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Dinadayala P, Gleizal G, Guinamand S, Bonifassi P, Haensler J. Characterization of antigen adjuvant interactions in polyacrylate adjuvanted vaccines. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 33:101405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Dipten L, Amenti, Rajkrishna M. Molecular docking analysis of juglone with parvulin-type PPiase PrsA from Staphylococcus aureus. Bioinformation 2023; 19:48-52. [PMID: 37720298 PMCID: PMC10504509 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes variety of infections range from mild skin diseases to life-threatening sepsis. It is also notorious for acquiring resistance to numerous antibiotics. Parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPiase) domain containing PrsA protein is considered as an essential folding factor for secreted proteins of Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, it is considered as a potential target for anti-staphylococcal drug discovery. Juglone, plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone, shows confirmed antitumor and antibacterial activities. Destruction of bacterial biofilm, inhibition of enzyme expression, degradation of nucleic acids, and other pathways are likely the major possible mechanisms for Staphylococcus aureus inactivation by juglone. Selective inhibition of parvulin type PPiase by juglone has been proven biochemically. However, detail structural information of parvulin-juglone interaction and mechanism of enzymatic inhibition till unexplored. Past hypothesis on inactivation of parvulin type PPiase due to covalent attachment of juglone molecules to its cysteine residues is not acceptable for the S. aureus PrsA parvulin domain as that lacks cysteine. Docking studies showed that juglone binds to the active site residues of S. aureus PrsA parvulin domain involved in enzymatic reaction. Active site conserved histidine residue of parvulin may be involved in juglone interaction as it was found to be the common interactive residue in majority of docking complexes. Data shows Juglone possibly inhibits parvulin type PPiase through competitive inhibition mechanism. Subtle differences of juglone interactions with other orthologous parvulin domains will help to develop semisynthetic drug with higher specificity against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laskar Dipten
- Department of Biotechnology, Nagaland University, Dimapur, Nagaland-797112, India
| | - Amenti
- Department of Biotechnology, Nagaland University, Dimapur, Nagaland-797112, India
| | - Mondal Rajkrishna
- Department of Biotechnology, Nagaland University, Dimapur, Nagaland-797112, India
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Nguyen MT, Matsuo M, Niemann S, Herrmann M, Götz F. Lipoproteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria: Abundance, Function, Fitness. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582582. [PMID: 33042100 PMCID: PMC7530257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When one thinks of the Gram+ cell wall, the peptidoglycan (PG) scaffold in particular comes to mind. However, the cell wall also consists of many other components, for example those that are covalently linked to the PG: the wall teichoic acid and the cell wall proteins tethered by the sortase. In addition, there are completely different molecules that are anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane and span the cell wall. These are lipoteichoic acids and bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp). The latter are in the focus of this review. Lpp are present in almost all bacteria. They fulfill a wealth of different tasks. They represent the window to the outside world by recognizing nutrients and incorporating them into the bacterial cell via special transport systems. Furthermore, they perform very diverse and special tasks such as acting as chaperonin, as cyclomodulin, contributing to invasion of host cells or uptake of plasmids via conjugation. All these functions are taken over by the protein part. Nevertheless, the lipid part of the Lpp plays an as important role as the protein part. It is the released lipoproteins and derived lipopeptides that massively modulate our immune system and ultimately play an important role in immune tolerance or non-tolerance. All these varied activities of the Lpp are considered in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miki Matsuo
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Seal S, Chowdhury N, Biswas R, Chakraborty T, Sinha D, Bagchi A, Sau S. Removal of an atypical region from a staphylococcal cyclophilin affects its structure, function, stability, and shape. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1287-1298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Sacquin-Mora S. Coarse-grain simulations on NMR conformational ensembles highlight functional residues in proteins. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190075. [PMID: 31288649 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics are a key feature of protein function, and this is especially true of gating residues, which occupy cavity or tunnel lining positions in the protein structure, and will reversibly switch between open and closed conformations in order to control the diffusion of small molecules within a protein's internal matrix. Earlier work on globins and hydrogenases have shown that these gating residues can be detected using a multiscale scheme combining all-atom classic molecular dynamics simulations and coarse-grain calculations of the resulting conformational ensemble mechanical properties. Here, we show that the structural variations observed in the conformational ensembles produced by NMR spectroscopy experiments are sufficient to induce noticeable mechanical changes in a protein, which in turn can be used to identify residues important for function and forming a mechanical nucleus in the protein core. This new approach, which combines experimental data and rapid coarse-grain calculations and no longer needs to resort to time-consuming all-atom simulations, was successfully applied to five different protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sacquin-Mora
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS UPR9080, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris , France
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6
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Abstract
We developed a new approach that couples Southwestern blotting and mass spectrometry to discover proteins that bind extracellular DNA (eDNA) in bacterial biofilms. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model pathogen, we identified proteins with known DNA-binding activity and uncovered a series of lipoproteins with previously unrecognized DNA-binding activity. We demonstrated that expression of these lipoproteins results in an eDNA-dependent biofilm enhancement. Additionally, we found that while deletion of lipoproteins had a minimal impact on biofilm accumulation, these lipoprotein mutations increased biofilm porosity, suggesting that lipoproteins and their associated interactions contribute to biofilm structure. For one of the lipoproteins, SaeP, we showed that the biofilm phenotype requires the lipoprotein to be anchored to the outside of the cellular membrane, and we further showed that increased SaeP expression correlates with more retention of high-molecular-weight DNA on the bacterial cell surface. SaeP is a known auxiliary protein of the SaeRS system, and we also demonstrated that the levels of SaeP correlate with nuclease production, which can further impact biofilm development. It has been reported that S. aureus biofilms are stabilized by positively charged cytoplasmic proteins that are released into the extracellular environment, where they make favorable electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged cell surface and eDNA. In this work we extend this electrostatic net model to include secreted eDNA-binding proteins and membrane-attached lipoproteins that can function as anchor points between eDNA in the biofilm matrix and the bacterial cell surface.IMPORTANCE Many bacteria are capable of forming biofilms encased in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that protects them from chemotherapies and the host defenses. As a result of these inherent resistance mechanisms, bacterial biofilms are extremely difficult to eradicate and are associated with chronic wounds, orthopedic and surgical wound infections, and invasive infections, such as infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis. It is therefore important to understand the nature of the interactions between the bacterial cell surface and EPS that stabilize biofilms. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been recognized as an EPS constituent for many bacterial species and has been shown to be important in promoting biofilm formation. Using Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, we show that membrane-attached lipoproteins can interact with the eDNA in the biofilm matrix and promote biofilm formation, which suggests that lipoproteins are potential targets for novel therapies aimed at disrupting bacterial biofilms.
