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MRI- and histologically derived neuroanatomical atlas of the Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl). Sci Rep 2021; 11:9850. [PMID: 33972650 PMCID: PMC8110773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are an important vertebrate model system to understand anatomy, genetics and physiology. Importantly, the brain and spinal cord of adult urodels (salamanders) have an incredible regeneration capacity, contrary to anurans (frogs) and the rest of adult vertebrates. Among these amphibians, the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) has gained most attention because of the surge in the understanding of central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and the recent sequencing of its whole genome. However, a complete comprehension of the brain anatomy is not available. In the present study we created a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) atlas of the in vivo neuroanatomy of the juvenile axolotl brain. This is the first MRI atlas for this species and includes three levels: (1) 82 regions of interest (ROIs) and a version with 64 ROIs; (2) a division of the brain according to the embryological origin of the neural tube, and (3) left and right hemispheres. Additionally, we localized the myelin rich regions of the juvenile brain. The atlas, the template that the atlas was derived from, and a masking file, can be found on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4595016 . This MRI brain atlas aims to be an important tool for future research of the axolotl brain and that of other amphibians.
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Muthuswamy A, Pardo ID, Rao DB, Switzer RC, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Neuroanatomy and Sampling of Central Projections for the Visual System in Mammals Used in Toxicity Testing. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:455-471. [PMID: 33243077 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320967279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visual system toxicity may manifest anywhere in the visual system, from the eye proper to the visual brain. Therefore, effective screening for visual system toxicity must evaluate not only ocular structures (ie, eye and optic nerve) but also multiple key brain regions involved in vision (eg, optic tract, subcortical relay nuclei, and primary and secondary visual cortices). Despite a generally comparable pattern across species, the neuroanatomic organization and function of the visual brain in rodents and rabbits exhibit appreciable differences relative to nonrodents. Currently recognized sampling practices for general toxicity studies in animals, which are based on easily discerned external neuroanatomic landmarks and guided by extant stereotaxic brain atlases, typically will permit histopathologic evaluation of many brain centers involved in visual sensation (eg, optic chiasm, optic tract, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, primary and secondary visual cortices) and often some subcortical brain nuclei involved in light-modulated nonvisual activities needed for visual attention and orientation (eg, rostral colliculus in quadrupeds, termed the superior colliculus in bipeds; several cranial nerve nuclei). Pathologic findings induced by toxicants in the visual brain centers are similar to those that are produced in other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid D Pardo
- 390190Pfizer Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Deepa B Rao
- ToxPath Specialists LLC [a StageBio Company], Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath Inc., Longmont, CO, USA * Deceased
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Ketter-Katz H, Lev-Ari T, Katzir G. Vision in chameleons-A model for non-mammalian vertebrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 106:94-105. [PMID: 32576499 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae, Reptilia) are known for their extreme sensory and motor adaptations to arboreal life and insectivoury. They show most distinct sequences of visuo-motor patterns in threat avoidance and in predation with prey capture being performed by tongue strikes that are unparalleled in vertebrates. Optical adaptations result in retinal image enlargement and the unique capacity to determine target distance by accommodation cues. Ocular adaptations result in complex eye movements that are context dependent, not independent, as observed in threat avoidance and predation. In predation, evidence from the chameleons' capacity to track multiple targets support the view that their eyes are under individual controls. Eye movements and body movements are lateralised, with lateralisation being a function of many factors at the population, individual, and specific-situation levels. Chameleons are considered a potentially important model for vision in non-mammalian vertebrates. They provide exceptional behavioural tools for studying eye movements as well as information gathering and analysis. They open the field of lateralisation, decision making, and context dependence. Finally, chameleons allow a deeper examination of the relationships between their unique visuo-motor capacities and the central nervous system of reptiles and ectotherms, in general, as compared with mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ketter-Katz
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tidhar Lev-Ari
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gadi Katzir
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
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Abstract
Binocular vision depends on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon projection either to the same side or to the opposite side of the brain. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms for decussation of RGC axons, with a focus on axon guidance signaling at the optic chiasm and ipsi- and contralateral axon organization in the optic tract prior to and during targeting. The spatial and temporal features of RGC neurogenesis that give rise to ipsilateral and contralateral identity are described. The albino visual system is highlighted as an apt comparative model for understanding RGC decussation, as albinos have a reduced ipsilateral projection and altered RGC neurogenesis associated with perturbed melanogenesis in the retinal pigment epithelium. Understanding the steps for RGC specification into ipsi- and contralateral subtypes will facilitate differentiation of stem cells into RGCs with proper navigational abilities for effective axon regeneration and correct targeting of higher-order visual centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Nefeli Slavi
