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Haider II, Bukharie F, Hamid F, Ayub M, Irfan M, Naeem F. Reliability of the ICD-10 International Personality Disorder Examination (Urdu Translation): A preliminary study. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 30:1372-6. [PMID: 25674141 PMCID: PMC4320733 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.306.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the reliability and applicability of Urdu translation of the International personality disorder examination (IPDE) in a psychiatric outpatient population in Pakistan. METHODS This study was conducted at the outpatient department of Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore from April 2012 to March 2013. Patients considered to have a personality disorder by a psychiatrist were initially screened by the IPDE screening questionnaire. Those who scored positive on screening were evaluated in a detailed interview using IPDE. Two interviewers conducted the interviews simultaneously, to ensure inter-rater reliability. For translation, permission was taken from World Health Organization. Linguistic equivalence was assessed through back- translation and conceptual equivalence through opinion of mental health experts. The final Urdu draft was obtained after incorporating modifications suggested by experts following a feasibility study. The analysis was carried out using SPSS v.20. RESULTS Out of 30 enrolled patients, 25(83.3%) were females. The mean age of the sample was 28.5+6.08 years. Majority of patients had more than one personality disorder. Most prevalent personality disorder was emotionally unstable borderline type with a phi correlation of 0.831, followed by emotionally unstable impulsive type and anankastic personality disorder with phi correlations of 0.930 and 0.867, respectively, for definite cases. Correlation coefficient for dimensional scores between the two raters was 0.392 for paranoid personality disorder, 0.842 for anankastic and around 0.9 for the rest of the personality disorders, each. CONCLUSION Urdu translation of IPDE is a reliable tool to screen and diagnose personality disorders in population of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ijaz Haider
- Dr. Imran Ijaz Haider, MRCPsych , Professor of Psychiatry, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Bukharie
- Dr. Fatima Bukharie, Medical Officer, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Hamid
- Fareeha Hamid, Clinical Psychologist, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Dr. Muhammad Ayub, MRCPsych, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Dr. Muhammad Irfan, MCPS, FCPS, MS, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Naeem
- Dr. Farooq Naeem, MSc, MRCPsych, PhD, Consultant Psychiatrist & Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Quinn AE, Rosen RK, McGeary JE, Amoa F, Kranzler HR, Francazio S, McGarvey ST, Swift RM. Translating the semi-structured assessment for drug dependence and alcoholism in the Western Pacific: rationale, study design and reliability of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:525-30. [PMID: 24936588 PMCID: PMC4128669 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to develop a bilingual version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) in English and Samoan and determine the reliability of assessments of alcohol dependence in American Samoa. METHODS The study consisted of development and reliability-testing phases. In the development phase, the SSADDA alcohol module was translated and the translation was evaluated through cognitive interviews. In the reliability-testing phase, the bilingual SSADDA was administered to 40 ethnic Samoans, including a sub-sample of 26 individuals who were retested. RESULTS Cognitive interviews indicated the initial translation was culturally and linguistically appropriate except items pertaining to alcohol tolerance, which were modified to reflect Samoan concepts. SSADDA reliability testing indicated diagnoses of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV alcohol dependence were reliable. Reliability varied by language of administration. CONCLUSION The English/Samoan version of the SSADDA is appropriate for the diagnosis of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence, which may be useful in advancing research and public health efforts to address alcohol problems in American Samoa and the Western Pacific. The translation methods may inform researchers translating diagnostic and assessment tools into different languages and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity E Quinn
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Rochelle K Rosen
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, and Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Francine Amoa
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Francazio
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Swift
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Furnham A, Milner R, Akhtar R, Fruyt FD. A Review of the Measures Designed to Assess DSM-5 Personality Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2014.514175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vorvolakos T, Samakouri M, Tripsianis G, Tsatalmpasidou E, Arvaniti A, Terzoudi A, Livaditis M. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of Roma and non-Roma psychiatric outpatients in Greece. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2012; 17:161-169. [PMID: 22292797 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2012.654767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differences in psychiatric symptoms are often reported between minority and majority groups. The aim of this study was to compare Roma psychiatric outpatients who are Greek citizens living in Thrace (Greece) with outpatients belonging to the 'majority Greek group' with respect to socio-demographic characteristics, psychopathological symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses. DESIGN A sample of 122 Roma and 132 majority Greek patients visiting the Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic at the University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece, were examined with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID-I), the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) and the Derogatis Psychiatric Rating Scale (DPRS). Only those with a psychiatric diagnosis were retained in the analyses. The two groups of patients were compared in relation to their socio-demographic characteristics, their diagnoses and