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Flanders JA, Gehring R, Delaski K, Wulf L, Coetzee J, Gamble KC. PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORAL FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE, MELOXICAM, OR GABAPENTIN IN THREE BLACK RHINOCEROS ( DICEROS BICORNIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:336-344. [PMID: 37428697 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of single, separate doses of IV flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg), IV meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg), oral flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg), oral meloxicam (1 mg/kg), and oral gabapentin (15 mg/kg) in three adult black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) were determined from serial blood collection made over 72 h. The concentration versus time profiles were analyzed for each drug and route in each individual rhinoceros, and individual pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each medication administered. Meloxicam had near complete bioavailability in each trial, while flunixin meglumine was generally lower. Oral meloxicam was noted with similar half-life values between all animals (range 9.22-14.52 h) tested, while oral gabapentin had a larger range (range 10.25-24.85 h). Oral flunixin meglumine achieved a lower Cmax (range 170.67-664.38 ng/ml) in this study compared with the mean Cmax (1,207 ng/ml) reported in a similar study in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum), but some overlap in range of values was noted. Oral flunixin meglumine Tmax (range 1.05-10.78 h) and half-life (range 3.88-14.85 h) values in black rhinoceroses was similar to mean values reported in white rhinoceroses (3 and 8.3 h, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Larry Wulf
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine-Iowa State University Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Johann Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine-Iowa State University Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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2
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Flunixin Meglumine Is Superior to Meloxicam for Providing Analgesia after Surgical Castration in 2-Month-Old Goats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233437. [PMID: 36496957 PMCID: PMC9736442 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals are exposed to various painful procedures during their productive lives, making it necessary to implement anesthetic and analgesic protocols. However, there are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of these drugs. Our objective was to compare the analgesic effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): meloxicam (MEL) and flunixin meglumine (FLU), in goat kids subjected to surgical castration under local anesthesia. Anglo-Nubian goat kids (60 days old) were allocated into two groups: MEL (n = 9), and FLU (n = 8), each administered 5 min before starting castration. All had been previously subjected to local anesthesia with lidocaine, injected bilaterally into the testes, plus subcutaneous in the scrotal raphe. Pain sensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey monofilaments test. Reactions were recorded before castration (M0), immediately after castration (M1), and once-daily for three consecutive days post-castration (M2, M3, and M4, respectively). Pain assessments were conducted in three body regions: at four points of the scrotum (dorsal and ventral; left and right lateral; R1); medial region of the pelvic limb, gracilis muscle (R2); and hypogastric region of the abdomen (R3). MEL goats had considerably greater pain reaction in R1 and R2 over time, mainly in M2; therefore, FLU was a more effective analgesic than MEL, resulting in less pain reaction.
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3
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Meira EBDS, Wiloch EE, Nixon E, Yeatts JL, Sheela FF, Smith GW, Baynes RE. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:549-559. [PMID: 34656343 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in cattle to manage pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia. In the United States, no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are approved for use in goats, but analgesics are needed for management of painful conditions to improve animal welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats to determine a milk withdrawal interval (WDI) to avoid violative residue contamination in the food supply. Six adult lactating dairy goats received 3.3 mg/kg of transdermal flunixin before milk, interstitial fluid (ISF), and blood samples were collected at various time points for 360 h. The samples were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry to detect flunixin as well as the flunixin marker metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin followed by a pharmacokinetic WDI calculation using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance limit method to propose safe residue levels in goat milk. The mean flunixin apparent plasma half-life was 21.63 h. The apparent milk half-life for 5-hydroxyflunixin was 17.52 h. Our findings provide a milk WDI of 60 h using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance of 0.002 µg/mL (established for bovine milk) and a more conservative WDI of 96 h using a limit of quantification of 0.001 µg/mL following the extralabel use of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch B de S Meira
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - Emily E Wiloch
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - Emma Nixon
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - James L Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - Farha Ferdous Sheela
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - Geof W Smith
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607.
