1
|
Biomarkers of DNA Damage Response Enable Flow Cytometry-Based Diagnostic to Identify Inborn DNA Repair Defects in Primary Immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:286-298. [PMID: 34716846 PMCID: PMC8821069 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant event in every cell caused by exogenous factors such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation (UVR/IR) and intercalating drugs, or endogenous metabolic and replicative stress. Proteins of the DNA damage response (DDR) network sense DNA lesions and induce cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Genetic defects of DDR or DNA repair proteins can be associated with immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure syndromes, and cancer susceptibility. Although various diagnostic tools are available to evaluate DNA damage, their quality to identify DNA repair deficiencies differs enormously and depends on affected pathways. In this study, we investigated the DDR biomarkers γH2AX (Ser139), p-ATM (Ser1981), and p-CHK2 (Thr68) using flow cytometry on peripheral blood cells obtained from patients with combined immunodeficiencies due to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) defects and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) in response to low-dose IR. Significantly reduced induction of all three markers was observed in AT patients compared to controls. However, delayed downregulation of γH2AX was found in patients with NHEJ defects. In contrast to previous reports of DDR in cellular models, these biomarkers were not sensitive enough to identify ARTEMIS deficiency with sufficient reliability. In summary, DDR biomarkers are suitable for diagnosing NHEJ defects and AT, which can be useful in neonates with abnormal TREC levels (T cell receptor excision circles) identified by newborn screening. We conclude that DDR biomarkers have benefits and some limitations depending on the underlying DNA repair deficiency.
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Li C, Jin J, Wang J, Huang J, Ma Z, Huang X, He X, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Yu M, Huang S, Yan X, Li F, Pan J, Wang Y, Yu Y, Jin J. High PARP-1 expression predicts poor survival in acute myeloid leukemia and PARP-1 inhibitor and SAHA-bendamustine hybrid inhibitor combination treatment synergistically enhances anti-tumor effects. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:47-56. [PMID: 30472087 PMCID: PMC6306376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PARP-1 plays a critical role in DNA damage repair and contributes to progression of cancer. To explore the role of PARP-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we analyzed the expression of PARP-1 in AML and its relation to the clinical prognosis. Then, we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of PARP inhibitor BMN673 (Talazoparib) combined with NL101, a novel SAHA-bendamustine hybrid in vitro and in vivo. Methods The expression of PARP-1 in 339 cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) cases was evaluated using RT-PCR. According to the expression of PARP-1, the clinical characteristics and prognosis of the patients were grouped and compared. The combination effects of BMN673 and NL101 were studied in AML cells and B-NSG mice xenograft model of MV4-11. Findings We found patients in high PARP-1 expression group had higher levels of blast cells in bone marrow (P = .003) and white blood cells (WBC) in peripheral blood (P = .008), and were associated with a more frequent FLT3-ITD mutation (28.2% vs 17.3%, P = .031). The overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) of the high expression group were significantly shorter than those in the low expression group (OS, P = .005 and EFS, P = .004). BMN673 combined with NL101 had a strong synergistic effect in treating AML. The combination significantly induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase. Mechanistically, BMN673 and NL101 combinatorial treatment promoted DNA damage. In vivo, the combination effectively delayed the development of AML and prolonged survival. Interpretation High PARP-1 expression predicts poor survival in CN-AML patients. The synergistic effects of PARP inhibitor BMN673 in combination with SAHA-bendamustine hybrid, NL101, provide a new therapeutic strategy against AML. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Innovation Team.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Chenying Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jingrui Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yile Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Hematology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shujuan Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Fenglin Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yungui Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yongping Yu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Gupta SD, Sachs Z. Novel single-cell technologies in acute myeloid leukemia research. Transl Res 2017; 189:123-135. [PMID: 28802867 PMCID: PMC6584944 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a lethal malignancy because patients who initially respond to chemotherapy eventually relapse with treatment refractory disease. Relapse is caused by leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that reestablish the disease through self-renewal. Self-renewal is the ability of a stem cell to produce copies of itself and give rise to progeny cells. Therefore, therapeutic strategies eradicating LSCs are essential to prevent relapse and achieve long-term remission in AML. AML is a heterogeneous disease both at phenotypic and genotypic levels, and this heterogeneity extends to LSCs. Classical studies in AML have aimed at characterization of the bulk tumor population, thereby masking cellular heterogeneity. Single-cell approaches provide a novel opportunity to elucidate molecular mechanisms in heterogeneous diseases such as AML. In recent years, major advancements in single-cell measurement systems have revolutionized our understanding of the pathophysiology of AML and enabled the characterization of LSCs. Identifying the molecular mechanisms critical to AML LSCs will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to combat this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyasri Das Gupta
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Zohar Sachs