their scores on the DPRS symptom dimensions. RESULTS In comparison to the majority group, Roma patients were younger, more often women, less educated, married, parents of more children, without social security coverage; The Roma group had higher scores on many DPRS symptom dimensions such as somatisation, hostility, sleep disturbance, phobic anxiety, psychoticism, psychomotor retardation, hysterical behaviour and abjection-disinterest. In addition, Roma women presented psychotic and bipolar disorders less often than the majority group women. Symptoms did not differ by ethnic group for those seeking medical certification. CONCLUSION Roma patients face serious social problems and show greater levels of symptoms than the majority group. The limitations of this include that the sample was not representative of the general psychiatric patient population and language, as well as other cultural and educational barriers, might have obscured important aspects of the Roma people's psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vorvolakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Grapsa E, Samouilidou E, Pandelias K, Pipili C, Papaioannou N, Mpakirzi T, Tzanatos H. Correlation of depressive symptoms and olfactory dysfunction in patients on hemodialysis. Hippokratia 2010; 14:189-192. [PMID: 20981168 PMCID: PMC2943357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM A possible link between depression and olfactory dysfunction has been suggested in the literature, in research projects using the olfactory bulbectomy model. In human studies using a syndrome-oriented approach, such an association has not been reported consistently. The aim of the study was to test the association of olfactory dysfunction with depression using a symptom-oriented approach.Paients and methods: Twenty eight end-stage renal failure patients took part in this project. The patients olfactory identification ability was tested with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Immediately before olfactory testing, the subjects completed the Zung self-rating scale, which provides data on symptoms of depression in this group of patients. RESULTS The mean value of the number of mistakes made in the olfactory identification ability (UPSIT test) by the total sample was 14.0±4.5, with a range 6-22. Half of the symptoms seem to bear an influence on the olfactory identification performance. Patients experiencing decreased libido and dissatisfaction exhibited significantly reduced olfactory function, as contrasted to those not experiencing these symptoms. The above results remain practically unaltered even after taking into account such probable confounding factors as age, sex, olfactory detection threshold and duration of illness. CONCLUSION These findings support previous evidence indicating that olfactory dysfunction may be related to specific depressive symptoms in humans. The present findings also suggest that the symptom-oriented approach is an effective research tool for the elucidation of such clinical issues. The need for further research in this field is pointed out.
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Garyfallos G, Katsigiannopoulos K, Adamopoulou A, Papazisis G, Karastergiou A, Bozikas VP. Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Does it imply a specific subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Psychiatry Res 2010; 177:156-60. [PMID: 20163876 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether the comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) constitute a specific subtype of OCD. The study sample consisted of 146 consecutive outpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD. Diagnoses were established using MINI, IPDE, YBOCS and YBOCS-SC. OCD patients with comorbid OCPD were compared with OCD patients without OCPD on various sociodemographic and clinical variables. Almost one third of the OCD subjects met criteria for comorbid OCPD. OCD+OCPD patients had a significantly earlier age at onset of initial OC symptoms, earlier age at onset of OCD and more obsessions and compulsions than pure obsessions compared to the patients with OCDOCPD. OCD+OCPD patients also had a higher rate of comorbidity with avoidant personality disorder and showed more impairment in global functioning. There were not differences between the two sub-groups on severity of OCD symptoms and also on type of OCD onset. Our results indicate that the comorbidity of OCD with OCPD is associated with a number of specific clinical characteristics of OCD. These findings in conjunction with of current clinical, family and genetic studies provide some initial evidence that OCD comorbid with OCPD constitute a specific subtype of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Garyfallos
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Fountoulakis KN, Bech P, Panagiotidis P, Siamouli M, Kantartzis S, Papadopoulou A, Papadopoulou M, Kaprinis S, Kourila E, Iacovides A, St Kaprinis G. Comparison of depressive indices: reliability, validity, relationship to anxiety and personality and the role of age and life events. J Affect Disord 2007; 97:187-95. [PMID: 16844229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although a great number of depressive scales were developed during the last decades, there are only a few studies that compare them in terms of reliability and validity. The current study aimed to compare the properties of some of the most popular of these scales. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample included 40 depressed patients 29.65+/-9.38 years old, and 120 normal comparison subjects 27.23+/-10.62 years old. The clinical diagnosis was reached by consensus of two examiners with the use of the SCAN v.2.0. The scales compared were the CES-D, ZDRS, BDI-I, and the KSQ. The STAI, the Life Change Scale (Holms and Rahe), and the EPQ were also administered. The analysis included the comparison of psychometric properties and the use of Pearson correlation coefficient and factor analysis. RESULTS The results suggested that no scale was clearly superior to the others. All scales correlated to anxiety measurements, sociodemographic variables, personality dimensions and non-specific indices. The results reported here include an appendix with algorithms that help transforming one scale score into other scales scores. These algorithms can be useful for comparison purposes in meta-analytic studies. DISCUSSION The comparison of several depressive scales provided no impressive results on the superiority or inferiority of a specific scale in comparison to the others.
