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Spiliopoulou I, Pervanidou D, Tegos N, Tseroni M, Baka A, Vakali A, Kefaloudi CN, Papavasilopoulos V, Mpimpa A, Patsoula E. Genetic Structure of Introduced Plasmodium vivax Malaria Isolates in Greece, 2015-2019. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:102. [PMID: 38787035 PMCID: PMC11126073 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Greece has been malaria-free since 1974, after an intense malaria control program. However, as Greece hosts migrant populations from P. vivax malaria-endemic countries, there is a risk of introducing the disease to specific vulnerable and receptive areas of the country. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of P. vivax populations is essential for understanding the dynamics of malaria disease transmission in a given region. We used nine highly polymorphic markers to genotype 124 P. vivax-infected archived DNA samples from human blood specimens referred to the NMRL from all over Greece throughout 2015-2019. The genotypic variability of the samples studied was noted, as they comprised several unique haplotypes, indicative of the importation of a large number of different P. vivax strains in the country. However, only a few events of local transmission were recorded. Genotyping revealed and confirmed the same clusters as those identified through epidemiological investigation. In only one introduction event was the index case found. No sustained/ongoing malaria transmissions in/between the studied regions or during consecutive years or additional foci of local transmission were observed. Genotyping is an important component in assisting malaria surveillance, as it provides information concerning the patterns of introduction and the effectiveness of implemented malaria control and elimination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Spiliopoulou
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 16973 Stockholm, Sweden;
- National Public Health Organization (NPHO), 15123 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); or (M.T.); (A.B.); (A.V.); (C.-N.K.)
| | - Danai Pervanidou
- National Public Health Organization (NPHO), 15123 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); or (M.T.); (A.B.); (A.V.); (C.-N.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Tegos
- National Malaria Reference Center, Laboratory for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (V.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Tseroni
- National Public Health Organization (NPHO), 15123 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); or (M.T.); (A.B.); (A.V.); (C.-N.K.)
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 123 Papadiamantopoulou Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Agoritsa Baka
- National Public Health Organization (NPHO), 15123 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); or (M.T.); (A.B.); (A.V.); (C.-N.K.)
| | - Annita Vakali
- National Public Health Organization (NPHO), 15123 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); or (M.T.); (A.B.); (A.V.); (C.-N.K.)
| | | | - Vasilios Papavasilopoulos
- National Malaria Reference Center, Laboratory for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (V.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Anastasia Mpimpa
- National Malaria Reference Center, Laboratory for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (V.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleni Patsoula
- National Malaria Reference Center, Laboratory for the Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (V.P.); (A.M.)
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Kritsiriwuthinan K, Ngrenngarmlert W, Patrapuvich R, Phuagthong S, Choosang K. Distinct Allelic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3-Alpha ( PvMSP-3α) Gene in Thailand Using PCR-RFLP. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:8855171. [PMID: 37599666 PMCID: PMC10438972 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8855171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the importance of merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) as vaccine candidates, this study was conducted to investigate the polymorphism and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 3-alpha (PvMSP-3α) in Thailand. To analyze genetic diversity, 118 blood samples containing P. vivax were collected from four malaria-endemic areas in western and southern Thailand. The DNA was extracted and amplified for the PvMSP-3α gene using nested PCR. The PCR products were genotyped by PCR-RFLP with Hha I and Alu I restriction enzymes. The combination patterns of Hha I and Alu I RFLP were used to identify allelic variants. Genetic evaluation and phylogenic analysis were performed on 13 sequences, including 10 sequences from our study and 3 sequences from GenBank. The results revealed three major types of PvMSP-3α, 91.5% allelic type A (∼1.8 kb), 5.1% allelic type B (∼1.5 kb), and 3.4% allelic type C (∼1.2 kb), were detected based on PCR product size with different frequencies. Among all PvMSP-3α, 19 allelic subtypes with Hha I RFLP patterns were distinguished and 6 allelic subtypes with Alu I RFLP patterns were identified. Of these samples, 73 (61%) and 42 (35.6%) samples were defined as monoallelic subtype infection by Hha I and Alu I PCR-RFLP, respectively, whereas 77 (65.3%) samples were determined to be mixed-allelic subtype infection by the combination patterns of Hha I and Alu I RFLP. These results strongly indicate that PvMSP-3α gene is highly polymorphic, particularly in blood samples collected from the Thai-Myanmar border area (the western part of Thailand). The combination patterns of Hha I and Alu I RFLP of the PvMSP-3α gene could be considered for use as molecular epidemiologic markers for genotyping P. vivax isolates in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warunee Ngrenngarmlert
- Department of Community Medical Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kantima Choosang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand
