1
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An immature, dedifferentiated, and lineage-deconstrained cone precursor origin of N-Myc-initiated retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200721119. [PMID: 35867756 PMCID: PMC9282279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200721119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most retinoblastomas develop from maturing cone precursors in response to biallelic RB1 loss and are dependent on cone maturation-related signaling. Additionally, ∼2% lack RB1 mutations but have MYCN amplification (MYCNA), N-Myc protein overexpression, and more rapid and invasive growth, yet the MYCNA retinoblastoma cell of origin and basis for its responses to deregulated N-Myc are unknown. Here, using explanted cultured retinae, we show that ectopic N-Myc induces cell cycle entry in cells expressing markers of several retinal types yet induces continuous proliferation and tumorigenesis only in cone precursors. Unlike the response to RB1 loss, both immature cone arrestin-negative (ARR3-) and maturing ARR3+ cone precursors proliferate, and maturing cone precursors rapidly dedifferentiate, losing ARR3 as well as L/M-opsin expression. N-Myc-overexpressing retinal cells also lose cell lineage constraints, occasionally coexpressing the cone-specific RXRγ with the rod-specific NRL or amacrine-specific AP2α and widely coexpressing RXRγ with the progenitor and Müller cell-specific SOX9 and retinal ganglion cell-specific BRN3 and GAP43. Mechanistically, N-Myc induced Cyclin D2 and CDK4 overexpression, pRB phosphorylation, and SOX9-dependent proliferation without a retinoma-like stage that characterizes pRB-deficient retinoblastoma, despite continuous p16INK4A expression. Orthotopic xenografts of N-Myc-overexpressing retinal cells formed tumors with retinal cell marker expression similar to those in MYCN-transduced retinae and MYCNA retinoblastomas in patients. These findings demonstrate the MYCNA retinoblastoma origin from immature and lineage-deconstrained cone precursors, reveal their opportunistic use of an undifferentiated retinal progenitor cell feature, and illustrate that different cancer-initiating mutations cooperate with distinct developmental stage-specific cell signaling circuitries to drive retinoblastoma tumorigenesis.
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2
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Hermans BCM, Derks JL, Hillen LM, van der Baan I, van den Broek EC, von der Thüsen JH, van Suylen R, Atmodimedjo PN, den Toom TD, Coumans‐Stallinga C, Timens W, Dinjens WNM, Dubbink HJ, Speel EM, Dingemans AC. In-depth molecular analysis of combined and co-primary pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:802-815. [PMID: 34674268 PMCID: PMC9298697 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Up to 14% of large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) are diagnosed in continuity with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. In addition to these combined lesions, 1% to 7% of lung tumors present as co-primary tumors with multiple synchronous lesions. We evaluated molecular and clinicopathological characteristics of combined and co-primary LCNEC-adenocarcinoma (ADC) tumors. Ten patients with LCNEC-ADC (combined) and five patients with multiple synchronous ipsilateral LCNEC and ADC tumors (co-primary) were included. DNA was isolated from distinct tumor parts, and 65 cancer genes were analyzed by next generation sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was performed including neuroendocrine markers, pRb, Ascl1 and Rest. Pure ADC (N = 37) and LCNEC (N = 17) cases were used for reference. At least 1 shared mutation, indicating tumor clonality, was found in LCNEC- and ADC-parts of 10/10 combined tumors but only in 1/5 co-primary tumors. A range of identical mutations was observed in both parts of combined tumors: 8/10 contained ADC-related (EGFR/KRAS/STK11 and/or KEAP1), 4/10 RB1 and 9/10 TP53 mutations. Loss of pRb IHC was observed in 6/10 LCNEC- and 4/10 ADC-parts. The number and intensity of expression of Ascl1 and neuroendocrine markers increased from pure ADC (low) to combined ADC (intermediate) and combined and pure LCNEC (high). The opposite was true for Rest expression. In conclusion, all combined LCNEC-ADC tumors were clonally related indicating a common origin. A relatively high frequency of pRb inactivation was observed in both LCNEC- and ADC-parts, suggesting an underlying role in LCNEC-ADC development. Furthermore, neuroendocrine differentiation might be modulated by Ascl1(+) and Rest(-) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregtje C. M. Hermans
- Department of Pulmonary DiseasesMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jules L. Derks
- Department of Pulmonary DiseasesMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa M. Hillen
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Irene van der Baan
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H. von der Thüsen
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Peggy N. Atmodimedjo
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - T. Dorine den Toom
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cecile Coumans‐Stallinga
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Winand N. M. Dinjens
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus J. Dubbink
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst‐Jan M. Speel
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Marie C. Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary DiseasesMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PulmonologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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3