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Fountoulakis KN, Papadopoulou M, Kleanthous S, Papadopoulou A, Bizeli V, Nimatoudis I, Iacovides A, Kaprinis GS. Reliability and psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y: preliminary data. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2006; 5:2. [PMID: 16448554 PMCID: PMC1373628 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y is a brief self-rating scale for the assessment of state and trait anxiety. The aim of the current preliminary study was to assess the psychometric properties of its Greek translation. MATERIALS AND METHODS 121 healthy volunteers 27.22 +/- 10.61 years old, and 22 depressed patients 29.48 +/- 9.28 years old entered the study. In 20 of them the instrument was re-applied 1-2 days later. Translation and Back Translation was made. The clinical diagnosis was reached with the SCAN v.2.0 and the IPDE. The Symptoms Rating Scale for Depression and Anxiety (SRSDA) and the EPQ were applied for cross-validation purposes. The Statistical Analysis included the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and the calculation of Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS The State score for healthy subjects was 34.30 +/- 10.79 and the Trait score was 36.07 +/- 10.47. The respected scores for the depressed patients were 56.22 +/- 8.86 and 53.83 +/- 10.87. Both State and Trait scores followed the normal distribution in control subjects. Cronbach's alpha was 0.93 for the State and 0.92 for the Trait subscale. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between State and Trait subscales was 0.79. Both subscales correlated fairly with the anxiety subscale of the SRSDA. Test-retest reliability was excellent, with Pearson coefficient being between 0.75 and 0.98 for individual items and equal to 0.96 for State and 0.98 for Trait. CONCLUSION The current study provided preliminary evidence concerning the reliability and the validity of the Greek translation of the STAI-form Y. Its properties are generally similar to those reported in the international literature, but further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soula Kleanthous
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papadopoulou
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bizeli
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - George S Kaprinis
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Fountoulakis KN, Kaprinis SG, Iacovides A, Phokas K, Kaprinis G. Are dexamethasone suppression test nonsuppression and thyroid dysfunction related to a family history of dementia in patients with major depression? An exploratory study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2005; 50:342-5. [PMID: 15999950 DOI: 10.1177/070674370505000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data suggest that the low thyroid function syndrome in depression is nonspecific. They also suggest that depression may constitute a risk factor for the development of dementia, especially in atypical patients who have high rates of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis disorders. This study aimed to search for correlations among Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) cortisol levels, thyroid indices, and family history of dementia in patients with depression. METHODS A sample of 30 patients, aged 21 to 60 years and suffering from major depression according to DSM-IV criteria, took part in the study. Three had a family history of dementia in first-degree relatives. We measured their serum levels of free T3, free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid binding inhibitory immunoglobulines, thyroglobulin antibodies, and thyroid microsomal antibodies (TMAs). We applied the 1-mg DST to all patients. The statistical analysis included 1-way multivariate analysis of covariance using t tests as the post hoc tests. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of TMAs were found in patients with a family history of dementia, compared with those who did not have this family history. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that a more pronounced autoimmune process may characterize depression patients with a family history of dementia.
