iPS cells, and the abnormal genes were shown to be related to neurodevelopment and distributed on multiple chromosomes. In addition, important genes involved in neurogenesis and neurodevelopment were shown to be downregulated in Tc1 iPS cells. In short, our study indicated that genome-wide hypermethylation leads to the disordered expression of genes associated with neurodevelopment in Tc1 mice during early development. Overall, our work provided a useful reference for the study of the molecular mechanism of nervous system abnormalities in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Xi
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan-Heng Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Na Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jun Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Li Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Bin Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Development, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Aristizabal Prada ET, Auernhammer CJ. Targeted therapy of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: preclinical strategies and future targets. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R1-R25. [PMID: 29146887 PMCID: PMC5754510 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy of advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system currently encompasses approved therapy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and the multi-tyrosinkinase inhibitor sunitinib. However, clinical efficacy of these treatment strategies is limited by low objective response rates and limited progression-free survival due to tumour resistance. Further novel strategies for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are needed. This paper reviews preclinical research models and signalling pathways in NETs of the GEP system. Preclinical and early clinical data on putative novel targets for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are discussed, including PI3K, Akt, mTORC1/mTORC2, GSK3, c-Met, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, embryogenic pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta signalling and SMAD proteins), tumour suppressors and cell cycle regulators (p53, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4/6, CDK inhibitor p27, retinoblastoma protein (Rb)), heat shock protein HSP90, Aurora kinase, Src kinase family, focal adhesion kinase and epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Aristizabal Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ma H, Du X, Zhang S, Wang Q, Yin Y, Qiu X, Da P, Yue H, Wu H, Xu F. Achaete-scute complex homologue-1 promotes development of laryngocarcinoma via facilitating the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705752. [PMID: 28618959 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common fatal cancers among head and neck carcinomas, whose mechanism, however, remains unclear. The proneural basic-helix-loop-helix protein achaete-scute complex homologue-1, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family, plays a very important role in many cancers. This study aims to explore the clinical value and mechanism of achaete-scute complex homologue-1 in laryngeal cancer. Methods including Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, Transwell invasion assays, and scratch assay were adopted to further explore the bio-function of achaete-scute complex homologue-1, whose expression was examined in fresh and paraffin chip of laryngeal carcinoma tissues by means of western blot and immunohistochemistry, after the interference of achaete-scute complex homologue-1; achaete-scute complex homologue-1, an overexpression in laryngeal carcinoma whose carcinogenicity potential was confirmed via western blot, was correlative with T classification (p = 0.002), histological differentiation (p = 0.000), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.000), and poor survival (p = 0.000). Multivariate analysis shows that achaete-scute complex homologue-1 overexpression is an independent prognostic factor unfavorable to laryngeal carcinoma patients (p = 0.000). Moreover, knocking down achaete-scute complex homologue-1 expression could significantly suppress the proliferation, migration, and invasion of laryngeal carcinoma cell in vitro and disorder epithelial-mesenchymal transformation-associated protein expression. Achaete-scute complex homologue-1 plays an important role in the genesis and progression of laryngeal carcinoma and may act as a potential biomarker for therapeutic target and prognostic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaci Ma
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Yin
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Peng Da
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huijun Yue
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hao Wu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fenglei Xu