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Tran HN, Singh HP, Guo W, Cambier L, Riggan L, Shackleford GM, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Erdreich-Epstein A, Qi DL, Cobrinik D. Reciprocal Induction of MDM2 and MYCN in Neural and Neuroendocrine Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:563156. [PMID: 33425720 PMCID: PMC7793692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.563156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC family oncoproteins MYC, MYCN, and MYCL are deregulated in diverse cancers and via diverse mechanisms. Recent studies established a novel form of MYCN regulation in MYCN-overexpressing retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma cells in which the MDM2 oncoprotein promotes MYCN translation and MYCN-dependent proliferation via a p53-independent mechanism. However, it is unclear if MDM2 also promotes expression of other MYC family members and has similar effects in other cancers. Conversely, MYCN has been shown to induce MDM2 expression in neuroblastoma cells, yet it is unclear if MYC shares this ability, if MYC family proteins upregulate MDM2 in other malignancies, and if this regulation occurs during tumorigenesis as well as in cancer cell lines. Here, we report that intrinsically high MDM2 expression is required for high-level expression of MYCN, but not for expression of MYC, in retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, and medulloblastoma cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of MYC as well as MYCN induced high-level MDM2 expression and gave rise to rapidly proliferating and MDM2-dependent cone-precursor-derived masses in a cultured retinoblastoma genesis model. These findings reveal a highly specific collaboration between the MDM2 and MYCN oncoproteins and demonstrate the origin of their oncogenic positive feedback circuit within a normal neuronal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Tran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hardeep P Singh
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda Cambier
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Luke Riggan
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory M Shackleford
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dong-Lai Qi
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Kim DW, Kim KC, Kim KB, Dunn CT, Park KS. Transcriptional deregulation underlying the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018. [PMID: 29535909 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of recurrent alterations in genes encoding transcription regulators and chromatin modifiers is one of the most important recent developments in the study of the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) genome. With advances in models and analytical methods, the field of SCLC biology has seen remarkable progress in understanding the deregulated transcription networks linked to the tumor development and malignant progression. This review will discuss recent discoveries on the roles of RB and P53 family of tumor suppressors and MYC family of oncogenes in tumor initiation and development. It will also describe the roles of lineage-specific factors in neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation and homeostasis and the roles of epigenetic alterations driven by changes in NFIB and chromatin modifiers in malignant progression and chemoresistance. These recent findings have led to a model of transcriptional network in which multiple pathways converge on regulatory regions of crucial genes linked to tumor development. Validation of this model and characterization of target genes will provide critical insights into the biology of SCLC and novel strategies for tumor intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kee-Beom Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Colin T Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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5
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Hoseini SS, Dobrenkov K, Pankov D, Xu XL, Cheung NKV. Bispecific antibody does not induce T-cell death mediated by chimeric antigen receptor against disialoganglioside GD2. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1320625. [PMID: 28680755 PMCID: PMC5486173 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1320625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are two powerful immunotherapy approaches for retargeting lymphocytes toward cancer cells. Despite their success in lymphoblastic leukemia, solid tumors have been more recalcitrant. Identifying therapeutic barriers facing CAR-modified (CART) or BsAb-redirected T (BsAb-T) cells should facilitate their clinical translation to solid tumors. Novel lentiviral vectors containing low-affinity or high-affinity 4-1BB second-generation anti-GD2 (disialoganglioside) CARs were built to achieve efficient T cell transduction. The humanized anti-GD2 × CD3 BsAb using the IgG-scFv platform was described previously. CART and BsAb-engaged T cells were tested for viability, proliferation, and activation/exhaustion marker expression, and in vitro cytotoxicity against GD2(+) tumor cells. The antitumor effect of CAR-grafted and BsAb-T cells was compared in a human melanoma xenograft model. The majority of high CAR density T cells were depleted upon exposure to GD2(+) target cells while the BsAb-T cells survived. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the surviving CART cells was inferior to that of the BsAb-T cells. Using low-affinity CARs, inclusion of the 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain or exclusion of a co-stimulatory domain, or blocking PD1 did not prevent CART cell depletion. Both CART cells and BsAb-T cells penetrated established subcutaneous human melanoma xenografts; while both induced tumor regression, BsAb was more efficient. The fate of T cells activated by BsAb differs substantially from that by CAR, translating into a more robust antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin Dobrenkov
