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Cazzaniga S, Real G, Finazzi S, Lorini LF, Forget P, Bugada D. How to Modulate Peripheral and Central Nervous System to Treat Acute Postoperative Pain and Prevent Pain Persistence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:23-37. [PMID: 37563811 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230810103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic postoperative pain (CPSP) is a major issue after surgery, which may impact on patient's quality of life. Traditionally, CPSP is believed to rely on maladaptive hyperalgesia and risk factors have been identified that predispose to CPSP, including acute postoperative pain. Despite new models of prediction are emerging, acute pain is still a modifiable factor that can be challenged with perioperative analgesic strategies. In this review we present the issue of CPSP, focusing on molecular mechanism underlying the development of acute and chronic hyperalgesia. Also, we focus on how perioperative strategies can impact directly or indirectly (by reducing postoperative pain intensity) on the development of CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cazzaniga
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Real
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Finazzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca F Lorini
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Patrice Forget
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Epidemiology Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Anaesthesia, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Bugada
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127, Bergamo, Italy
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Aravagiri K, Ali A, Wang HC, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. Identifying molecular mechanisms of acute to chronic pain transition and potential drug targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:801-810. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2137404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Aravagiri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Ali
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hank C Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth D Candido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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Talluri B, Hoelzel F, Medda BK, Terashvili M, Sanvanson P, Shaker R, Banerjee A, Sengupta JN, Banerjee B. Identification and characterization of rostral ventromedial medulla neurons synaptically connected to the urinary bladder afferents in female rats with or without neonatal cystitis. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1129-1147. [PMID: 34628661 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) play a major role in pain modulation. We have previously shown that early-life noxious bladder stimuli in rats resulted in an overall spinal GABAergic disinhibition and a long-lasting bladder/colon sensitization when tested in adulthood. However, the neuromolecular alterations within RVM neurons in the pathophysiology of early life bladder inflammation have not been elucidated. In this study, we have identified and characterized RVM neurons that are synaptically linked to the bladder and colon and examined the effect of neonatal bladder inflammation on molecular expressions of these neurons. A transient bladder inflammation was induced by intravesicular instillation of protamine sulfate and zymosan during postnatal days 14 through 16 (P14-16) followed by pseudorabies virus PRV-152 and PRV-614 injections into the bladder and colon, respectively, on postnatal day P60. Tissues were examined 96 h postinoculation for serotonergic, GABAergic, and enkephalinergic expressions using in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry techniques. The results revealed that > 50% of RVM neurons that are synaptically connected to the bladder (i.e., PRV-152+) were GABAergic, 40% enkephalinergic, and about 14% expressing serotonergic marker tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TpH2). Neonatal cystitis resulted in a significant increase in converging neurons in RVM receiving dual synaptic inputs from the bladder and colon. In addition, neonatal cystitis significantly downregulated vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) with a concomitant increase in TpH2 expression in bladder-linked RVM neurons, suggesting an alteration in supraspinal signaling. These alterations of synaptic connectivity and GABAergic/serotonergic expressions in RVM neurons may contribute to bladder pain modulation and cross-organ visceral sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Talluri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faith Hoelzel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bidyut K Medda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maia Terashvili
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Patrick Sanvanson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Reza Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anjishnu Banerjee
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jyoti N Sengupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Banani Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Almeida LS, Castro‐Lopes JM, Neto FL, Potes CS. Amylin, a peptide expressed by nociceptors, modulates chronic neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain 2019; 23:784-799. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Sofia Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina – Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - José Manuel Castro‐Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina – Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Fani Lourença Neto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina – Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Catarina Soares Potes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina – Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
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Postnatal maturation of the spinal-bulbo-spinal loop: brainstem control of spinal nociception is independent of sensory input in neonatal rats. Pain 2016; 157:677-686. [PMID: 26574823 PMCID: PMC4751743 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rostroventral medial medulla (RVM) is part of a rapidly acting spino-bulbo-spinal loop that is activated by ascending nociceptive inputs and drives descending feedback modulation of spinal nociception. In the adult rat, the RVM can facilitate or inhibit dorsal horn neuron inputs but in young animals descending facilitation dominates. It is not known whether this early life facilitation is part of a feedback loop. We hypothesized that the newborn RVM functions independently of sensory input, before the maturation of feedback control. We show here that noxious hind paw pinch evokes no fos activation in the RVM or the periaqueductal gray at postnatal day (P) 4 or P8, indicating a lack of nociceptive input at these ages. Significant fos activation was evident at P12, P21, and in adults. Furthermore, direct excitation of RVM neurons with microinjection of DL-homocysteic acid did not alter the net activity of dorsal horn neurons at P10, suggesting an absence of glutamatergic drive, whereas the same injections caused significant facilitation at P21. In contrast, silencing RVM neurons at P8 with microinjection of lidocaine inhibited dorsal horn neuron activity, indicating a tonic descending spinal facilitation from the RVM at this age. The results support the hypothesis that early life descending facilitation of spinal nociception is independent of sensory input. Since it is not altered by RVM glutamatergic receptor activation, it is likely generated by spontaneous brainstem activity. Only later in postnatal life can this descending activity be modulated by ascending nociceptive inputs in a functional spinal-bulbo-spinal loop.