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Ünal CM, Karagöz MS, Berges M, Priebe C, Borrero de Acuña JM, Wissing J, Jänsch L, Jahn D, Steinert M. Pleiotropic Clostridioides difficile Cyclophilin PpiB Controls Cysteine-Tolerance, Toxin Production, the Central Metabolism and Multiple Stress Responses. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 31024308 PMCID: PMC6459899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen Clostridioides difficile is the main bacterial agent of nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea. Bacterial peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases) are well established modulators of virulence that influence the outcome of human pathologies during infections. Here, we present the first interactomic network of the sole cyclophilin-type PPIase of C. difficile (CdPpiB) and show that it has diverse interaction partners including major enzymes of the amino acid-dependent energy (LdhA, EtfAB, Had, Acd) and the glucose-derived (Fba, GapA, Pfo, Pyk, Pyc) central metabolism. Proteins of the general (UspA), oxidative (Rbr1,2,3, Dsr), alkaline (YloU, YphY) and cold shock (CspB) response were found bound to CdPpiB. The transcriptional (Lrp), translational (InfC, RFF) and folding (GroS, DnaK) control proteins were also found attached. For a crucial enzyme of cysteine metabolism, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK), the global transcription regulator Lrp and the flagellar subunit FliC, these interactions were independently confirmed using a bacterial two hybrid system. The active site residues F50, F109, and F110 of CdPpiB were shown to be important for the interaction with the residue P87 of Lrp. CysK activity after heat denaturation was restored by interaction with CdPpiB. In accordance, tolerance toward cell wall stress caused by the exposure to amoxicillin was reduced. In the absence of CdPpiB, C. difficile was more susceptible toward L-cysteine. At the same time, the cysteine-mediated suppression of toxin production ceased resulting in higher cytotoxicity. In summary, the cyclophilin-type PPIase of C. difficile (CdPpiB) coordinates major cellular processes via its interaction with major regulators of transcription, translation, protein folding, stress response and the central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Murat Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Moleküler Biyoteknoloji Bölümü, Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mareike Berges
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christina Priebe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Josef Wissing
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Proteomics Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Proteomics Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Rehic E, Hoenig D, Kamba BE, Goehring A, Hofmann E, Gasper R, Matena A, Bayer P. Structural Analysis of the 42 kDa Parvulin of Trypanosoma brucei. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030093. [PMID: 30866577 PMCID: PMC6468809 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryotic parasite, which causes the African sleeping sickness in humans. The recently discovered trypanosomal protein Parvulin 42 (TbPar42) plays a key role in parasite cell proliferation. Homologues of this two-domain protein are exclusively found in protozoa species. TbPar42 exhibits an N-terminal forkhead associated (FHA)-domain and a peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) domain, both connected by a linker. Using NMR and X-ray analysis as well as activity assays, we report on the structures of the single domains of TbPar42, discuss their intra-molecular interplay, and give some initial hints as to potential cellular functions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edisa Rehic
- University Duisburg-Essen, Research Group Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dana Hoenig
- University Duisburg-Essen, Research Group Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Bianca E Kamba
- University Duisburg-Essen, Research Group Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Anna Goehring
- University Duisburg-Essen, Research Group Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- Protein Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Raphael Gasper
- Protein Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Anja Matena
- University Duisburg-Essen, Research Group Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Peter Bayer
- University Duisburg-Essen, Research Group Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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9
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Bartual SG, Alcorlo M, Martínez-Caballero S, Molina R, Hermoso JA. Three-dimensional structures of Lipoproteins from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:692-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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10
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Matena A, Rehic E, Hönig D, Kamba B, Bayer P. Structure and function of the human parvulins Pin1 and Par14/17. Biol Chem 2018; 399:101-125. [PMID: 29040060 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parvulins belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) assisting in protein folding and in regulating the function of a broad variety of proteins in all branches of life. The human representatives Pin1 and Par14/17 are directly involved in processes influencing cellular maintenance and cell fate decisions such as cell-cycle progression, metabolic pathways and ribosome biogenesis. This review on human parvulins summarizes the current knowledge of these enzymes and intends to oppose the well-studied Pin1 to its less well-examined homolog human Par14/17 with respect to structure, catalytic and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Matena
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Edisa Rehic
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Dana Hönig
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Bianca Kamba
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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11
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Fine-tuning the extent and dynamics of binding cleft opening as a potential general regulatory mechanism in parvulin-type peptidyl prolyl isomerases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44504. [PMID: 28300139 PMCID: PMC5353683 DOI: 10.1038/srep44504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvulins or rotamases form a distinct group within peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases. Their exact mode of action as well as the role of conserved residues in the family are still not unambiguously resolved. Using backbone S2 order parameters and NOEs as restraints, we have generated dynamic structural ensembles of three distinct parvulins, SaPrsA, TbPin1 and CsPinA. The resulting ensembles are in good agreement with the experimental data but reveal important differences between the three enzymes. The largest difference can be attributed to the extent of the opening of the substrate binding cleft, along which motional mode the three molecules occupy distinct regions. Comparison with a wide range of other available parvulin structures highlights structural divergence along the bottom of the binding cleft acting as a hinge during the opening-closing motion. In the prototype WW-domain containing parvulin, Pin1, this region is also important in forming contacts with the WW domain known to modulate enzymatic activity of the catalytic domain. We hypothesize that modulation of the extent and dynamics of the identified ‘breathing motion’ might be one of the factors responsible for functional differences in the distinct parvulin subfamilies.
