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Estevam MV, Toniollo GH, Apparicio M. The most common congenital malformations in dogs: Literature review and practical guide. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105230. [PMID: 38492280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Congenital malformations can affect almost 7% of canine newborns. The increase of commercial dog breeding and inbreeding used to maintain the striking characteristics of each breed, the appearance of malformations has become increasingly common, especially in brachycephalic dogs. The causes are diverse, and include genetic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and infectious factors, often making it difficult to establish a cause-consequence relationship. The high mortality associated with malformations comes not only from the fact that some are incompatible with life, but also because even if many undergo surgical treatment or correction, they require specific management, monitoring, and clinical treatment for an indefinite period of time. The most common malformations such as cleft lip and palate, hydrocephalus and anasarca have been studied for a long time, and it is currently known that brachycephalic dogs have a greater predisposition, however, for other less common conditions as gastroschisis and hypospadias, there is only a few case reports. The appearance of congenital defects in a litter leads to financial losses for the breeder, emotional losses for the owner and the veterinarian and harms the well-being of that individual. For this reason, the aim of this review article is to gather relevant information on the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the main malformations in puppies. It is essential that the veterinarian is prepared to diagnose and treat these conditions, reducing negative impacts on animals and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vilela Estevam
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Helio Toniollo
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricy Apparicio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University - FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Torres R, Giovanella C, Sessums K. Type I and type IV dermoid sinus with associated cervical spina bifida in a Labrador Retriever mixed breed dog. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1319. [PMID: 37965842 PMCID: PMC10789649 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A 6-month-old female Labrador Retriever mix rescued by a local shelter developed respiratory distress and later became tetraplegic. After transferring to a specialty centre, diagnostic imaging (CT and MRI) revealed spina bifida at C3 and dermoid sinuses at the level of C3 and T1. Surgery was performed to remove the dermoid sinuses. The dog was placed on broad-spectrum antibiotics and a tapering anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone, postoperatively. Independent ambulation was regained within 14 days with no recurrence of neurologic clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Torres
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMississippiUSA
| | - Carley Giovanella
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryGulf Coast Veterinary SpecialistsHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Kara Sessums
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryGulf Coast Veterinary SpecialistsHoustonTexasUSA
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Chen Y, Su D, Sun X, Gui W. Open spina bifida characterisation in a dog foetus. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2452-2457. [PMID: 37705413 PMCID: PMC10650236 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open spina bifida is an uncommon malformation in animals, and there is a lack of imaging, clinical, and pathological characterisation of this condition in dogs. OBJECTIVE Open spina bifida is rarely observed in animals due to high levels of perinatal mortality and frequent euthanasia. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first case of spina bifida in a dog was diagnosed in-utero and then followed post-partum. METHODS A 3-year-old Poodle was presented with twin pregnancy. Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were suggestive of vertebral malformation and open spina bifida with myelomeningocele in one foetus. Conservative treatment was given but the puppy died 3 days after birth. Thereafter, anatomical and histopathological analysis of several organs was performed to characterise the disease. RESULTS When the twins were born, one puppy had a linear dorsal midline cutaneous defect extending from the level of vertebrae L2-L6. R Radiographic examination showed several congenital vertebral malformations involving the thoracic segment, lumbar segment, sacrum and scapula. Histopathological examinations confirmed the presence of open spina bifida and identified additional abnormalities in several internal organs. CONCLUSIONS This case presents a complete characterisation of open spina bifida, before birth and after death, using imaging and histopathology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Chengdu Bio‐HT Company LimitedChengduSichuanChina
| | - Dan Su
- Chengdu Bio‐HT Company LimitedChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xiaorong Sun
- Chengdu Bio‐HT Company LimitedChengduSichuanChina
| | - Wenjuan Gui
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuanNingxiaChina