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Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Fotiou F, Karamouzis M, Demetriadou A, Kaprinis G. Relationship among Dexamethasone Suppression Test, personality disorders and stressful life events in clinical subtypes of major depression: An exploratory study. ANNALS OF GENERAL HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRY 2004; 3:15. [PMID: 15598349 PMCID: PMC543459 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2832-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dexamethasone suppression test, personality disorder, stressful life events and depression. Material Fifty patients (15 males and 35 females) aged 41.0 ± 11.4 years, suffering from Major Depression according to DSM-IV criteria entered the study. Method Diagnosis was obtained with the aid of the SCAN v 2.0 and the IPDE. Psychometric assessment included the HDRS, HAS, the Newcastle Scale (version 1965 and 1971), the Diagnostic Melancholia Scale, the Personality Deviance Scale and the GAF scale. The 1 mg DST was used. Statistical Analysis Included MANOVA, ANOVA with LSD post hoc test and chi-square test. Results Sixteen (32%) patients were non-suppressors. Eight patients without Personality Disorder (PD) (23.5%), and 5 of those with PD of cluster B (50%) were non-suppressors. Atypical patients were the subtype with the highest rate of non-suppression (42.85%). No difference between suppressors and non-suppressors was detected in any of the scales. Discussion The results of the current study suggest that pathological DST is not a core feature of major depression. They also suggest that there are more than one subtypes of depression, concerning the response to stress. It seems that the majority of depressed patients (50%) does not experience high levels of stress either in terms of self reported experience or neuroendocrine function. The rest of patients however, either experience high levels of stress, or manifest its somatic analogue (DST non-suppression) or have a very low threshold of stress tolerance, which makes them to behave in a hostile way.
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Affiliation(s)
- KN Fountoulakis
- Lab of Psychophysiology, 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece
| | - A Iacovides
- Lab of Psychophysiology, 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece
| | - F Fotiou
- Lab of Clin Neurophysiology, 1Department of Neurology Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece
| | - M Karamouzis
- Lab of Biochemistry, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece
| | - A Demetriadou
- Lab of Biochemistry, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece
| | - G Kaprinis
- Lab of Psychophysiology, 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, Greece
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Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Grammaticos P, St Kaprinis G, Bech P. Thyroid function in clinical subtypes of major depression: an exploratory study. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4:6. [PMID: 15113438 PMCID: PMC394331 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unipolar depression might be characterized by a 'low-thyroid function syndrome'. To our knowledge, this is the first study which explores the possible relationship of DSM-IV depressive subtypes and the medium term outcome, with thyroid function. MATERIAL Thirty major depressive patients (DSM-IV) aged 21-60 years and 60 control subjects were included. Clinical Diagnosis: The SCAN v 2.0 and the IPDE were used. The psychometric Assessment included HDRS the HAS and the GAF scales. Free-T3, Free-T4, TSH, Thyroid Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulins (TBII), Thyroglobulin antibodies (TA) and Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies (TMA) were measured in the serum. The Statistical analysis included 1 and 2-way MANCOVA, discriminant function analysis and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS All depressive subtypes had significantly higher TBII levels in comparison to controls. Atypical patients had significantly higher TMA in comparison to controls. No significant correlation was observed between the HDRS, HAS and GAF scales and thyroid indices. Discriminant function analysis produced functions based on thyroid indices, which could moderately discriminate between diagnostic groups, but could predict good response to treatment with 89.47% chance of success. CONCLUSION Although overt thyroid dysfunction is not common in depression, there is evidence suggesting the presence of an autoimmune process affecting the thyroid gland in depressive patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Apostolos Iacovides
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Philippos Grammaticos
- Laboratory of of Nuclear Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - George St Kaprinis
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Per Bech
- Frederiksborg General Hospital Department of Psychiatry, Hillerod Denmark
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Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Kleanthous S, Samolis S, Gougoulias K, St Kaprinis G, Bech P. The Greek translation of the symptoms rating scale for depression and anxiety: preliminary results of the validation study. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3:21. [PMID: 14667249 PMCID: PMC317317 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to assess the reliability, validity and the psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Symptoms Rating Scale For Depression and Anxiety. The scale consists of 42 items and permits the calculation of the scores of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-21, the BDI 13, the Melancholia Subscale, the Asthenia Subscale, the Anxiety Subscale and the Mania Subscale METHODS 29 depressed patients 30.48 +/- 9.83 years old, and 120 normal controls 27.45 +/- 10.85 years old entered the study. In 20 of them (8 patients and 12 controls) the instrument was re-applied 1-2 days later. Translation and Back Translation was made. Clinical Diagnosis was reached by consensus of two examiners with the use of the SCAN v.2.0 and the IPDE. CES-D and ZDRS were used for cross-validation purposes. The Statistical Analysis included ANOVA, the Spearman Correlation Coefficient, Principal Components Analysis and the calculation of Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS The optimal cut-off points were: BDI-21: 14/15, BDI-13: 7/8, Melancholia: 8/9, Asthenia: 9/10, Anxiety: 10/11. Chronbach's alpha ranged between 0.86 and 0.92 for individual scales. Only the Mania subscale had very low alpha (0.12). The test-retest reliability was excellent for all scales with Spearman's Rho between 0.79 and 0.91. CONCLUSIONS The Greek translation of the SRSDA and the scales that consist it are both reliable and valid and are suitable for clinical and research use with satisfactory properties. Their properties are close to those reported in the international literature. However one should always have in mind the limitations inherent in the use of self-report scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soula Kleanthous