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Borges G, Berrocoso E, Mico JA, Neto F. ERK1/2: Function, signaling and implication in pain and pain-related anxio-depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 60:77-92. [PMID: 25708652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing knowledge regarding pain modulation, the understanding of the mechanisms behind a complex and pathologic chronic pain condition is still insufficient. These knowledge gaps might result in ineffective therapeutic approaches to relieve painful sensations. As a result, severe untreated chronic pain frequently triggers the onset of new disorders such as depression and/or anxiety, and therefore, both the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from chronic pain become seriously compromised, prompting a self-perpetuating cycle of symptomatology. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are molecules strongly implicated in the somatic component of pain at the spinal cord level and have been emerging as mediators of the emotional-affective component as well. Although these molecules might represent good biomarkers, their use as pharmacological targets is still open to discussion as paradoxical information has been obtained. Here we review the current scientific literature regarding ERK1/2 signaling in the modulation of pain, depression and anxiety, including the emotional-affective spheres of the pain experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Borges
- Neuropsycopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience (Pharmacology and Psychiatry), University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Centro de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (CIM-FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Nervoso, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Mico
- Neuropsycopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience (Pharmacology and Psychiatry), University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fani Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Centro de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (CIM-FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Nervoso, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal.
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Yeh CC, Wu ZF, Chen JC, Wong CS, Huang CJ, Wang JS, Chien CC. Association between extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression and the anti-allodynic effect in rats with spared nerve injury by applying immediate pulsed radiofrequency. BMC Anesthesiol 2015; 15:92. [PMID: 26077473 PMCID: PMC4467050 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-015-0071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) close to the dorsal root ganglia, or peripheral nerves, has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of immediate PRF treatment after nerve injury and its possible cellular alterations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). METHODS Neuropathic pain was achieved in a SNI neuropathic pain model by ligating and cutting the common peroneal and tibial branches of the left sciatic nerve, leaving the sural nerve intact. Wistar rats were divided into four groups that received different treatments, i.e., SNI and PRF for 6 min at 45 V (SNI + PRF-45 V), at 60 V (SNI + PRF-60 V), SNI alone, and sham groups. After the SNI surgery, each rat was immediately given the PRF treatment (500 kHz, rate of 2 Hz, 20 ms duration, temperature below 42 °C) on the left sciatic nerve 0.3-0.4 cm proximal to the injured site. The behavioral measurements included mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia of the ipsilateral hind paw and were performed during the 28 days that followed the SNI surgery and PRF treatment. Total extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and phospho-ERK1/2 were measured using Western blot in the ipsilateral spinal cord from animals in the different groups. RESULTS The three groups of rats with nerve injuries manifested a lower paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in the behavioral measurement of mechanical allodynia and a shorter painful-behavior duration in the cold allodynia test over 28 days. Mechanical allodynia measurement showed that both the PRF-45 V and PRF-60 V treatment groups exhibited a more prominent antiallodynic effect than did the SNI group from days 1 to 28 after surgery. Similarly, in comparison with the SNI group, both the SNI + PRF-45 V and SNI + PRF-60 V groups had significant inhibition on the cold allodynia measurement from days 1 to 28 after surgery. Furthermore, the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn of SNI rats was effectively inhibited in the SNI + PRF-45 V and SNI + PRF-60 V groups for 28 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Immediate PRF application on the proximal nerve injury site provided a significant inhibition of neuropathic pain formation, accompanied by the inhibition of ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chang Yeh
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology & Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University and Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Fu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Shyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) belong to a family of trophic factors that regulate the survival, growth and programmed cell death of neurons. In mammals, there are four structurally and functionally related NT proteins, viz. nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4. Most research on NTs to date has focussed on the effects of NGF and BDNF signalling via their respective cognate high affinity neurotrophic tyrosine kinase viz TrkA and TrkB receptors. Apart from the key physiologic roles of NGF and BDNF in peripheral and central nervous system function, NGF and BDNF signalling via TrkA and TrkB receptors respectively have been implicated in mechanisms underpinning neuropathic pain. Additionally, NGF and BDNF signalling via the low-affinity pan neurotrophin receptor at 75 kDa (p75NTR) may also contribute to the pathobiology of neuropathic pain. In this review, we critically assess the role of neurotrophins signalling via their cognate high affinity receptors as well as the low affinity p75NTR in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic and central neuropathic pain. We also identify knowledge gaps to guide future research aimed at generating novel insight on how to optimally modulate NT signalling for discovery of novel therapeutics to improve neuropathic pain relief.