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Distinct signaling events promote resistance to mitoxantrone and etoposide in pediatric AML: a Children's Oncology Group report. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90037-90049. [PMID: 29163809 PMCID: PMC5685730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive chemotherapy including mitoxantrone and etoposide, relapse occurs for almost half of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since both drugs inhibit topoisomerase II and cause DNA double strand breaks, resistance could be achieved by enhanced DNA damage repair (DDR), via homologous recombination (HR) and/or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). An important source of extrinsic chemoresistance is the bone marrow stroma. We aimed to reveal intrinsic and stroma-induced signaling pathways that contribute to chemoresistance. Sixty diagnostic pediatric AML samples were cultured on or off stromal cells, with or without chemotherapy. We measured apoptosis, DNA damage signaling, and NHEJ/HR pathway activity by FACS analysis of intracellular cleaved PARP, γH2AX, pDNA-PKcs and pATM, respectively. Mitoxantrone strongly increased γH2AX and pDNA-PKcs. Neither chemotherapy drug induced pATM. DNA-PK inhibition alleviated mitoxantrone resistance for AML cells on and off stromal cells. Regarding stroma-induced signaling pathways, ERK1/2 was most consistently activated in primary AML cells by stromal cells. ERK1/2 inactivation partially restored chemosensitivity to AML cells on stromal cells. Additionally, low stroma-induced STAT3 activity and strong stroma-induced mitoxantrone resistance were associated with inferior clinical outcome. Taken together, the NHEJ DDR and ERK1/2 pathways are potential targets for reducing intrinsic and extrinsic chemotherapy resistance in pediatric AML.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hall J, Jeggo PA, West C, Gomolka M, Quintens R, Badie C, Laurent O, Aerts A, Anastasov N, Azimzadeh O, Azizova T, Baatout S, Baselet B, Benotmane MA, Blanchardon E, Guéguen Y, Haghdoost S, Harms-Ringhdahl M, Hess J, Kreuzer M, Laurier D, Macaeva E, Manning G, Pernot E, Ravanat JL, Sabatier L, Tack K, Tapio S, Zitzelsberger H, Cardis E. Ionizing radiation biomarkers in epidemiological studies - An update. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 771:59-84. [PMID: 28342453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiology studies highlighted the detrimental health effects of exposure to low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR): nuclear industry workers studies have shown increased leukaemia and solid tumour risks following cumulative doses of <100mSv and dose rates of <10mGy per year; paediatric patients studies have reported increased leukaemia and brain tumours risks after doses of 30-60mGy from computed tomography scans. Questions arise, however, about the impact of even lower doses and dose rates where classical epidemiological studies have limited power but where subsets within the large cohorts are expected to have an increased risk. Further progress requires integration of biomarkers or bioassays of individual exposure, effects and susceptibility to IR. The European DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration) consortium previously reviewed biomarkers for potential use in IR epidemiological studies. Given the increased mechanistic understanding of responses to low dose radiation the current review provides an update covering technical advances and recent studies. A key issue identified is deciding which biomarkers to progress. A roadmap is provided for biomarker development from discovery to implementation and used to summarise the current status of proposed biomarkers for epidemiological studies. Most potential biomarkers remain at the discovery stage and for some there is sufficient evidence that further development is not warranted. One biomarker identified in the final stages of development and as a priority for further research is radiation specific mRNA transcript profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69424, France.
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine West
- Translational Radiobiology Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Clinical Department, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Harms-Ringhdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Hess
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Kreuzer
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ellina Macaeva
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Grainne Manning
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Pernot
- INSERM U897, Université de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SCIB, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, INAC-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Radiation Programme, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (MTD formerly), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rothkamm K, Barnard S, Moquet J, Ellender M, Rana Z, Burdak-Rothkamm S. DNA damage foci: Meaning and significance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:491-504. [PMID: 25773265 DOI: 10.1002/em.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of DNA damage response proteins such as γH2AX, ATM, 53BP1, RAD51, and the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, that accumulate and/or are modified in the vicinity of a chromosomal DNA double-strand break to form microscopically visible, subnuclear foci, has revolutionized the detection of these lesions and has enabled studies of the cellular machinery that contributes to their repair. Double-strand breaks are induced directly by a number of physical and chemical agents, including ionizing radiation and radiomimetic drugs, but can also arise as secondary lesions during replication and DNA repair following exposure to a wide range of genotoxins. Here we aim to review the biological meaning and significance of DNA damage foci, looking specifically at a range of different settings in which such markers of DNA damage and repair are being studied and interpreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ellender
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Zohaib Rana
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bret C, Klein B, Cartron G, Schved JF, Constantinou A, Pasero P, Moreaux J. DNA repair in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a molecular portrait. Br J Haematol 2014; 169:296-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bret
- Department of Biological Haematology; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- INSERM U1040; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- UFR de Médecine; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
| | - Bernard Klein
- Department of Biological Haematology; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- INSERM U1040; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- UFR de Médecine; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- UFR de Médecine; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
- Department of Clinical Haematology; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Jean-François Schved
- Department of Biological Haematology; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- UFR de Médecine; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
| | | | - Philippe Pasero
- Institute of Human Genetics; CNRS-UPR1142; Montpellier France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Department of Biological Haematology; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- INSERM U1040; CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
- UFR de Médecine; University of Montpellier 1; Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|