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12
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An Intracellular Peptidyl-Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase Is Required for Folding and Activity of the Staphylococcus aureus Secreted Virulence Factor Nuclease. J Bacteriol 2016; 199:JB.00453-16. [PMID: 27795319 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00453-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that relies on a large repertoire of secreted and cell wall-associated proteins for pathogenesis. Consequently, the ability of the organism to cause disease is absolutely dependent on its ability to synthesize and successfully secrete these proteins. In this study, we investigate the role of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) on the activity of the S. aureus secreted virulence factor nuclease (Nuc). We identify a staphylococcal cyclophilin-type PPIase (PpiB) that is required for optimal activity of Nuc. Disruption of ppiB results in decreased nuclease activity in culture supernatants; however, the levels of Nuc protein are not altered, suggesting that the decrease in activity results from misfolding of Nuc in the absence of PpiB. We go on to demonstrate that PpiB exhibits PPIase activity in vitro, is localized to the bacterial cytosol, and directly interacts with Nuc in vitro to accelerate the rate of Nuc refolding. Finally, we demonstrate an additional role for PpiB in S. aureus hemolysis and demonstrate that the S. aureus parvulin-type PPIase PrsA also plays a role in the activity of secreted virulence factors. The deletion of prsA leads to a decrease in secreted protease and phospholipase activity, similar to that observed in other Gram-positive pathogens. Together, these results demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that PPIases play an important role in the secretion of virulence factors in S. aureus IMPORTANCE: Staphylococcus aureus is a highly dangerous bacterial pathogen capable of causing a variety of infections throughout the human body. The ability of S. aureus to cause disease is largely due to an extensive repertoire of secreted and cell wall-associated proteins, including adhesins, toxins, exoenzymes, and superantigens. These virulence factors, once produced, are typically transported across the cell membrane by the secretory (Sec) system in a denatured state. Consequently, once outside the cell, they must refold into their active form. This step often requires the assistance of bacterial folding proteins, such as PPIases. In this work, we investigate the role of PPIases in S. aureus and uncover a cyclophilin-type enzyme that assists in the folding/refolding of staphylococcal nuclease.
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Shahmirzadi SV, Nguyen MT, Götz F. Evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus Lipoproteins: Role in Nutritional Acquisition and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1404. [PMID: 27679612 PMCID: PMC5020093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp) represent a major class of membrane proteins. They are distinguished by a lipid moiety at the N-terminus by which they are anchored either in the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane or, in Gram-negative bacteria, also in the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria Lpp significantly contribute to nutrient transport, Toll-like receptor 2 activation and pathogenicity. Here we examine the Lpp of Staphylococcus aureus USA300, as a prototype for a multiple antibiotic resistant and community-acquired pathogen that is rapidly spreading worldwide. The compiled Lpp were grouped according to the postulated function and dissemination of homologs in the genus Staphylococcus and beyond. Based on this evaluation we also point out Lpp as promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shideh V Shahmirzadi
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Ikolo F, Zhang M, Harrington DJ, Robinson C, Waller AS, Sutcliffe IC, Black GW. Characterisation of SEQ0694 (PrsA/PrtM) of Streptococcus equi as a functional peptidyl-prolyl isomerase affecting multiple secreted protein substrates. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:3279-86. [PMID: 26466087 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) lipoproteins have been shown to influence the virulence of a number of Gram-positive bacterial human and animal pathogens, most likely through facilitating the folding of cell envelope and secreted virulence factors. Here, we used a proteomic approach to demonstrate that the Streptococcus equi PPIase SEQ0694 alters the production of multiple secreted proteins, including at least two putative virulence factors (FNE and IdeE2). We demonstrate also that, despite some unusual sequence features, recombinant SEQ0694 and its central parvulin domain are functional PPIases. These data add to our knowledge of the mechanisms by which lipoprotein PPIases contribute to the virulence of streptococcal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Ikolo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK. and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Dean J Harrington
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Carl Robinson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Gary W Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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15
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Hoppstock L, Trusch F, Lederer C, van West P, Koenneke M, Bayer P. NmPin from the marine thaumarchaeote Nitrosopumilus maritimus is an active membrane associated prolyl isomerase. BMC Biol 2016; 14:53. [PMID: 27349962 PMCID: PMC4922055 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) are present in all forms of life and play a crucial role in protein folding and regulation. They catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond that precedes proline residues in numerous proteins. The parvulins, which is one family of PPIases, have been extensively investigated in several eukaryotes. However, nothing is known about their expression, function and localization in archaea. Results Here, we describe the endogenous expression, molecular structure, function and cellular localization of NmPin, a single-domain parvulin-type PPIase from Nitrosopumilus maritimus. This marine chemolithoautotrophic archaeon belongs to the globally abundant phylum Thaumarchaeota. Using high resolution NMR spectroscopy we demonstrate that the 3D structure of NmPin adopts a parvulin fold and confirmed its peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by protease-coupled assays and mutagenesis studies. A detailed topological analysis revealed a positively charged lysine-rich patch on the protein surface, which is conserved in all known parvulin sequences of thaumarchaeotes and targets NmPin to lipids in vitro. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirms that the protein is attached to the outer archaeal cell membrane in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy uncovered that NmPin has a uniform distribution at the membrane surface, which is correlated with a native cell shape of the prokaryote. Conclusion We present a novel solution structure of a catalytically active thaumarchaeal parvulin. Our results reveal that a lysine-rich patch in NmPin mediates membrane localization. These findings provide a model whereby NmPin is located between the archaeal membrane and the surface layer and hence suggest proteins of the S-layer as the key target substrates of this parvulin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0274-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hoppstock
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 1-4, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Aberdeen Oomycetes Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christoph Lederer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 1-4, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycetes Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Martin Koenneke
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 1-4, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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16
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The Staphylococcus aureus Chaperone PrsA Is a New Auxiliary Factor of Oxacillin Resistance Affecting Penicillin-Binding Protein 2A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1656-66. [PMID: 26711778 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02333-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) phenotype results from the expression of the extra penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), which is encoded by mecA and acquired horizontally on part of the SCCmec cassette. PBP2A can catalyze dd-transpeptidation of peptidoglycan (PG) because of its low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics and can functionally cooperate with the PBP2 transglycosylase in the biosynthesis of PG. Here, we focus upon the role of the membrane-bound PrsA foldase protein as a regulator of β-lactam resistance expression. Deletion of prsA altered oxacillin resistance in three different SCCmec backgrounds and, more importantly, caused a decrease in PBP2A membrane amounts without affecting mecA mRNA levels. The N- and C-terminal domains of PrsA were found to be critical features for PBP2A protein membrane levels and oxacillin resistance. We propose that PrsA has a role in posttranscriptional maturation of PBP2A, possibly in the export and/or folding of newly synthesized PBP2A. This additional level of control in the expression of the mecA-dependent MRSA phenotype constitutes an opportunity to expand the strategies to design anti-infective agents.