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE
| | - Stavros Samolis
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE
| | | | | | - Per Bech
- Frederiksborg General Hospital Department of Psychiatry, Hillerod DENMARK
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Moll C, Gessler U, Bartsch S, El-sayeh HG, Fenton M, Adams CE. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and productivity of schizophrenia trials: an ecological study. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3:18. [PMID: 14656379 PMCID: PMC305357 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5000 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's database affords an opportunity to research for variables related to the differences between nations of their output of schizophrenia trials. METHODS Ecological study--investigating the relationship between four economic/demographic variables and number of schizophrenia RCTs per country. The variable with closest correlation was used to predict the expected number of studies. RESULTS GDP closely correlated with schizophrenia trial output, with 76% of the total variation about the Y explained by the regression line (r = 0.87, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.92, r2 = 0.76). Many countries have a strong tradition of schizophrenia trials, exceeding their predicted output. All nations with no identified trial output had GDPs that predicted zero trial activity. Several nations with relatively small GDPs are, nevertheless, highly productive of trials. Some wealthy countries seem either not to have produced the expected number of randomised trials or not to have disseminated them to the English-speaking world. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis-generating study could not investigate causal relationships, but suggests, that for those seeking all relevant studies, expending effort searching the scientific literature of Germany, Italy, France, Brazil and Japan may be a good investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Moll
- Schule fuer Medizinische Dokumentation, Universitaetklinikum Ulm, Academie fuer Medizinische Berufe, Ulm, 89070, Germany
| | - Ursula Gessler
- Schule fuer Medizinische Dokumentation, Universitaetklinikum Ulm, Academie fuer Medizinische Berufe, Ulm, 89070, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bartsch
- Schule fuer Medizinische Dokumentation, Universitaetklinikum Ulm, Academie fuer Medizinische Berufe, Ulm, 89070, Germany
| | - Hany George El-sayeh
- Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Leeds 15 Hyde Terrace, Leeds, LS2 9LT, UK
| | - Mark Fenton
- Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Leeds 15 Hyde Terrace, Leeds, LS2 9LT, UK
| | - Clive Elliott Adams
- Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Leeds 15 Hyde Terrace, Leeds, LS2 9LT, UK
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Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Kleanthous S, Samolis S, Gougoulias K, Tsiptsios I, Kaprinis GS, Bech P. Reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Major Depression Inventory. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3:2. [PMID: 12556247 PMCID: PMC149454 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Major Depression Inventory (MDI) is a brief self-rating scale for the assessment of depression. It is reported to be valid because it is based on the universe of symptoms of DSM-IV and ICD-10 depression. The aim of the current preliminary study was to assess the reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the MDI. METHODS 30 depressed patients of mean age 23.41 (+/- 5.77) years, and 68 controls patients of mean age 25.08 (+/- 11.42) years, entered the study. In 18 of them, the instrument was re-applied 1-2 days later and the Translation and Back Translation made. Clinical diagnosis was reached with the use of the SCAN v.2.0 and the International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE). The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) and the Zung Depression Rating Scale (ZDRS) were applied for cross-validation purposes. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, the Spearman Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Principal Components Analysis and the calculation of Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity were 0.86 and 0.94, respectively, at 26/27. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was equal to 0.89. The Spearman's rho between MDI and CES-D was 0.86 and between MDI and ZDRS was 0.76. The factor analysis revealed two factors but the first accounted for 54% of variance while the second only for 9%. The test-retest reliability was excellent (Spearman's rho between 0.53 and 0.96 for individual items and 0.89 for total score). CONCLUSION The current study provided preliminary evidence concerning the reliability and validity of the Greek translation of the MDI. Its properties are similar to those reported in the international literature, but further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- KN Fountoulakis
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Iacovides
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Kleanthous
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Samolis
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Gougoulias
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Tsiptsios
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - GS Kaprinis
- 3Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Bech
- Frederiksborg General Hospital Department of Psychiatry, Hillerod Denmark
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