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Xiao Y, Jaskula-Sztul R, Javadi A, Xu W, Eide J, Dammalapati A, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H, Gong S. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and siRNA using octreotide-conjugated gold nanorods for targeted neuroendocrine cancer therapy. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7185-93. [PMID: 23070403 PMCID: PMC3495135 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional gold (Au) nanorod (NR)-based nanocarrier capable of co-delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) against achaete-scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1) and an anticancer drug (doxorubicin (DOX)) specifically to neuroendocrine (NE) cancer cells was developed and characterized for combined chemotherapy and siRNA-mediated gene silencing. The Au NR was conjugated with (1) DOX, an anticancer drug, via a pH-labile hydrazone linkage to enable pH-controlled drug release, (2) polyarginine, a cationic polymer for complexing siRNA, and (3) octreotide (OCT), a tumor-targeting ligand, to specifically target NE cancer cells with overexpressed somatostatin receptors. The Au NR-based nanocarriers exhibited a uniform size distribution as well as pH-sensitive drug release. The OCT-conjugated Au NR-based nanocarriers (Au-DOX-OCT, targeted) exhibited a much higher cellular uptake in a human carcinoid cell line (BON cells) than non-targeted Au NR-based nanocarriers (Au-DOX) as measured by both flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, Au-DOX-OCT-ASCL1 siRNA (Au-DOX-OCT complexed with ASCL1 siRNA) resulted in significantly higher gene silencing in NE cancer cells than Au-DOX-ASCL1 siRNA (non-targeted Au-DOX complexed with ASCL1 siRNA) as measured by an immunoblot analysis. Additionally, Au-DOX-OCT-ASCL1 siRNA was the most efficient nanocarrier at altering the NE phenotype of NE cancer cells and showed the strongest anti-proliferative effect. Thus, combined chemotherapy and RNA silencing using NE tumor-targeting Au NR-based nanocarriers could potentially enhance the therapeutic outcomes in treating NE cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel: + 1 6083164321
| | - Renata Jaskula-Sztul
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA. Tel.: + 1 608 263 1387
| | - Alireza Javadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel: + 1 6083164321
| | - Wenjin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel: + 1 6083164321
| | - Jacob Eide
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA. Tel.: + 1 608 263 1387
| | - Ajitha Dammalapati
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA. Tel.: + 1 608 263 1387
| | | | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, USA. Tel.: + 1 608 263 1387
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel: + 1 6083164321
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Insm1a-mediated gene repression is essential for the formation and differentiation of Müller glia-derived progenitors in the injured retina. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:1013-23. [PMID: 23000964 PMCID: PMC3463712 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, retinal injury stimulates Müller glia (MG) reprograming; allowing them to generate multipotent progenitors that regenerate damaged cells and restore vision. Recent studies suggest transcriptional repression may underlie these events. To identify these repressors, we compared the transcriptomes of MG and MG-derived progenitors and identified insm1a, a transcriptional repressor exhibiting a biphasic pattern of expression that is essential for retina regeneration. Insm1a was found to suppress ascl1a and its own expression and link injury-dependent ascl1a induction with dickkopf (dkk) suppression, which is necessary for MG dedifferentiation. We also found that Insm1a was responsible for sculpting the zone of injury-responsive MG by suppressing hb-egfa expression. Finally, we provide evidence that Insm1a stimulates progenitor cell cycle exit by suppressing a genetic program driving progenitor proliferation. Our studies identify Insm1a as a key regulator of retina regeneration and provide a mechanistic understanding of how it contributes to multiple phases of this process.
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Li SJ, He YZ, Lv BL, Niu XL, Cui AR, Jun LY, Lin ZH. Expression and biological role of DKK1 in human esophageal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2116-2122. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i20.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of dikkopf-1 (DKK1) in esophageal carcinoma tissue and four esophageal carcinoma cell lines and to explore the impact of DKK1 overexpression on cell cycle and invasion in EC9706 cell line.
METHODS: The expression of DKK1 in esophageal carcinoma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the distribution of DKK1 in esophageal carcinoma cell line TE13 was observed by immunofluorescence. Western blot was used to investigate the expression of DKK1 in esophageal carcinoma tissues and matched normal esophageal tissues, as well as in four esophageal carcinoma cell lines. A eukaryotic expression vector of DKK1 was constructed and transfected into EC9706 cells to evaluate the impact of DKK1 overexpression on cell cycle by flow cytometry and on cell invasion by Boyden chamber assay.
RESULTS: DKK1 was highly expressed in esophageal carcinoma tissues and mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of TE13 cells. The expression of DKK1 protein in carcinoma was obviously higher than that in matched normal esophageal tissue. Differential expression of DKK1 was observed in four esophageal carcinoma cell lines. Overexpression of DKK1 in EC9706 cells decreased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase and increased the percentage of cells in sphase and the number of cells penetrating through the membrane of Boyden chamber (252 ± 6.71 vs 99.18 ± 3.02; 252 ± 6.71 vs 112.33 ± 3.21, all P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: DKK1 is overexpressed in esophageal carcinoma. Overexpression of DKK1 in EC9706 cells remarkably promoted cell invasion and progression from G1 phase to S phase.