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Jalei AA, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai–Myanmar Border during the Period of 2006–2016. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040210. [PMID: 37104336 PMCID: PMC10143293 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of genetic variants of Plasmodium vivax have previously been reported in Thailand. Circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein (MSP), and microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic polymorphisms of P. vivax. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax populations at the Thai–Myanmar border by genotyping the PvCSP, PvMSP-3α, and PvMSP-3β genes. Four hundred and forty P. vivax clinical isolates were collected from the Mae Sot and Sai Yok districts from 2006–2007 and 2014–2016. Polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the target genes. Based on PCR band size variations, 14 different PvCSP alleles were identified: eight for VK210 and six for VK247. The VK210 genotype was the dominant variant during both sample collection periods. Based on PCR genotyping, three distinct types (A, B, and C) for both PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β were observed. Following RFLP, 28 and 14 allelic variants of PvMSP-3α and 36 and 20 allelic variants of PvMSP-3β with varying frequencies were identified during the first and second periods, respectively. High genetic variants of PvMSP-3 and PvCSP were found in the study area. PvMSP-3β exhibited a higher level of genetic diversity and multiple-genotype infection versus PvMSP-3α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
- Correspondence: or
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Wang X, Bai Y, Xiang Z, Zeng W, Wu Y, Zhao H, Zhao W, Chen X, Duan M, Li X, Zhu W, Sun K, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Rosenthal BM, Cui L, Yang Z. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax populations from the China-Myanmar border identified by genotyping merozoite surface protein markers. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:2. [PMID: 36631913 PMCID: PMC9832627 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasite diversity and population structure influence malaria control measures. Malaria transmission at international borders affects indigenous residents and migrants, defying management efforts and resulting in malaria re-introduction. Here we aimed to determine the extent and distribution of genetic variations in Plasmodium vivax populations and the complexity of infections along the China-Myanmar border. METHODS We collected clinical P. vivax samples from local and migrant malaria patients from Laiza and Myitsone, Kachin State, Myanmar, respectively. We characterized the polymorphisms in two P. vivax merozoite surface protein markers, Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β, by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. We sought to determine whether these genetic markers could differentiate these two neighboring parasite populations. RESULTS PCR revealed three major size variants for Pvmsp-3α and four for Pvmsp-3β among the 370 and 378 samples, respectively. PCR-RFLP resolved 26 fragment-size alleles by digesting Pvmsp-3α with Alu I and Hha I and 28 alleles by digesting Pvmsp-3β with Pst I. PCR-RFLP analysis of Pvmsp-3α found that infections in migrant laborers from Myitsone bore more alleles than did infections in residents of Laiza, while such difference was not evident from genotyping Pvmsp-3β. Infections originating from these two places contained distinct but overlapping subpopulations of P. vivax. Infections from Myitsone had a higher multiplicity of infection as judged by the size of the Pvmsp-3α amplicons and alleles after Alu I/Hha I digestion. CONCLUSIONS Migrant laborers from Myitsone and indigenous residents from Laiza harbored overlapping but genetically distinct P. vivax parasite populations. The results suggested a more diverse P. vivax population in Myitsone than in the border town of Laiza. PCR-RFLP of Pvmsp-3α offers a convenient method to determine the complexity of P. vivax infections and differentiate parasite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yao Bai
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yanrui Wu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Wei Zhao
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Mengxi Duan
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Kemin Sun
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yiman Wu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Faculty of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province China
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- grid.508984.8Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
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PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105387. [PMID: 36403920 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of malaria parasites traces the origin and spread of new variants and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of malaria control measures. Therefore, this study aims to improve the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria at the China-Myanmar border by genotyping the PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes. METHODS Blood samples were collected from P. vivax malaria patients along the China-Myanmar border. The PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the genetic polymorphism and haplotype of the two genes were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 422 blood samples were used for this study, of which 224 were analyzed at PvMSP-3α and 126 at PvMSP-3β. Samples mainly were from young adults aged 18-45 years, although local patients were significantly younger than migrant laborers crossing the border at Tengchong (P < 0.0001). Molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β underwent diversifying natural selection, and intragenic recombination contributed to the diversity of the isolates. Based on the length of the genes, we identified three types of PvMSP-3α [1.9-2.0 kb (Type-A), 1.4-1.5 kb (Type-B), and 1.1-1.3 kb (Type-C)] and two types of PvMSP-3β [1.7-2.2 kb (Type-A) and 1.4-1.5 kb (Type-B)]. Migrant laborers returning to China through Tengchong bore P. vivax infections displaying significantly higher genetic diversity than local residents. CONCLUSIONS Both PvMSP-3 paralogs were subjected to diversifying selection in each sample population. Clustering of alleles supports ephemeral endemic differentiation of alleles, but the broader phylogeny suggests that alleles transit the globe, perhaps accelerated by movements of migrants such as those transiting Tengchong.