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17
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Identification of Conserved and Species-Specific Functions of the Listeria monocytogenes PrsA2 Secretion Chaperone. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26216425 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00504-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that relies on the regulated secretion and activity of a variety of proteins that sustain life within diverse environments. PrsA2 has recently been identified as a secreted peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase and chaperone that is dispensable for bacterial growth in broth culture but essential for L. monocytogenes virulence. Following host infection, PrsA2 contributes to the proper folding and activity of secreted proteins that are required for bacterial replication within the host cytosol and for bacterial spread to adjacent cells. PrsA2 is one member of a family of Gram-positive secretion chaperones that appear to play important roles in bacterial physiology; however, it is not known how these proteins recognize their substrate proteins or the degree to which their function is conserved across diverse Gram-positive species. We therefore examined PrsA proteins encoded by a variety of Gram-positive bacteria for functional complementation of L. monocytogenes mutants lacking prsA2. PrsA homologues encoded by Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactococcus lactis were examined for functional complementation of a variety of L. monocytogenes PrsA2-associated phenotypes central to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis and bacterial cell physiology. Our results indicate that while selected aspects of PrsA2 function are broadly conserved among diverse Gram-positive bacteria, PrsA2 exhibits unique specificity for L. monocytogenes target proteins required for pathogenesis. The L. monocytogenes PrsA2 chaperone thus appears evolutionarily optimized for virulence factor secretion within the host cell cytosol while still maintaining aspects of activity relevant to more general features of Gram-positive protein translocation.
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18
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Roles of Prolyl Isomerases in RNA-Mediated Gene Expression. Biomolecules 2015; 5:974-99. [PMID: 25992900 PMCID: PMC4496705 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases) that include immunophilins (cyclophilins and FKBPs) and parvulins (Pin1, Par14, Par17) participate in cell signaling, transcription, pre-mRNA processing and mRNA decay. The human genome encodes 19 cyclophilins, 18 FKBPs and three parvulins. Immunophilins are receptors for the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin that are used in organ transplantation. Pin1 has also been targeted in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, and a number of cancers. While these PPIases are characterized as molecular chaperones, they also act in a nonchaperone manner to promote protein-protein interactions using surfaces outside their active sites. The immunosuppressive drugs act by a gain-of-function mechanism by promoting protein-protein interactions in vivo. Several immunophilins have been identified as components of the spliceosome and are essential for alternative splicing. Pin1 plays roles in transcription and RNA processing by catalyzing conformational changes in the RNA Pol II C-terminal domain. Pin1 also binds several RNA binding proteins such as AUF1, KSRP, HuR, and SLBP that regulate mRNA decay by remodeling mRNP complexes. The functions of ribonucleoprotein associated PPIases are largely unknown. This review highlights PPIases that play roles in RNA-mediated gene expression, providing insight into their structures, functions and mechanisms of action in mRNP remodeling in vivo.
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19
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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20
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Burmann BM, Hiller S. Chaperones and chaperone-substrate complexes: Dynamic playgrounds for NMR spectroscopists. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 86-87:41-64. [PMID: 25919198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of proteins depend on a well-defined three-dimensional structure to obtain their functionality. In the cellular environment, the process of protein folding is guided by molecular chaperones to avoid misfolding, aggregation, and the generation of toxic species. To this end, living cells contain complex networks of molecular chaperones, which interact with substrate polypeptides by a multitude of different functionalities: transport them towards a target location, help them fold, unfold misfolded species, resolve aggregates, or deliver them towards a proteolysis machinery. Despite the availability of high-resolution crystal structures of many important chaperones in their substrate-free apo forms, structural information about how substrates are bound by chaperones and how they are protected from misfolding and aggregation is very sparse. This lack of information arises from the highly dynamic nature of chaperone-substrate complexes, which so far has largely hindered their crystallization. This highly dynamic nature makes chaperone-substrate complexes good targets for NMR spectroscopy. Here, we review the results achieved by NMR spectroscopy to understand chaperone function in general and details of chaperone-substrate interactions in particular. We assess the information content and applicability of different NMR techniques for the characterization of chaperones and chaperone-substrate complexes. Finally, we highlight three recent studies, which have provided structural descriptions of chaperone-substrate complexes at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn M Burmann
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Jakob RP, Koch JR, Burmann BM, Schmidpeter PAM, Hunkeler M, Hiller S, Schmid FX, Maier T. Dimeric Structure of the Bacterial Extracellular Foldase PrsA. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3278-92. [PMID: 25525259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of proteins into the membrane-cell wall space is essential for cell wall biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Gram-positive bacteria. Folding and maturation of many secreted proteins depend on a single extracellular foldase, the PrsA protein. PrsA is a 30-kDa protein, lipid anchored to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. The crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis PrsA reveals a central catalytic parvulin-type prolyl isomerase domain, which is inserted into a larger composite NC domain formed by the N- and C-terminal regions. This domain architecture resembles, despite a lack of sequence conservation, both trigger factor, a ribosome-binding bacterial chaperone, and SurA, a periplasmic chaperone in Gram-negative bacteria. Two main structural differences are observed in that the N-terminal arm of PrsA is substantially shortened relative to the trigger factor and SurA and in that PrsA is found to dimerize in a unique fashion via its NC domain. Dimerization leads to a large, bowl-shaped crevice, which might be involved in vivo in protecting substrate proteins from aggregation. NMR experiments reveal a direct, dynamic interaction of both the parvulin and the NC domain with secretion propeptides, which have been implicated in substrate targeting to PrsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Jakob
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Johanna R Koch
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Björn M Burmann
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Philipp A M Schmidpeter
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Hunkeler
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Franz X Schmid
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
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22