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The archaic distinction between functioning and nonfunctioning neuroendocrine neoplasms is no longer clinically relevant. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 396:1145-56. [PMID: 21523447 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are increasing in incidence and prevalence. This reflects greater clinical awareness, effective imaging, and increasing pathological diagnostic recognition. Although the identification and treatment of clinical neuroendocrine syndromes are established, there is confusion when a NEN has no discernible clinical symptoms. DISCUSSION Nonfunctional tumors are usually diagnosed incidentally and at a later stage largely because either they do not secrete a bioactive product or do so, but in a form that is either inactive or in quantities that have no discernible effect. Nevertheless, the histopathology is indistinguishable from functional NENs, and tumors exhibit somatostatin receptor expression, and positive immunohistochemistry for neuroendocrine cell markers (CgA, NSE/synaptophysin). Similarly, their rates of growth and metastatic behavior are, like other NENs, predictably based on staging and grading (mitotic rate and Ki67 expression). Both types are diagnosed biochemically (CgA) and by imaging in an identical fashion with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, and endoscopic ultrasound. NENs, irrespective of function or bioactive secretory profile, respond with equal efficacy to the same regimen of surgery or antitumor drugs (e.g., somatostatin analogs with or without tyrosine kinase inhibitors/antiangiogenics or cytotoxics) depending on grade. Given the efficacy of somatostatin analogs in increasing progression free survival, nonfunctional NENs should be managed identically to symptomatic NENs. The consideration of NENs as functional or nonfunctional is an archaic clinical concept that should be discarded since the tumors are indistinguishable at a cellular, biological, and morphological level. All current evidences indicate that their diagnosis and treatment should follow the same common principles.
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Benko E, Winkelmann A, Meier JC, Persson PB, Scholz H, Fähling M. Phorbol-Ester Mediated Suppression of hASH1 Synthesis: Multiple Ways to Keep the Level Down. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:1. [PMID: 21441980 PMCID: PMC3057490 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human achaete-scute homolog-1 (hASH1), encoded by the human ASCL1 gene, belongs to the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. hASH1 and its mammalian homolog Mash1 are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system during development, and promote early neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, hASH1 is involved in the specification of neuronal subtype identities. Misexpression of the transcription factor is correlated with a variety of tumors, including lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of hASH1 regulation, we screened for conditions causing changes in hASH1 gene expression rate. We found that treatment of human neuroblastoma-derived Kelly cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in a fast, strong and long-lasting suppression of hASH1 synthesis. Reporter gene assays with constructs, in which the luciferase activity was controlled either by the ASCL1 promoter or by the hASH1 mRNA untranslated regions (UTRs), revealed a mainly UTR-dependent mechanism. The hASH1 promoter activity was decreased only after 48 h of PMA administration. Our data indicate that different mechanisms acting consecutively at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level are responsible for hASH1 suppression after PMA treatment. We provide evidence that short term inhibition of hASH1 synthesis is attributed to hASH1 mRNA destabilization, which seems to depend mainly on protein kinase C activity. Under prolonged conditions (48 h), hASH1 suppression is mediated by decreased promoter activity and inhibition of mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Benko
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Progenitor cells for regenerative medicine and consequences of ART and cloning-associated epimutations. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 45:187-97. [PMID: 20162468 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The "holy grail" of regenerative medicine is the identification of an undifferentiated progenitor cell that is pluripotent, patient specific, and ethically unambiguous. Such a progenitor cell must also be able to differentiate into functional, transplantable tissue, while avoiding the risks of immune rejection. With reports detailing aberrant genomic imprinting associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and reproductive cloning, the idea that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from surplus in vitro fertilized embryos or nuclear transfer ESCs (ntESCs) harvested from cloned embryos may harbor dangerous epigenetic errors has gained attention. Various progenitor cell sources have been proposed for human therapy, from hESCs to ntESCs, and from adult stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS and piPS cells). This review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each of these technologies, with particular emphasis on epigenetic stability.
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