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Identification of immunodominant epitopes in allelic variants VK210 and VK247 of Plasmodium Vivax Circumsporozoite immunogen. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105120. [PMID: 34655808 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax-induced malaria is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-tropical and tropical regions and infect 2.85 billion people globally. The continual rise and propagation of resistance against anti-malarial drugs is a prerequisite to develop a potent vaccine candidate for Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax). Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is an important immunogen of malaria parasite that has the conserved CSP structure as an immune dominant B-cell epitope. In current study, we focused on designing multi-epitope vaccines (MEVs) using various immunoinformatics tools against Pakistani based allelic variants VK210 and VK247 of P. vivax CSP (PvCSP) gene. Antigenicity, allergic potential and physicochemical parameters of both PvCSP variants were assessed for the designed MEVs and they were within acceptable range suitable for post experimental investigations. The three-dimensional structures of both MEVs have been predicted ab initio, optimized, and validated by using different online servers. The both MEVs candidates were stable and free from aggregation-prone regions. The stability of both MEVs had been improved by a disulfide engineering approach. To estimate the binding energy and stability of the MEVs, molecular docking simulation and binding free energy calculations with TLR-4 immune receptor have been conducted. The docking score of PvCSP210 and PvCSP247 for TLR-4 was -6.34 kJ/mol and - 2.3 kJ/mol, respectively. For PvCSP210-TLR4 system, mean RMSD was 4.96 Å while PvCSP247-TLR4 system, average RMSD was 4.49 Å. The binding free energy of PvCSP210-TLR4 complex and PvCSP247-TLR4 complex was -50.49/-117.15 kcal/mol (MMGBSA/MMPSA) and -52.94/-96.26 kcal/mol (MMGBSA/MMPSA), respectively. The expression of both MEVs produced in Escherichia coli K12 expression system by in silico cloning was significant. Immune simulation revealed that the proposed MEVs induce strong humoral and cellular immunological responses, in addition to significant production of interleukins and cytokines. In conclusions, we believed that the MEVs proposed in current research, using combine approach of immunoinformatics, structural biology and biophysical approaches, could induce protective and effective immune responses against P. vivax and the experimental validation of our findings could contribute to the development of potential malaria vaccine.