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Cho SY, Ki HG, Kim JM, Oh JM, Yang JH, Kim WM, Lee HG, Yoon MH, Choi JI. Expression of the spinal 5-HT7 receptor and p-ERK pathway in the carrageenan inflammatory pain of rats. Korean J Anesthesiol 2015; 68:170-4. [PMID: 25844136 PMCID: PMC4384405 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2015.68.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the inhibitory role of the 5-hydroxytrypatmine receptor 7(5-HT7R) on nociceptive processing is generally recognized, an excitatory effect associated with a reduced 5-HT7R expression has also been observed in the nerve injury model. In the carrageenan model, no significant effect is produced by the 5-HT7R activation, but the change in 5-HT7R expression has not been examined. Lesioning of the spinal serotonergic pathway enhances allodynia in the carrageenan model, but it also relieves several other pain states, including in the formalin model. While lesioning suppresses the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) of the spinal cord in the formalin model, its role in the carrageenan model has not been reported. METHODS Following intraplantar injections of carrageenan, the spinal 5-HT7R expression was examined using Western blotting in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of serotonergic pathway lesioning with intrathecal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) on the expression of the phospho-ERK was measured. RESULTS The expression of the 5-HT7R in the carrageenan model was not significantly different from that of naive animals. The expression of the spinal p-ERK in the carrageenan model was significantly increased, but returned to the level of a naive rat 1 hour after the carrageenan injection. However, it remained significantly higher 1 hour after the injection in the animals treated with 5,7-DHT than in the naive and control rats. CONCLUSIONS The expression of the spinal 5-HT7R is not altered by peripheral inflammation with carrageenan, suggesting that the lack of antinociceptive effect of the 5-HT7R activation is partly attributable to the absence of changes in the expression of the 5-HT7R in the spinal cord. The extended increase of the spinal p-ERK might be related to the enhanced pain behavior in the animals with lesions of the spinal serotonergic pathway in the carrageenan model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyoung Gon Ki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joung Min Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin Myung Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woong Mo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Gon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ha Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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Kang Y, Zhao Y, Guo R, Zhang M, Wang Y, Mu Y, Wu A, Yue Y, Wu J, Wang Y. Activation of ERK signaling in rostral ventromedial medulla is dependent on afferent input from dorsal column pathway and contributes to acetic acid-induced visceral nociception. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:389-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Deumens R, Steyaert A, Forget P, Schubert M, Lavand’homme P, Hermans E, De Kock M. Prevention of chronic postoperative pain: Cellular, molecular, and clinical insights for mechanism-based treatment approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 104:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Keay KA. pERK-ing up the brainstem after injury. Eur J Pain 2012; 17:1-2. [PMID: 23233315 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy and Histology), University of Sydney, Australia.
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Dogrul A, Seyrek M, Yalcin B, Ulugol A. Involvement of descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways in CB1 receptor-mediated antinociception. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:97-105. [PMID: 22300745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids produce antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic effects mainly through activation of the inhibitory CB1 receptors. The demonstration that antinociceptive effects of systemic cannabinoids are significantly diminished following surgical dorsolateral funiculus lesion provides evidence that supraspinal sites and descending pain modulatory pathways play crucial roles in systemic cannabinoid analgesia. In this review, we will firstly provide a background, brief overview of descending modulatory pathways followed by descending pathways implicated in cannabinoid analgesia. We will then describe the recent evidence of the involvement of descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways in CB1 receptor-mediated antinociception. This review will provide evidences that systemically administered cannabinoids reinforce the descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways to produce acute antinociceptive effects via spinal 5-HT7, 5-HT2A and alpha-2 adrenoceptors activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Dogrul
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gulhane Military Academy of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tochiki KK, Cunningham J, Hunt SP, Géranton SM. The expression of spinal methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases is modulated in persistent pain states. Mol Pain 2012; 8:14. [PMID: 22369085 PMCID: PMC3351747 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA CpG methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferases and induces chromatin remodeling and gene silencing through a transcription repressor complex comprising the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and a subset of histone deacetylases. Recently, we have found that MeCP2 activity had a crucial role in the pattern of gene expression seen in the superficial dorsal horn rapidly after injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in the rat ankle joint. The aim of the present study was to analyse the changes in expression of MeCP2, DNA methyltransferases and a subset of histone deacetylases in the superficial dorsal horn during the maintenance phase of persistent pain states. In this process, the cell specific expression of MeCP2 was also investigated. Results Using immunohistochemistry, we found that neurones, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes expressed MeCP2. Microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and Schwann cells never showed any positive stain for MeCP2. Quantitative analyses showed that MeCP2 expression was increased in the superficial dorsal horn 7 days following CFA injection in the ankle joint but decreased 7 days following spared nerve injury. Overall, the expression of DNA methyltransferases and a subset of histone deacetylases followed the same pattern of expression. However, there were no significant changes in the expression of the MeCP2 targets that we had previously shown are regulated in the early time points following CFA injection in the ankle joint. Finally, the expression of MeCP2 was also down regulated in damaged dorsal root ganglion neurones following spared nerve injury. Conclusion Our results strongly suggest that changes in chromatin compaction, regulated by the binding of MeCP2 complexes to methylated DNA, are involved in the modulation of gene expression in the superficial dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia during the maintenance of persistent pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri K Tochiki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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