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Pata J, Moreno A, Magnard S, Banerjee A, Prasad R, Falson P. Production and Purification of a GFP-Tagged ABC Transporter CaCdr1p. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2507:175-185. [PMID: 35773582 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2368-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The production and purification are the first steps required in any functional or structural study of a protein of interest. In the case of membrane proteins, these tasks can be difficult due to low expression levels and the necessity to extract them from their membrane environment. This chapter describes a convenient method based on GFP tagged to the membrane protein to facilitates these steps. Production is carried out in the yeast S. cerevisiae and purification steps are carried out and monitored taking advantage of an anti-GFP nanobody. We show how GFP can be a very helpful tool for controlling the correct addressing of the protein and for probing and optimizing purification. These methods are described here for producing and purifying CaCdr1p, an ABC exporter conferring multiantifungal resistance to C. albicans. This purification method can be amenable to any other GFP-tagged protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgaq Pata
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins Team, CNRS - Lyon 1 University UMR 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sandrine Magnard
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins Team, CNRS - Lyon 1 University UMR 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins Team, CNRS - Lyon 1 University UMR 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
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Assessing the bioactivity of the codon optimized sfGFP-IGF1 fusion protein via interaction with IGFBP3 and induction of cell proliferation. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abbady AQ, Twair A, Ali B, Murad H. Characterization of Annexin V Fusion with the Superfolder GFP in Liposomes Binding and Apoptosis Detection. Front Physiol 2017; 8:317. [PMID: 28579961 PMCID: PMC5437369 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Programed cell death is a critical and unavoidable part of life. One of the most widely used markers for dying cells, by apoptosis or pyroptosis, is the redistribution of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer plasma membrane leaflet. Annexin V protein is a sensitive and specific probe to mark this event because of its high affinity to the exposed PS. Beyond that, annexin V can bind to any PS-containing phospholipid bilayer of almost all tiny forms of membranous vesicles like blood platelets, exosomes, or even nanostructured liposomes. In this work, recombinant human annexin V was produced as a fusion with a highly fluorescent superfolder derivative of the green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein(sfGFP-ANXV, 64 kDa), annexin V (ANXV, 40 kDa), and sfGFP (27 kDa) were separately produced after cloning their encoding genes in pRSET plasmid, and all proteins were expressed in a soluble form, then purified in high yields because of their N-terminal 6× His tag (~150 mg of pure protein per 1 L culture). Superiority of this fluorescent fusion protein over fluorescein-conjugated annexin V was demonstrated in binding to phospholipids (and their liposomes), prepared from natural sources (soya bean and egg yolk) that have different content of PS, by using different methods including ELISA, dot-blotting, surface plasmon resonance, and flow cytometry. We also applied fluorescent annexin V in the detection of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Interestingly, sfGFP-ANXV fusion was more sensitive to early apoptotic stressed HeLa cells than fluorescein-conjugated-ANXV. This highly expressed and functional sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein provides a promising ready-to-use molecular tool for quantifying liposomes (or similarly exosomes) and detecting apoptosis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qader Abbady
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria
| | - Aya Twair
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus UniversityDamascus, Syria
| | - Bouthaina Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria
| | - Hossam Murad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of SyriaDamascus, Syria
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Al-Homsi L, Al-Okla S, Abbady AQ. Preparation of Specific Polyclonal Antibody Against the Recombinant Mutacin Produced by sfGFP Fusion Protein Technology. Open Microbiol J 2015; 9:70-80. [PMID: 26668664 PMCID: PMC4676047 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801509010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutacin I, a bacteriocin produced by streptococcus mutans, displays an antimicrobial activity against many
gram positive and some gram negative bacteria. Because of its medical importance, production of this short peptide in
large scale for future applications is a significant challenge. This work described the improvement of a novel system to
produce the recombinant mutacin using fusion protein technology. The short peptide was expressed directly as a fusion protein with a superfolder form of the green florescent protein
(sfGFP), resulting in a high yield expression of soluble sfGFP-mutacin fusion protein (30 kDa) in the cytoplasm of
E. coli. Mutacin was released from the fusion by enzymatic cleavage at the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease recognition
site and separated from the carrier sfGFP by nickel affinity and gel filtration chromatography. An additional advantage of
this fusion system was tested in the generation of mutacin-specific polyclonal antibodies. Specific anti-mutacin IgGs
were affinity purified, and were able to recognize the mutacin-sfGFP fusion protein or the cleaved forms of mutacin. Even though it was efficiently produced (25 mg/L) by this method, pure mutacin was devoid of antibiotic activity. Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the absence of thioether bonds in the purified mutacin, which
are critical for final structure and function of this antibiotic. Determining whether the activity of pure mutacin could be
recovered by the reformation of such structures by chemical reaction needs more investigations. The development of this
system will provide large quantities of mutacin for future studies and applications as broad spectrum antibacterial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Al-Homsi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Souad Al-Okla
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Abdul Q Abbady
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