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitry Pankov
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoliang L Xu
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Qi DL, Cobrinik D. MDM2 but not MDM4 promotes retinoblastoma cell proliferation through p53-independent regulation of MYCN translation. Oncogene 2016; 36:1760-1769. [PMID: 27748758 PMCID: PMC5374018 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastomas can arise from cone photoreceptor precursors in response to the loss of pRB function. Cone precursor-specific circuitry cooperates with pRB loss to initiate this process and subsequently contributes to the malignancy. Intrinsic high-level MDM2 expression is a key component of the cone precursor circuitry and is thought to inactivate p53-mediated tumor surveillance, which could otherwise be induced in response to pRB loss. However, the MDM2-related MDM4 has also been proposed to abrogate p53-mediated tumor surveillance in the absence of detectable MDM2 in retinoblastoma cells, bringing into question the importance of high-level MDM2 versus MDM4 expression. Here we report that high-level MDM2 but not MDM4 has a consistent critical role in retinoblastoma cell proliferation in vitro, as well as in orthotopic xenografts. Reduction of either MDM2 or MDM4 weakly induced p53, yet reduction of MDM2 but not MDM4 severely impaired proliferation and survival through a p53-independent mechanism. Specifically, MDM2 upregulated the mRNA expression and translation of another component of the cone circuitry, MYCN, in retinoblastoma cells. Moreover, MYCN was essential to retinoblastoma cell growth and tumor formation, and ectopic MYCN partially reversed the effects of MDM2 depletion, indicating that MYCN is an important MDM2 target. These findings indicate that high-level MDM2 expression is needed in order to perform a critical p53-independent function and may obviate the need for genomic alterations to the p53 pathway during retinoblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Qi
- The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Meng F, Qian J, Yue H, Li X, Xue K. SUMOylation of Rb enhances its binding with CDK2 and phosphorylation at early G1 phase. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1724-32. [PMID: 27163259 PMCID: PMC4957593 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1182267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is a prototypical tumor suppressor that is vital to the negative regulation of the cell cycle and tumor progression. Hypo-phosphorylated Rb is associated with G0/G1 arrest by suppressing E2F transcription factor activity, whereas Rb hyper-phosphorylation allows E2F release and cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to S phase. However, the factors that regulate cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK)-dependent hyper-phosphorylation of Rb during the cell cycle remain obscure. In this study, we show that throughout the cell cycle, Rb is specifically small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)ylated at early G1 phase. SUMOylation of Rb stimulates its phosphorylation level by recruiting a SUMO-interaction motif (SIM)-containing kinase CDK2, leading to Rb hyper-phosphorylation and E2F-1 release. In contrast, a SUMO-deficient Rb mutant results in reduced SUMOylation and phosphorylation, weakened CDK2 binding, and attenuated E2F-1 sequestration. Furthermore, we reveal that Rb SUMOylation is required for cell proliferation. Therefore, our study describes a novel mechanism that regulates Rb phosphorylation during cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxi Meng
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiang Qian
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Han Yue
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Kang Xue
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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8
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Yazawa T. Recent advances in histogenesis research of lung neuroendocrine cancers: Evidence obtained from functional analyses of primitive neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors. Pathol Int 2015; 65:277-85. [PMID: 25708144 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma (SmCC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LENEC) are categorized as neuroendocrine cancers (NECs) of the lung and have extremely poor prognoses. The lack of an effective therapeutic strategy against SmCC and LCNEC is a serious issue. Because the regulation of the cellular phenotype is complicated by the actions of various transcription factors, investigations into the function of neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors are important for elucidating the cellular characteristics and histogenesis of SmCC and LCNEC and for establishing innovative therapeutic strategies against them. In this review, the functions of ASCL1, NeuroD1, REST, TTF1, and class III/IV POU, that are specifically and highly expressed in lung NECs, are introduced. These transcription factors transactivate and/or transrepress various genes and are involved in neural progenitor phenotyping, neuroendocrine and stem cell marker expression, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Based on the evidence that certain carcinoids express ASCL1, NeuroD1, TTF1, and class III/IV POU and that lung NECs can develop from non-NE cells/non-NEC cells, the relationships among lung NECs, carcinoid tumors, and non-NECs are discussed. Finally, a model of the histogenesis of lung NECs in view of similarities in the expression of primitive neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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9