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Cahoon LA, Freitag NE. Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor secretion: don't leave the cell without a chaperone. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24575392 PMCID: PMC3921577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, the secretion of proteins requires translocation of polypeptides across the bacterial membrane into the highly charged environment of the membrane-cell wall interface. Here, proteins must be folded and often further delivered across the matrix of the cell wall. While many aspects of protein secretion have been well studied in Gram-negative bacteria which possess both an inner and outer membrane, generally less attention has been given to the mechanics of protein secretion across the single cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. In this review, we focus on the role of a post-translocation secretion chaperone in Listeria monocytogenes known as PrsA2, and compare what is known regarding PrsA2 with PrsA homologs in other Gram-positive bacteria. PrsA2 is a member of a family of membrane-associated lipoproteins that contribute to the folding and stability of secreted proteins as they cross the bacterial membrane. PrsA2 contributes to the integrity of the L. monocytogenes cell wall as well as swimming motility and bacterial resistance to osmotic stress; however its most critical role may be its requirement for L. monocytogenes virulence and viability within host cells. A better understanding of the role of PrsA2 and PrsA-like homologs will provide insight into the dynamics of protein folding and stability in Gram-positive bacteria and may result in new strategies for optimizing protein secretion as well as inhibiting the production of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laty A Cahoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy E Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Papasergi S, Galbo R, Lanza-Cariccio V, Domina M, Signorino G, Biondo C, Pernice I, Poyart C, Trieu-Cuot P, Teti G, Beninati C. Analysis of the Streptococcus agalactiae exoproteome. J Proteomics 2013; 89:154-64. [PMID: 23770297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The two-component regulatory system CovRS is the main regulator of virulence gene expression in Group B Streptococcus (GBS), the leading cause of invasive infections in neonates. In this study we analyzed by mass spectrometry the GBS extracellular protein complex (i.e. the exoproteome) of NEM316 wild-type (WT) strain and its isogenic covRS deletion mutant (ΔcovRS). A total of 53 proteins, 49 of which had classical secretion signals, were identified: 12 were released by both strains while 21 and 20 were released exclusively by WT and ΔcovRS strains, respectively. In addition to known surface proteins, we detected here unstudied cell-wall associated proteins and/or orthologs of putative virulence factors present in other pathogenic streptococci. While the functional role of these proteins remains to be elucidated, our data suggest that the analysis of the exoproteome of bacterial pathogens under different gene expression conditions may be a powerful tool for the rapid identification of novel virulence factors and vaccine candidates. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We believe that this manuscript will be of interest to Journal of Proteomics readers since the paper describes the identification of several putative virulence factors and vaccine candidates of the group B streptococcus, an important pathogen, using a simple proteomics strategy involving LC-MS analysis of culture supernatants obtained from two strains with divergent gene expression patterns. This technique provided the most comprehensive inventory of extracellular proteins obtained from a single streptococcal species thus far. The approach described has the added benefit of being easily applicable to a large number of different strains, making it ideal for the identification of conserved vaccine candidates.
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24
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Kundu M. Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl cis, trans Isomerase: A Modulator of the Host Immune Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6787-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Sun L, Wu X, Peng Y, Goh JY, Liou YC, Lin D, Zhao Y. Solution structural analysis of the single-domain parvulin TbPin1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43017. [PMID: 22900083 PMCID: PMC3416822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pin1-type parvulins are phosphorylation-dependent peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases. Their functions have been widely reported to be involved in a variety of cellular responses or processes, such as cell division, transcription, and apoptosis, as well as in human diseases including Alzheimer's disease and cancers. TbPin1 was identified as a novel class of Pin1-type parvulins from Trypanosoma brucei, containing a unique PPIase domain, which can catalyze the isomerization of phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro peptide bond. Methodology/Principal Findings We determined the solution structure of TbPin1 and performed 15N relaxation measurements to analyze its backbone dynamics using multi-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The average RMSD values of the 20 lowest energy structures are 0.50±0.05 Å for backbone heavy atoms and 0.85±0.08 Å for all heavy atoms. TbPin1 adopts the typical catalytic tertiary structure of Pin1-type parvulins, which comprises a globular fold with a four-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet core surrounded by three α-helices and one 310-helix. The global structure of TbPin1 is relatively rigid except the active site. The 2D EXSY spectra illustrate that TbPin1 possesses a phosphorylation-dependent PPIase activity. The binding sites of TbPin1 for a phosphorylated peptide substrate {SSYFSG[p]TPLEDDSD} were determined by the chemical shift perturbation approach. Residues Ser15, Arg18, Asn19, Val21, Ser22, Val32, Gly66, Ser67, Met83, Asp105 and Gly107 are involved in substantial contact with the substrate. Conclusions/Significance The solution structure of TbPin1 and the binding sites of the phosphorylated peptide substrate on TbPin1 were determined. The work is helpful for further understanding the molecular basis of the substrate specificity for Pin1-type parvulin family and enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueji Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Peng
- NMR Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yuan Goh
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donghai Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (YZ)
| | - Yufen Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (YZ)
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26
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A mutation in the PP2C phosphatase gene in a Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clinical isolate with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5212-23. [PMID: 22850507 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05770-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (MIC of 4 to 8 μg/ml) are referred to as vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). In this study, we characterized two isogenic USA300 S. aureus isolates collected sequentially from a single patient with endocarditis where the S. aureus isolate changed from being susceptible to vancomycin (VSSA) (1 μg/ml) to VISA (8 μg/ml). In addition, the VISA isolate lost beta-lactamase activity and showed increased resistance to daptomycin and linezolid. The two strains did not differ in growth rate, but the VISA isolate had a thickened cell wall and was less autolytic. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis comparing the two isolates grown to late exponential phase showed significant differences in transcription of cell surface protein genes (spa, SBI [second immunoglobulin-binding protein of S. aureus], and fibrinogen-binding proteins), regulatory genes (agrBCA, RNAIII, sarT, and saeRS), and others. Using whole-genome shotgun resequencing, we identified 6 insertion/deletion mutations between the VSSA and VISA isolates. A protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family phosphatase had a 6-bp (nonframeshift) insertion mutation in a highly conserved metal binding domain. Complementation of the clinical VISA isolate with a wild-type copy of the PP2C gene reduced the vancomycin and daptomycin MICs and increased autolytic activity, suggesting that this gene contributed to the reduced vancomycin susceptibility phenotype acquired in vivo. Creation of de novo mutants from the VSSA strain resulted in different mutations, demonstrating that reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in USA300 strains can occur via multiple routes, highlighting the complex nature of the VISA phenotype.