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Patel A, Vasiljevic S, Jones IM. Unique structural properties associated with mouse prion Δ105-125 protein. Prion 2013; 7:235-43. [PMID: 23764837 PMCID: PMC3783109 DOI: 10.4161/pri.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine prion protein deleted for residues 105-125 is intrinsically neurotoxic and mediates a TSE-like phenotype in transgenic mice. Equivalent and overlapping deletions were expressed in E.coli, purified and analyzed. Among mutants spanning the region 95-135, a construct lacking solely residues 105-125 had distinct properties when compared with the full-length prion protein 23-231 or other deletions. This distinction was also apparent followed expression in eukaryotic cells. Unlike the full-length protein, all deletion mutants failed to bind to synthetic membranes in vitro. These data suggest a novel structure for the 105-125 deleted variant that may relate to its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Nicholls SB, Hardy JA. Structural basis of fluorescence quenching in caspase activatable-GFP. Protein Sci 2013; 22:247-57. [PMID: 23139158 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is critical for organismal homeostasis and a wide variety of diseases. Caspases are the ultimate executors of the apoptotic programmed cell death pathway. As caspases play such a central role in apoptosis, there is significant demand for technologies to monitor caspase function. We recently developed a caspase activatable-GFP (CA-GFP) reporter. CA-GFP is unique due to its "dark" state, where chromophore maturation of the GFP is inhibited by the presence of a C-terminal peptide. Here we show that chromophore maturation is prevented because CA-GFP does not fold into the robust β-barrel of GFP until the peptide has been cleaved by active caspase. Both CA-GFP and GFP₁₋₁₀ , a split form of GFP lacking the 11th strand, have similar secondary structure, different from mature GFP. A similar susceptibility to proteolytic digestion indicates that this shared structure is not the robust, fully formed GFP β-barrel. We have developed a model that suggests that as CA-GFP is translated in vivo it follows the same folding path as wild-type GFP; however, the presence of the appended peptide does not allow CA-GFP to form the barrel of the fully matured GFP. CA-GFP is therefore held in a "pro-folding" intermediate state until the peptide is released, allowing it to continue folding into the mature barrel geometry. This new understanding of the structural basis of the dark state of the CA-GFP reporter will enable manipulation of this mechanism in the development of reporter systems for any number of cellular processes involving proteases and potentially other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Dammeyer T, Tinnefeld P. Engineered fluorescent proteins illuminate the bacterial periplasm. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 3:e201210013. [PMID: 24688673 PMCID: PMC3962181 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial periplasm is of special interest whenever cell factories are designed and engineered. Recombinantely produced proteins are targeted to the periplasmic space of Gram negative bacteria to take advantage of the authentic N-termini, disulfide bridge formation and easy accessibility for purification with less contaminating cellular proteins. The oxidizing environment of the periplasm promotes disulfide bridge formation - a prerequisite for proper folding of many proteins into their active conformation. In contrast, the most popular reporter protein in all of cell biology, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), remains inactive if translocated to the periplasmic space prior to folding. Here, the self-catalyzed chromophore maturation is blocked by formation of covalent oligomers via interchain disulfide bonds in the oxidizing environment. However, different protein engineering approaches addressing folding and stability of GFP resulted in improved proteins with enhanced folding properties. Recent studies describe GFP variants that are not only active if translocated in their folded form via the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, but actively fold in the periplasm following general secretory pathway (Sec) and signal recognition particle (SRP) mediated secretion. This mini-review highlights the progress that enables new insights into bacterial export and periplasmic protein organization, as well as new biotechnological applications combining the advantages of the periplasmic production and the Aequorea-based fluorescent reporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Dammeyer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, NanoBioSciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans Sommer Str. 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Tinnefeld
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, NanoBioSciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans Sommer Str. 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Seidel R, Engelhard M. Chemical biology of prion protein: tools to bridge the in vitro/vivo interface. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 305:199-223. [PMID: 21769714 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on prion protein (PrP) and pathogenic prion has been very intensive because of its importance as model system for neurodegenerative diseases. One important aspect of this research has been the application of chemical biology tools. In this review we describe new developments like native chemical ligation (NCL) and expressed protein ligation (EPL) for the synthesis and semisynthesis of proteins in general and PrP in particular. These techniques allow the synthesis of designed tailor made analogs which can be used in conjunction with modern biophysical methods like fluorescence spectroscopy, solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR), and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Another aspect of prion research is concerned with the interaction of PrP with small organic molecules and metals. The results are critically reviewed and put into perspective of their implication for PrP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Seidel
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Fluorescent Proteins as a Visible Molecular Signal for Rapid Quantification of Bioprocesses: Potential and Challenges. Chin J Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(09)60140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Guanidine induced equilibrium and kinetic folding of a variant of green fluorescent protein (F99S/M153T/V163A, GFPuv) was studied. Using manual mixing and stopped-flow techniques, we combined different probes, including tryptophan fluorescence, chromophore fluorescence and reactivity with DTNB, to trace the spontaneous and TF-assisted folding of guanidine denatured GFPuv. We found that both unfolding and refolding of GFPuv occurred in a stepwise manner and a stable intermediate was populated under equilibrium conditions. The thermodynamic parameters obtained show that the intermediate state of GFPuv is quite compact compared to the denatured state and most of the green fluorescence is retained in this state. By studying GFPuv folding assisted by TF and a number of TF mutants, we found that wild-type TF catalyzes proline isomerization and accelerates the folding rate at low TF concentrations, but retards GFPuv folding and decelerates the folding rate at high TF concentrations. This reflects the two activities of TF, as an enzyme and as a chaperone. A general mechanism of TF assisted protein folding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Bi Xie
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
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