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Xu XL, Singh HP, Wang L, Qi DL, Poulos BK, Abramson DH, Jhanwar SC, Cobrinik D. Rb suppresses human cone-precursor-derived retinoblastoma tumours. Nature 2014; 514:385-8. [PMID: 25252974 PMCID: PMC4232224 DOI: 10.1038/nature13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang L Xu
- 1] Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA [2] Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Hardeep P Singh
- 1] The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Dong-Lai Qi
- 1] The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Bradford K Poulos
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - David H Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Suresh C Jhanwar
- 1] Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - David Cobrinik
- 1] The Vision Center, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [3] USC Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA [4] Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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10
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Ishii J, Sato H, Sakaeda M, Shishido-Hara Y, Hiramatsu C, Kamma H, Shimoyamada H, Fujiwara M, Endo T, Aoki I, Yazawa T. POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is crucial for expression of ASCL1, ND1 and neuroendocrine marker molecules and cell growth in small cell lung cancer. Pathol Int 2013; 63:158-68. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanako Sato
- Department of Anatomy; St. Marianna University School of Medicine; Kawasaki
| | | | | | - Chie Hiramatsu
- Department of Anatomy; St. Marianna University School of Medicine; Kawasaki
| | - Hiroshi Kamma
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka
| | | | | | | | - Ichiro Aoki
- Department of Pathology; Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Yokohama
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka
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11
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Wang H, Bauzon F, Ji P, Xu X, Sun D, Locker J, Sellers RS, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI, Cobrinik D, Zhu L. Skp2 is required for survival of aberrantly proliferating Rb1-deficient cells and for tumorigenesis in Rb1+/- mice. Nat Genet 2009; 42:83-8. [PMID: 19966802 DOI: 10.1038/ng.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygosity of the retinoblastoma gene Rb1 elicits tumorigenesis in susceptible tissues following spontaneous loss of the remaining functional allele. Inactivation of previously studied retinoblastoma protein (pRb) targets partially inhibited tumorigenesis in Rb1(+/-) mice. Here we report that inactivation of pRb target Skp2 (refs. 7,8) completely prevents spontaneous tumorigenesis in Rb1(+/-) mice. Targeted Rb1 deletion in melanotrophs ablates the entire pituitary intermediate lobe when Skp2 is inactivated. Skp2 inactivation does not inhibit aberrant proliferation of Rb1-deleted melanotrophs but induces their apoptotic death. Eliminating p27 phosphorylation on T187 in p27T187A knock-in mice reproduces the effects of Skp2 knockout, identifying p27 ubiquitination by SCF(Skp2) ubiquitin ligase as the underlying mechanism for Skp2's essential tumorigenic role in this setting. RB1-deficient human retinoblastoma cells also undergo apoptosis after Skp2 knockdown; and ectopic expression of p27, especially the p27T187A mutant, induces apoptosis. These results reveal that Skp2 becomes an essential survival gene when susceptible cells incur Rb1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Xu XL, Fang Y, Lee TC, Forrest D, Gregory-Evans C, Almeida D, Liu A, Jhanwar SC, Abramson DH, Cobrinik D. Retinoblastoma has properties of a cone precursor tumor and depends upon cone-specific MDM2 signaling. Cell 2009; 137:1018-31. [PMID: 19524506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastomas result from the inactivation of the RB1 gene and the loss of Rb protein, yet the cell type in which Rb suppresses retinoblastoma and the circuitry that underlies the need for Rb are undefined. Here, we show that retinoblastoma cells express markers of postmitotic cone precursors but not markers of other retinal cell types. We also demonstrate that human cone precursors prominently express MDM2 and N-Myc, that retinoblastoma cells require both of these proteins for proliferation and survival, and that MDM2 is needed to suppress ARF-induced apoptosis in cultured retinoblastoma cells. Interestingly, retinoblastoma cell MDM2 expression was regulated by the cone-specific RXRgamma transcription factor and a human-specific RXRgamma consensus binding site, and proliferation required RXRgamma, as well as the cone-specific thyroid hormone receptor-beta2. These findings provide support for a cone precursor origin of retinoblastoma and suggest that human cone-specific signaling circuitry sensitizes to the oncogenic effects of RB1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang L Xu
- Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Cook AL, Sturm RA. POU domain transcription factors: BRN2 as a regulator of melanocytic growth and tumourigenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:611-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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