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Zeng W, Wang S, Feng S, Zhong D, Hu Y, Bai Y, Ruan Y, Si Y, Zhao H, Yang Q, Li X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li C, Xiang Z, Wu Y, Chen F, Su P, Rosenthal BM, Yang Z. Polymorphism of Antifolate Drug Resistance in Plasmodium vivax From Local Residents and Migrant Workers Returned From the China-Myanmar Border. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:683423. [PMID: 34249776 PMCID: PMC8265503 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.683423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria impedes efforts to control, eliminate, and ultimately eradicate malaria in Southeast Asia. P. vivax resistance to antifolate drugs derives from point mutations in specific parasite genes, including the dihydropteroate synthase (pvdhps), dihydrofolate reductase (pvdhfr), and GTP cyclohydrolase I (pvgch1) genes. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and spread of drug resistance markers in P. vivax populating the China-Myanmar border. Blood samples were collected from symptomatic patients with acute P. vivax infection. Samples with single-clone P. vivax infections were sequenced for pvdhps and pvdhfr genes and genotyped for 6 flanking microsatellite markers. Copy number variation in the pvgch1 gene was also examined. Polymorphisms were observed in six different codons of the pvdhps gene (382, 383, 512, 549, 553, and 571) and six different codons of the pvdhfr gene (13, 57, 58, 61, 99, 117) in two study sites. The quadruple mutant haplotypes 57I/L/58R/61M/117T of pvdhfr gene were the most common (comprising 76% of cases in Myitsone and 43.7% of case in Laiza). The double mutant haplotype 383G/553G of pvdhps gene was also prevalent at each site (40.8% and 31%). Microsatellites flanking the pvdhfr gene differentiated clinical samples from wild type and quadruple mutant genotypes (FST= 0.259-0.3036), as would be expected for a locus undergoing positive selection. The lack of copy number variation of pvgch1 suggests that SP-resistant P. vivax may harbor alternative mechanisms to secure sufficient folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yonghua Ruan
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Si
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cuiying Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanrui Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Pincan Su
- Transfusion Medicine Research Department, Yunnan Kunming Blood Center, Kunming, China
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Bibi Z, Fatima A, Rani R, Maqbool A, Khan S, Naz S, Waseem S. Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (pvmsp-1) genes as genetic markers. Malar J 2021; 20:112. [PMID: 33632220 PMCID: PMC7908770 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax contributes to over 70% malaria burden in Pakistan, but limited data exists on various aspects including genetic diversity of the parasite as compared to other parts of the world. Since the information about the genetic diversity of P. vivax assists to understand the population dynamics of the parasite, the current study was designed to understand population divergence of P. vivax in Pakistan using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (pvmsp-1) genes as molecular markers. Methods The PCR for pvcsp and pvmsp-1 genes was carried out for 150 P. vivax isolates, followed by DNA sequencing of 35 and 30, respectively. Genetic diversity and polymorphism were analysed using ChromasPro, ClustalW, MEGA7, DnaSP v.5 and WebLogo programs. Results The PCR for pvcsp and pvmsp-1 genes was carried out for 150 P. vivax isolates and resulting the PCR products of 1100 bp for pvcsp and ~ 400 bp for pvmsp-1 genes, respectively. In the central-repeat region (CRR) of pvcsp gene, sequences comprised of four variable repeats of PRMs, out of which GDRADGQPA (PRM1), GDRAAGQPA (PRM2) were more extensively dispersed among the P. vivax isolates. Partial sequences (~ 400 bp) of block 2 of pvmsp-1 gene depicted high level of diversity. Conclusion The results revealed the polymorphism and genetic diversity especially at the CRR of pvcsp and block 2 of pvmsp-1 genes, respectively. The base-line data presented here warrants future studies to investigate more into the genetic diversity of P. vivax with large sample size from across the country for better understanding of population dynamics of P. vivax that will help to control malaria at individual and community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Bibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Fatima
- Department of Medicine, Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Rani
- Department of Life Sciences, Abasyn University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Maqbool
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samea Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Naz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Waseem
- Alpha Genomics (Pvt) Ltd, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,ABO SCIENTIFIC, Dhamial Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Evaluation of Plasmodium vivax isolates in Thailand using polymorphic markers Plasmodium merozoite surface protein (PvMSP) 1 and PvMSP3. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3965-3978. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Kang JM, Lee J, Kim TI, Koh EH, Kim TS, Sohn WM, Na BK. PCR-RFLP for Rapid Subtyping of Plasmodium vivax Korean Isolates. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:159-165. [PMID: 28506038 PMCID: PMC5450958 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vivax malaria reemerged in Korea in 1993 and the outbreak has been continued with fluctuating numbers of annual indigenous cases. Understanding the nature of the genetic population of Plasmodium vivax circulating in Korea is beneficial for the knowledge of the nationwide parasite heterogeneity and in the implementation of malaria control programs in the country. Previously, we analyzed polymorphic nature of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and MSP-3α in Korean P. vivax population and identified the Korean P. vivax population has been diversifying rapidly, with the appearance of parasites with new genetic subtypes, despite the recent reduction of the disease incidence. In the present study, we developed simple PCR-RFLP methods for rapid subtyping of MSP-1 and MSP-3α of Korean P. vivax isolates. These PCR-RFLP methods were able to easily distinguish each subtype of Korean P. vivax MSP-1 and MSP-3α with high accuracy. The PCR-RFLP subtyping methods developed here would be easily applied to massive epidemiological studies for molecular surveillance to understand genetic population of P. vivax and to supervise the genetic variation of the parasite circulating in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,BK21Plus Team for Anti-aging Biotechnology and Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Koh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,BK21Plus Team for Anti-aging Biotechnology and Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
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Verma A, Joshi H, Singh V, Anvikar A, Valecha N. Plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the Indian subcontinent. Malar J 2016; 15:492. [PMID: 27663527 PMCID: PMC5035448 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite and accounts for approximately the same number of malaria cases as Plasmodium falciparum in India. Compared with P. falciparum, P. vivax is difficult to eradicate because of its tendency to cause relapses, which impacts treatment and control strategies. The genetic diversity of these parasites, particularly of the merozoite surface protein-3 alpha (msp-3α) gene, can be used to help develop a potential vaccine. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax using the highly polymorphic antigen gene msp-3α and to assess the suitability of using this gene for population genetic studies of P. vivax isolates and was carried out in 2004-06. No recent study has been reported for MSP 3α in the recent decade in India. Limited reports are available on the genetic diversity of the P. vivax population in India; hence, this report aimed to improve the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of the parasite by studying the P. vivax msp-3α (Pvmsp-3α) marker from P. vivax field isolates from India. METHODS Field isolates were collected from different sites distributed across eight states in India. A total of 182 blood samples were analysed by a nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using the HhaI and AluI restriction enzymes to determine genetic msp-3α variation among clinical P. vivax isolates. RESULTS Based on the length variants of the PCR products of Pvmsp-3α gene, three allele sizes, Type A (1.8 kb), Type B (1.5 kb) and Type C (1.2 kb) were detected among the 182 samples. Type A PCR amplicon was more predominant (75.4 %) in the samples compared with the Type B (14.3 %) and Type C (10.0 %) polymorphisms. Among all of the samples analysed, 8.2 % were mixed infections detected by PCR alone. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis involving the restriction enzymes AluI and HhaI generated fragment sizes that were highly polymorphic and revealed substantial diversity at the nucleotide level. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first extensive study in India using the Pvmsp-3α marker. The results indicated that Pvmps-3α, a polymorphic genetic marker of P. vivax, exhibited considerable variability in infection prevalence in field isolates from India. Additionally, the mean multiplicity of infection observed at all of the study sites indicated that P. vivax is highly diverse in nature in India, and Pvmsp-3α is likely an effective and promising epidemiological marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Verma
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Hema Joshi
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Anup Anvikar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
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Barry AE, Waltmann A, Koepfli C, Barnadas C, Mueller I. Uncovering the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax using population genetics. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109:142-52. [PMID: 25891915 DOI: 10.1179/2047773215y.0000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic analysis of malaria parasites has the power to reveal key insights into malaria epidemiology and transmission dynamics with the potential to deliver tools to support control and elimination efforts. Analyses of parasite genetic diversity have suggested that Plasmodium vivax populations are more genetically diverse and less structured than those of Plasmodium falciparum indicating that P. vivax may be a more ancient parasite of humans and/or less susceptible to population bottlenecks, as well as more efficient at disseminating its genes. These population genetic insights into P. vivax transmission dynamics provide an explanation for its relative resilience to control efforts. Here, we describe current knowledge on P. vivax population genetic structure, its relevance to understanding transmission patterns and relapse and how this information can inform malaria control and elimination programmes.
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Key Words
- Control,
- Elimination
- Genetic diversity,
- Genetics,
- Genomics,
- Linkage disequilibrium,
- Malaria,
- Microsatellites,
- Mitochondrial DNA,
- Plasmodium vivax,
- Population structure,
- Relapse,
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms,
- Transmission,
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