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Butty EM, McKinney CA, Prisk AJ. Treatment of a flunixin meglumine overdose with intravenous administration of lipid emulsion and therapeutic plasma exchange in a Nigerian dwarf buck kid (Capra aegagrus hircus). J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1626-1630. [PMID: 33934401 PMCID: PMC8163127 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12 week‐old Nigerian dwarf (Capra aegagrus hircus) buck kid was hospitalized for management of obstructive urolithiasis. Postoperatively, he was inadvertently administered 16‐times greater than his calculated dose of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID; 17.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine, IV). The goat was treated with intravenous administration of lipid emulsion (ILE) prior to membrane‐based therapeutic plasma exchange (mTPE) under general anesthesia. The increased coagulability inherent to small ruminants in comparison with dogs and cats warranted specific adjustments in the prescription of anticoagulation, blood flow, and filtration fraction to avoid circuit clotting during mTPE. Serum flunixin meglumine concentration measured before, during, and after mTPE revealed marked reduction in drug concentration. After the combined treatments, no clinical evidence of NSAID gastrointestinal or renal toxicosis was detected. This case report describes successful management of flunixin meglumine overdose in a small ruminant using combined ILE and mTPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Marie Butty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Ann McKinney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Large Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda Jane Prisk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Pitel MO, Heller MC, Roberson JR, McKenzie EC, Sinnott DM, Affolter VK. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis with or without globule leukocyte hyperplasia in 4 goats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1620-1625. [PMID: 33934407 PMCID: PMC8163118 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Four, mature, client-owned goats were presented to referral hospitals for recurrent diarrhea despite treatment for intestinal parasitism. Common clinical findings included diarrhea, poor condition, neutrophilia, and hypoalbuminemia. Testing for common infectious causes of diarrhea in goats was negative. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in 2 cases was suggestive of enteritis, including thickened intestinal walls and fluid filled, dilated small intestines, respectively. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis (LEE) was ultimately diagnosed on intestinal biopsy histopathology based on the presence of small intestinal villous blunting and increased numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils predominantly within the lamina propria. Numerous globule leukocytes were also noted on histopathology in 3 cases. All goats responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment with weight gain and resolution of diarrhea and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Relapses occurred, and complete cure was difficult to achieve. Reported in other species, this series describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LEE in adult goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya O Pitel
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Meera C Heller
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jerry R Roberson
- Lincoln Memorial University-College of Veterinary Medicine, Ewing, Virginia, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Devinn M Sinnott
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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Smith JS, Schleining J, Plummer P. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Analgesic Agents. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:1-16. [PMID: 33541693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. This review focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and negative aspects of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA.
| | - Jennifer Schleining
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Paul Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE IN AFRICAN ( LOXODONTA AFRICANA) AND ASIAN ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) ELEPHANTS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:905-914. [PMID: 33480571 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flunixin meglumine is the most commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat elephants; however, no pharmacokinetic study for flunixin has yet been conducted in these species, and dosages used range widely. Pharmacokinetic parameters of flunixin were determined in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants after single-dose oral administration of 0.8 and 1.5 mg/kg flunixin paste in each species. Elephant compliance to oral administration of banamine was occasionally challenging, especially among older, female African elephants. After administration of 0.8 mg/kg flunixin, mean serum concentrations peaked in approximately 1.3 hr at 2.1 ± 0.8 µg/ml for Asian (n = 8) and 2.8 hr at 2.5 ± 0.7 µg/ml for African (n = 8) elephants. Dosages of 1.5 mg/kg flunixin resulted in mean serum concentration peaks of 7.2 ± 1.5 µg/ml in Asian elephants (n = 7) and 4.4 ± 0.7 µg/ml in African elephants (n = 6). However, multiple-dose trials using 1.1 mg/kg flunixin resulted in peak serum concentrations that were again less in Asian than African elephants (2.7 µg/ml versus 4.4 µg/ml, respectively). Asian elephants consistently had lower time to maximal concentration, greater area under the curve, and longer mean residence times compared with African elephants. In other species, flunixin is excreted unchanged primarily via hepatic routes with small amounts in the urine. Asian elephants may engage in some level of enterohepatic recycling of flunixin, as was previously reported for phenylbutazone. This study supports that different oral dosing regimens should be used for Asian (1.0 mg/kg SID) and African (1.2 mg/kg SID) elephants, and oral administration techniques used should ensure complete dosage delivery.