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Mechanism of action of the arylomycin antibiotics and effects of signal peptidase I inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5054-60. [PMID: 22802255 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00785-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically approved antibiotics inhibit only a small number of conserved pathways that are essential for bacterial viability, and the physiological effects of inhibiting these pathways have been studied in great detail. Likewise, characterizing the effects of candidate antibiotics that function via novel mechanisms of action is critical for their development, which is of increasing importance due to the ever-growing problem of resistance. The arylomycins are a novel class of natural-product antibiotics that act via the inhibition of type I signal peptidase (SPase), which is an essential enzyme that functions as part of the general secretory pathway and is not the target of any clinically deployed antibiotic. Correspondingly, little is known about the effects of SPase inhibition or how bacteria may respond to mitigate the associated secretion stress. Using genetically sensitized Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as model organisms, we examine the activity of arylomycin as a function of its concentration, bacterial cell density, target expression levels, and bacterial growth phase. The results reveal that the activity of the arylomycins results from an insufficient flux of proteins through the secretion pathway and the resulting mislocalization of proteins. Interestingly, this has profoundly different effects on E. coli and S. aureus. Finally, we examine the activity of arylomycin in combination with distinct classes of antibiotics and demonstrate that SPase inhibition results in synergistic sensitivity when combined with an aminoglycoside.
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The posttranslocational chaperone lipoprotein PrsA is involved in both glycopeptide and oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3629-40. [PMID: 22526301 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06264-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding in detail the factors which permit Staphylococcus aureus to counteract cell wall-active antibiotics is a prerequisite to elaborating effective strategies to prolong the usefulness of these drugs and define new targets for pharmacological intervention. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are major pathogens of hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections and are most often treated with glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) because of their resistance to most penicillins and a limited arsenal of clinically proven alternatives. In this study, we examined PrsA, a lipid-anchored protein of the parvulin PPIase family (peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase) found ubiquitously in all Gram-positive species, in which it assists posttranslocational folding at the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. We show by both genetic and biochemical assays that prsA is directly regulated by the VraRS two-component sentinel system of cell wall stress. Disruption of prsA is tolerated by S. aureus, and its loss results in no detectable overt macroscopic changes in cell wall architecture or growth rate under nonstressed growth conditions. Disruption of prsA leads, however, to notable alterations in the sensitivity to glycopeptides and dramatically decreases the resistance of COL (MRSA) to oxacillin. Quantitative transcriptional analysis reveals that prsA and vraR are coordinately upregulated in a panel of stable laboratory and clinical glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) strains compared to their susceptible parents. Collectively, our results point to a role for prsA as a facultative facilitator of protein secretion or extracellular folding and provide a framework for understanding why prsA is a key element of the VraRS-mediated cell wall stress response.
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29
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immune defense against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 34:799-810. [PMID: 22094559 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most important class of innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by which host immune and non-immune cells are able to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Most mammalian species have 10 to 15 types of TLRs. TLRs are believed to function as homo- or hetero-dimers. TLR2, which plays a crucial role in recognizing PAMPs from Staphylococcus aureus, forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 and each dimer has a different ligand specificity. Staphylococcal lipoproteins, Panton-Valentine toxin and Phenol Soluble Modulins have been identified as potent TLR2 ligands. Conversely, the ligand function attributed to peptidoglycan and LTA remains controversial. TLR2 uses a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway that results in NF-kB translocation into the nucleus and activation of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Recognition rouses both an inflammatory response, culminating in the phagocytosis of bacteria, and an adaptive immune response, with the presentation of resulting bacterial compounds to T cells. Here, recent advances on the recognition of S. aureus by TLRs are presented and discussed, as well as the new therapeutic opportunities deriving from this new knowledge.
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30
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen whose virulence relies on the secretion of many different proteins. In general, the secretion of most proteins in S. aureus, as well as other bacteria, is dependent on the type I signal peptidase (SPase)-mediated cleavage of the N-terminal signal peptide that targets a protein to the general secretory pathway. The arylomycins are a class of natural product antibiotics that inhibit SPase, suggesting that they may be useful chemical biology tools for characterizing the secretome. While wild-type S. aureus (NCTC 8325) is naturally resistant to the arylomycins, sensitivity is conferred via a point mutation in its SPase. Here, we use a synthetic arylomycin along with a sensitized strain of S. aureus and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) mass spectrometry to identify 46 proteins whose extracellular accumulation requires SPase activity. Forty-four possess identifiable Sec-type signal peptides and thus are likely canonically secreted proteins, while four also appear to possess cell wall retention signals. We also identified the soluble C-terminal domains of two transmembrane proteins, lipoteichoic acid synthase, LtaS, and O-acyteltransferase, OatA, both of which appear to have noncanonical, internal SPase cleavage sites. Lastly, we identified three proteins, HtrA, PrsA, and SAOUHSC_01761, whose secretion is induced by arylomycin treatment. In addition to elucidating fundamental aspects of the physiology and pathology of S. aureus, the data suggest that an arylomycin-based therapeutic would reduce virulence while simultaneously eradicating an infection.