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Hobi S, Barrs VR, Bęczkowski PM. Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2016. [PMID: 37370526 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs are not only affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), but are also frequently referred to veterinary dermatologists for skin conditions, with English bulldogs and pugs particularly over-represented. Some skin diseases, such as skin fold dermatitis, are directly associated with the abnormal anatomic conformation of brachycephalic dogs, while for others, such as atopic dermatitis and viral pigmented plaques, there is an underlying genetic basis or a general predisposition. Anatomic alterations associated with brachycephaly, leading to fold formation of the skin and stenosis of the ear canal, together with primary immunodeficiencies described in some breeds, favor the development of pyoderma, Malassezia dermatitis, and otitis externa/media. In addition, the frequently neglected but often lifelong dermatological problems of brachycephalic dogs are an important consideration when discussing genetic and medical conditions affecting the welfare of those dogs. Here we review the current state of knowledge concerning dermatological problems in brachycephalic dogs and combine it with clinical experience in the management of these challenging disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Manzanedo‐Delgado A, Mielke B, Sánchez‐Masián D. Multiple sacro‐coccygeal dermoid sinuses on a Thai Ridgeback. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Mielke
- Hamilton Specialist Referrals High Wycombe UK
| | - Daniel Sánchez‐Masián
- Hamilton Specialist Referrals High Wycombe UK
- Daniel Sánchez‐Masián, Hospital de Referencia Veterios Madrid Spain
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Takahashi K, Kimura S, Chambers JK, Nakano Y, Ishikawa T, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Case Report: Surgical Treatment of Type IV Spinal Dermoid Sinus in a Shiba Inu. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:849025. [PMID: 35400090 PMCID: PMC8985408 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.849025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old spayed female Shiba Inu was presented with progressive non-ambulatory bilateral paraparesis, back pain, and urinary incontinence. CT and MRI revealed multiple vertebral malformations and type IV dermoid sinus. Hemilaminectomy was performed in T1–T5 to remove the dermoid sinus and granulomatous lesion that infiltrated into the spinal cord parenchyma. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue revealed type IV dermoid sinus with granulomatous meningomyelitis. After surgery, back pain was resolved, and the dog recovered ambulation and voluntary urination at the time of follow-up 4 months after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takahashi
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroaki Kamishina
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Prevalence and segregation analysis of dermoid sinus in Rhodesian Ridgebacks. Vet J 2022; 280:105803. [PMID: 35150843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodesian Ridgebacks a characteristic dorsal hair ridge with backward-growing hair. Dermoid sinus was reported as a prevalent congenital condition in ridged dogs and as a sporadic finding in other dog breeds. This condition presents as a tubular skin indentation to variable degree into underlying tissues on the dorsal midline or cranial or caudal to the ridge. In the present study, data from 12,700 puppies born to 1622 litters from Rhodesian Ridgebacks in 2001-2019 in Germany were analysed for the prevalence of dermoid sinus and ridgless animals. Data from litters with dogs segregating for dermoid sinus were used to test compatibility with an autosomal recessive Mendelian trait. Overall prevalence of dermoid sinus in 12,700 puppies was 2.53%. In 1269 litters with only ridged animals, prevalence was 2.81%. In 46 litters, segregation of ridgeless dogs was observed, and two ridgeless animals had dermoid sinus. The overall trend for dermoid sinus prevalence significantly decreased by -0.099% per birth year, whereas a significant trend for ridgelessness was not found. A more complex genetic determination for dermoid sinus seems likely, due to the insufficient fit of a monogenic autosomal recessive model of inheritance and a heritability estimate of 0.78 ± 0.11. Genetic correlation with ridgelessness was -0.11. In conclusion, our data revealed a decreasing trend for the prevalence of dermoid sinus and a complex genetic basis for this condition. The ridge locus was unlikely to determine the expression of dermoid sinus, given the low segregation ratio for dermoid sinus in a population selected for the ridge allele.
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Genes of Congenital Dermatologic Disorders in Dogs—A Review. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This article presents an overview of up-to-date identified genes responsible for congenital canine skin diseases of dogs and the characteristics of these diseases. Congenital skin diseases constitute a specific group of dermatologic disorders that plays an important role in breeding of purebred dogs. They include primary seborrhoea, ichthyosis, hereditary nasal parakeratosis, dermatomyositis, colour dilution alopecia, skin mucinosis, dermoid sinus, lethal acrodermatitis, acral mutilation syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ichthyosiform dermatosis, bullous epidermolysis, exfoliative dermal lupus erythematosus, congenital footpad hyperkeratosis and sebaceous adenitis. In the majority of cases, their occurrence is linked to particular breeds. In more than half of these diseases a specific defective gene variant responsible for the disease has been identified. Genetic tests for identification of the relevant defective genes serve as an important tool in the diagnostics of diseases in veterinary practice and in breeding of purebred dogs.