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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Bulboaca A, Stanescu I, Dogaru G, Boarescu PM, Bulboaca AE. The importance of visuo-motor coordination in upper limb rehabilitation after ischemic stroke by robotic therapy. BALNEO RESEARCH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2019.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stroke is an acute hypoperfusion of cerebral parenchyma that most often leads to outstanding motor deficits that can last for the rest of the patient’s life. The purpose of the neurorehabilitation process is to limit, as far is possible for the motor deficits and to bring the patient to an independent life. A modern method consists in robotic neurorehabilitation which is more and more used, associated with functional electrical stimulation (FES). At the lower limb, the use of robotic rehabilitation associated with FES is already considered a success due to relatively stereotypical movements of the lower limb. In opposition, the upper limb is more difficult to rehabilitate due to its more complex movements. Therefore, eye-hand coordination (EHC) constitutes an important factor that is conditioning the rehabilitation progress. The eye-hand coordination can be brutally disturbed by stroke with critical consequences on motor-executive component. The EHC development depends on the interaction between a feedback complex and the prediction of the upper limb motility in the space, and requires the association between visual system, oculomotor system and hand motor system. We analyzed the stroke impact on this sensorial-motor functional integration and looked for a possible solution for the interruption of coordination between eyes and the movements of the superior limb. We consider that our study can contribute to a better understanding and to a faster rehabilitation of the motor deficit in the upper limb after stroke.
Key words: stroke, rehabilitation, eye-hand coordination, robotic neurorehabilitation,
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Bulboaca
- 1. "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2. Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Stanescu
- 1. "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2. Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dogaru
- 1. "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2. Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul-Mihai Boarescu
- 1. "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Elena Bulboaca
- 1. "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2. Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Paschke K, Kagan I, Wüstenberg T, Bähr M, Wilke M. Trunk rotation affects temporal order judgments with direct saccades: Influence of handedness. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:123-37. [PMID: 26518506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the trunk midline has been shown to improve visuospatial performance in patients with unilateral visual neglect. The goal of the present study was to disentangle motor and perceptual components of egocentric midline manipulations and to investigate the contribution of individual hand preference. Two versions of visual temporal order judgment (TOJ) tasks were tested in healthy right- and left-handed subjects while trunk rotation was varied. In the congruent version, subjects were required to execute a saccade to the first of two horizontal stimuli presented with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA). In the incongruent version, subjects were required to perform a vertical saccade to a pre-learned color target, thereby dissociating motor response from the perceptual stimulus location. The main findings of this study are a trunk rotation and response direction specific impact on temporal judgments in form of a prior entry bias for right hemifield stimuli during rightward trunk rotation, but only in the congruent task. This trunk rotation-induced spatial bias was most pronounced in left-handed participants but had the same sign in the right-handed group. Results suggest that egocentric midline shifts in healthy subjects induce a spatially-specific motor, but not a perceptual, bias and underline the importance of taking individual differences in functional laterality such as handedness and mode of perceptual report into account when evaluating effects of trunk rotation in either healthy subjects or neurological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Paschke
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Igor Kagan
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Germany
| | - Melanie Wilke
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Germany.
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Larsson ML. Binocular vision, the optic chiasm, and their associations with vertebrate motor behavior. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Drucker CB, Brannon EM. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) map number onto space. Cognition 2014; 132:57-67. [PMID: 24762923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Humans map number onto space. However, the origins of this association, and particularly the degree to which it depends upon cultural experience, are not fully understood. Here we provide the first demonstration of a number-space mapping in a non-human primate. We trained four adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to select the fourth position from the bottom of a five-element vertical array. Monkeys maintained a preference to choose the fourth position through changes in the appearance, location, and spacing of the vertical array. We next asked whether monkeys show a spatially-oriented number mapping by testing their responses to the same five-element stimulus array rotated ninety degrees into a horizontal line. In these horizontal probe trials, monkeys preferentially selected the fourth position from the left, but not the fourth position from the right. Our results indicate that rhesus macaques map number onto space, suggesting that the association between number and space in human cognition is not purely a result of cultural experience and instead has deep evolutionary roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Drucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
| | - Elizabeth M Brannon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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