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An antibiotic that inhibits a late step in wall teichoic acid biosynthesis induces the cell wall stress stimulon in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1810-20. [PMID: 22290958 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05938-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are phosphate-rich, sugar-based polymers attached to the cell walls of most Gram-positive bacteria. In Staphylococcus aureus, these anionic polymers regulate cell division, protect cells from osmotic stress, mediate host colonization, and mask enzymatically susceptible peptidoglycan bonds. Although WTAs are not required for survival in vitro, blocking the pathway at a late stage of synthesis is lethal. We recently discovered a novel antibiotic, targocil, that inhibits a late acting step in the WTA pathway. Its target is TarG, the transmembrane component of the ABC transporter (TarGH) that exports WTAs to the cell surface. We examined here the effects of targocil on S. aureus using transmission electron microscopy and gene expression profiling. We report that targocil treatment leads to multicellular clusters containing swollen cells displaying evidence of osmotic stress, strongly induces the cell wall stress stimulon, and reduces the expression of key virulence genes, including dltABCD and capsule genes. We conclude that WTA inhibitors that act at a late stage of the biosynthetic pathway may be useful as antibiotics, and we present evidence that they could be particularly useful in combination with beta-lactams.
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Mueller JW, Link NM, Matena A, Hoppstock L, Rüppel A, Bayer P, Blankenfeldt W. Crystallographic Proof for an Extended Hydrogen-Bonding Network in Small Prolyl Isomerases. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20096-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2086195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Mueller
- Institute for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Nina M. Link
- Institute for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Matena
- Institute for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Hoppstock
- Institute for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Alma Rüppel
- Institute for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Institute for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Lederer C, Heider D, van den Boom J, Hoffmann D, Mueller JW, Bayer P. Single-domain parvulins constitute a specific marker for recently proposed deep-branching archaeal subgroups. Evol Bioinform Online 2011; 7:135-48. [PMID: 22065628 PMCID: PMC3204937 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are enzymes assisting protein folding and protein quality control in organisms of all kingdoms of life. In contrast to the other sub-classes of PPIases, the cyclophilins and the FK-506 binding proteins, little was formerly known about the parvulin type of PPIase in Archaea. Recently, the first solution structure of an archaeal parvulin, the PinA protein from Cenarchaeum symbiosum, was reported. Investigation of occurrence and frequency of PPIase sequences in numerous archaeal genomes now revealed a strong tendency for thermophilic microorganisms to reduce the number of PPIases. Single-domain parvulins were mostly found in the genomes of recently proposed deep-branching archaeal subgroups, the Thaumarchaeota and the ARMANs (archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms). Hence, we used the parvulin sequence to reclassify available archaeal metagenomic contigs, thereby, adding new members to these subgroups. A combination of genomic background analysis and phylogenetic approaches of parvulin sequences suggested that the assigned sequences belong to at least two distinct groups of Thaumarchaeota. Finally, machine learning approaches were applied to identify amino acid residues that separate archaeal and bacterial parvulin proteins from each other. When mapped onto the recent PinA solution structure, most of these positions form a cluster at one site of the protein possibly indicating a different functionality of the two groups of parvulin proteins.
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Jaremko Ł, Jaremko M, Elfaki I, Mueller JW, Ejchart A, Bayer P, Zhukov I. Structure and dynamics of the first archaeal parvulin reveal a new functionally important loop in parvulin-type prolyl isomerases. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6554-65. [PMID: 21138844 PMCID: PMC3057832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.160713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvulins are a group of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) responsible for important biological processes in all kingdoms of life. The PinA protein from the psychrophilic archaeon Cenarchaeum symbiosum is a parvulin-like PPIase. Due to its striking similarity to the human parvulins Pin1 and Par14, PinA constitutes an interesting subject for structural and functional studies. Here, we present the first high resolution NMR structure of an archaeal parvulin, PinA, based on 1798 conformational restraints. Structure calculation yields an ensemble of 20 convergent low energy structures with a backbone r.m.s.d. value of 0.6 Å within the secondary structure elements. The overall fold of PinA comprises the β-α(3)-β-α-β(2) fold typical for all parvulin structures known so far, but with helix III being a short 3(10)-helix. A detailed comparison of this high resolution structure of the first archaeal PinA protein with bacterial and eukaryotic parvulin PPIase structures reveals an atypically large catalytic binding site. This feature provides an explanation for cold-adapted protein function. Moreover, the residues in and around 3(10)-helix III exhibit strong intramolecular dynamics on a microsecond to millisecond timescale and display structural heterogeneity within the NMR ensemble. A putative peptide ligand was found for PinA by phage display and was used for (1)H-(15)N-HSQC titrations. Again, the flexible region around 3(10)-helix III as well as residues of the peptide binding pocket showed the strongest chemical shift perturbations upon peptide binding. The local flexibility of this region also was modulated by ligand binding. A glycine and two positively charged residues are conserved in most parvulin proteins in this flexible loop region, which may be of general functional importance for parvulin-type PPIases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jaremko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Giuseppe PO, Von Atzingen M, Nascimento ALTO, Zanchin NIT, Guimarães BG. The crystal structure of the leptospiral hypothetical protein LIC12922 reveals homology with the periplasmic chaperone SurA. J Struct Biol 2010; 173:312-22. [PMID: 20970503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a world spread zoonosis caused by members of the genus Leptospira. Although leptospires were identified as the causal agent of leptospirosis almost 100 years ago, little is known about their biology, which hinders the development of new treatment and prevention strategies. One of the several aspects of the leptospiral biology not yet elucidated is the process by which outer membrane proteins (OMPs) traverse the periplasm and are inserted into the outer membrane. The crystal structure determination of the conserved hypothetical protein LIC12922 from Leptospira interrogans revealed a two domain protein homologous to the Escherichia coli periplasmic chaperone SurA. The LIC12922 NC-domain is structurally related to the chaperone modules of E. coli SurA and trigger factor, whereas the parvulin domain is devoid of peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a relationship between LIC12922 and the chaperones PrsA, PpiD and SurA. Based on our structural and evolutionary analyses, we postulate that LIC12922 is a periplasmic chaperone involved in OMPs biogenesis in Leptospira spp. Since LIC12922 homologs were identified in all spirochetal genomes sequenced to date, this assumption may have implications for the OMPs biogenesis studies not only in leptospires but in the entire Phylum Spirochaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila O Giuseppe