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9
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Zarzycki A, Thomas ZM, Mazrier H. Comparison of inherited neural tube defects in companion animals and livestock. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:319-348. [PMID: 33615733 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital malformations resulting from the improper or incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. A number of similar malformations of the protective coverings surrounding the central nervous system are also often included under this umbrella term, which may not strictly fit this definition. A range of NTD phenotypes exist and have been reported in humans and a wide range of domestic and livestock species. In the veterinary literature, these include cases of anencephaly, encephalocele, dermoid sinus, spina bifida, and craniorachischisis. While environmental factors have a role, genetic predisposition may account for a significant part of the risk of NTDs in these animal cases. Studies of laboratory model species (fish, birds, amphibians, and rodents) have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the neurulation process. In mice, over 200 genes that may be involved in this process have been identified and variant phenotypes investigated. Like laboratory mouse models, domestic animals and livestock species display a wide range of NTD phenotypes. They remain, however, a largely underutilized population and could complement already established laboratory models. Here we review reports of NTDs in companion animals and livestock, and compare these to other animal species and human cases. We aim to highlight the potential of nonlaboratory animal models for mutation discovery as well as general insights into the mechanisms of neurulation and the development of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zarzycki
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoe M Thomas
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamutal Mazrier
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Blondel M, Deprey J, Moissonnier P. Type IV dermoid sinus, intramedullary dermoid cyst and spina bifida in a Cane Corso. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:810-815. [PMID: 33025601 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year-old male Cane Corso was presented for progressive hindlimb neurologic deficits, with a history of suspected recurrent meningitis. Physical examination and advanced diagnostic imaging findings were suggestive of a thoracic dermoid sinus extending into the dura mater, and spina bifida. After initial medical treatment, the lesion was surgically excised, and the presence of an intramedullary cyst in continuation with the dermoid sinus was confirmed, requiring partial durectomy and myelotomy for removal. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue confirmed the diagnosis of a dermoid sinus associated with an intramedullary dermoid cyst. After surgery, the dog temporarily declined neurologically but then showed progressive neurological improvement. This report describes presentation and successful surgical treatment of a type IVa dermoid sinus associated with an intramedullary dermoid cyst and spina bifida in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blondel
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - J Deprey
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - P Moissonnier
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Musso C, Bismuth C, Cauzinille L. Thoracic meningomyelocele associated with spina bifida in a Malinois dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kopke MA, Jack MW, Baltzer WI, Wightman PF, Gal A. Dermoid sinus type VI associated with spina bifida and tethered cord syndrome in a French Bulldog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:294-297. [PMID: 30734666 PMCID: PMC6838840 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719827626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-mo-old French bulldog was presented with acute onset pain and reluctance to move. A tubular structure arising in the dorsal thoracic midline and extending from a cutaneous orifice into deeper tissues was palpated on physical examination. Computed tomography with sinography revealed a dermoid sinus associated with spina bifida at the level of T3-T4. On surgical exploration, the dermoid sinus was found to communicate with the dura. Histology confirmed the diagnosis and classification as a type VI dermoid sinus. The pain response and hyperesthesia were suspected to be the result of tethered cord syndrome. Complete resolution of clinical signs was appreciated post-surgery, with the patient still free of clinical signs 3 mo later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Kopke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm W. Jack
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wendy I. Baltzer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Wightman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Arnon Gal
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Appelgrein C, Hosgood G, Reese SL. Computed tomography findings and surgical outcomes of dermoid sinuses: a case series. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:461-466. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Appelgrein
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; Perth Australia
| | - G Hosgood
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; Perth Australia
| | - SL Reese
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; Perth Australia
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da Costa RC, Cook LB. Cystic Abnormalities of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 46:277-93. [PMID: 26706913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic lesions of the vertebral column and spinal cord are important differential diagnoses in dogs with signs of spinal cord disease. Synovial cysts are commonly associated with degenerative joint disease and usually affect the cervical and lumbosacral regions. Arachnoid diverticulum (previously known as cyst) is seen in the cervical region of large breed dogs and thoracolumbar region of small breed dogs. This article reviews the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these and other, less common, cystic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA.
| | - Laurie B Cook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA
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