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center of Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Malešević M, Poehlmann A, Hernandez Alvarez B, Diessner A, Träger M, Rahfeld JU, Jahreis G, Liebscher S, Bordusa F, Fischer G, Lücke C. The Protein-Free IANUS Peptide Array Uncovers Interaction Sites between Escherichia coli Parvulin 10 and Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8626-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bi101015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Malešević
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Angela Poehlmann
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Birte Hernandez Alvarez
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - André Diessner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straβe 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Mario Träger
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Günther Jahreis
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sandra Liebscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straβe 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Frank Bordusa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straβe 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Lücke
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Hyyryläinen HL, Marciniak BC, Dahncke K, Pietiäinen M, Courtin P, Vitikainen M, Seppala R, Otto A, Becher D, Chapot-Chartier MP, Kuipers OP, Kontinen VP. Penicillin-binding protein folding is dependent on the PrsA peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:108-27. [PMID: 20487272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Summary The PrsA protein is a membrane-anchored peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase in Bacillus subtilis and most other Gram-positive bacteria. It catalyses the post-translocational folding of exported proteins and is essential for normal growth of B. subtilis. We studied the mechanism behind this indispensability. We could construct a viable prsA null mutant in the presence of a high concentration of magnesium. Various changes in cell morphology in the absence of PrsA suggested that PrsA is involved in the biosynthesis of the cylindrical lateral wall. Consistently, four penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2a, PBP2b, PBP3 and PBP4) were unstable in the absence of PrsA, while muropeptide analysis revealed a 2% decrease in the peptidoglycan cross-linkage index. Misfolded PBP2a was detected in PrsA-depleted cells, indicating that PrsA is required for the folding of this PBP either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, strongly increased uniform staining of cell wall with a fluorescent vancomycin was observed in the absence of PrsA. We also demonstrated that PrsA is a dimeric or oligomeric protein which is localized at distinct spots organized in a helical pattern along the cell membrane. These results suggest that PrsA is essential for normal growth most probably as PBP folding is dependent on this PPIase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne-Leena Hyyryläinen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
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Weininger U, Jakob RP, Kovermann M, Balbach J, Schmid FX. The prolyl isomerase domain of PpiD from Escherichia coli shows a parvulin fold but is devoid of catalytic activity. Protein Sci 2010; 19:6-18. [PMID: 19866485 DOI: 10.1002/pro.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PpiD is a periplasmic folding helper protein of Escherichia coli. It consists of an N-terminal helix that anchors PpiD in the inner membrane near the SecYEG translocon, followed by three periplasmic domains. The second domain (residues 264-357) shows homology to parvulin-like prolyl isomerases. This domain is a well folded, stable protein and follows a simple two-state folding mechanism. In its solution structure, as determined by NMR spectroscopy, it resembles most closely the first parvulin domain of the SurA protein, which resides in the periplasm of E. coli as well. A previously reported prolyl isomerase activity of PpiD could not be reproduced when using improved protease-free peptide assays or assays with refolding proteins as substrates. The parvulin domain of PpiD interacts, however, with a proline-containing tetrapeptide, and the binding site, as identified by NMR resonance shift analysis, colocalized with the catalytic sites of other parvulins. In its structure, the parvulin domain of PpiD resembles most closely the inactive first parvulin domain of SurA, which is part of the chaperone unit of this protein and presumably involved in substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Weininger
- Institut für Physik, Biophysik, and Mitteldeutsches Zentrum für Struktur und Dynamik der Proteine (MZP), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle(Saale), Germany
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Rathbun KM, Hall JE, Thompson SA. Cj0596 is a periplasmic peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase involved in Campylobacter jejuni motility, invasion, and colonization. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:160. [PMID: 19664234 PMCID: PMC2782263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen of humans, but part of the normal flora of poultry, and therefore grows well at the respective body temperatures of 37°C and 42°C. Proteomic studies on temperature regulation in C. jejuni strain 81–176 revealed the upregulation at 37°C of Cj0596, a predicted periplasmic chaperone that is similar to proteins involved in outer membrane protein folding and virulence in other bacteria. Results The cj0596 gene was highly conserved in 24 strains and species of Campylobacter, implying the importance of this gene. To study the role that Cj0596 plays in C. jejuni pathogenesis, a mutant derivative of strain 81–176 was constructed in which the cj0596 gene was precisely deleted. A revertant of this mutant was isolated by restoring the gene to its original chromosomal location using streptomycin counterselection. The cj0596 mutant strain demonstrated a slightly decreased growth rate and lower final growth yield, yet was more motile and more invasive of human intestinal epithelial cells than wild-type. In either single or mixed infections, the mutant was less able to colonize mice than 81–176. The cj0596 mutant also expressed altered levels of several proteins. Conclusion Mutation of cj0596 has an effect on phenotypes related to C. jejuni pathogenesis, probably due to its role in the proper folding of critical outer membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Rathbun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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