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Graves MT, Schneider L, Cox S, Caldwell M, Krawczel P, Lee A, Lear A. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of transdermal flunixin for pain mitigation following castration in goats. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa198. [PMID: 33324963 PMCID: PMC7724925 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitigation of pain associated with common management procedures is a rising concern among veterinarians, producers and consumers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are vital compounds for this purpose due to their cost, convenience, and efficacy. A transdermal formulation of flunixin meglumine (FM) was approved for the treatment of pain in cattle; however, the efficacy has yet to be determined for small ruminants. The current study had two aims: 1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine (TD FM) in bucklings and 2) to evaluate pain mitigation by TD FM following castration. To evaluate pharmacokinetics, 12 male goats (mean age = 6 mo) received 2.2 mg/kg of FM IV (n = 6) or 3.3 mg/kg TD FM (n = 6). Plasma FM concentrations were measured. The mean Cmax, Tmax, and harmonic mean half-life for TD FM were 1.09 ± 0.65 μg/mL, 5.50 ± 2.95 h, and 7.16 ± 2.06 h, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of pain mitigation, 18 goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: 1) TD FM and castration (FM CAST) (n = 6); 2) transdermal placebo and castration (PL CAST) (n = 6); and 3) TD FM and sham castration (SHAM) (n = 6). Plasma samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h to assess cortisol and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded and body weight was measured at the beginning and end of the study. Thermography (IRT) images of the scrotum, as well as heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature, were taken twice daily. Separate mixed analysis of variance models were used to test the effects of treatment, time, and their interaction on mean body temperature, IRT, HR, and RR. Autoregressive covariance structure was utilized to account for repeated measures and individual goat DMI prior to the study was added as a covariate. There were no differences in vital parameters, IRT measurements, cortisol, or PGE2 in animals receiving either TD FM or placebo following castration (P > 0.05). DMI had a treatment by hour interaction and was significantly higher in FM CAST and SHAM groups than the PL CAST group (P = 0.04). Goats in the SHAM group gained weight throughout the study, whereas goats in all other groups lost weight (P = 0.02). Results indicate that TD FM may mitigate pain as demonstrated by increased DMI; however, a single dose may not be sufficient to reduce physiological indicators of pain associated with castration in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan T Graves
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Liesel Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN
| | - Sherry Cox
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Marc Caldwell
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Peter Krawczel
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN.,Department of Agricultural Sciences and Animal Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Production Animal Medicine at the Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki One Health (HOH), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN
| | - Andrea Lear
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
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Bates JL, Karriker LA, Rajewski SM, Lin Z, Gehring R, Li M, Riviere JE, Coetzee JF. A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing-age swine. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:211. [PMID: 32571315 PMCID: PMC7310148 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flunixin meglumine (FM) was investigated for the effectiveness of plasma, oral fluid, and urine concentrations to predict tissue residue depletion profiles in finishing-age swine, along with the potential for untreated pigs to acquire tissue residues following commingled housing with FM-treated pigs. Twenty pigs were housed in groups of three treated and one untreated control. Treated pigs received one 2.2 mg/kg dose of FM intramuscularly. Before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h (h) after treatment, plasma samples were taken. At 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days (d) post-treatment, necropsy and collection of plasma, urine, oral fluid, muscle, liver, kidney, and injection site samples took place. Analysis of flunixin concentrations using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was done. A published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for flunixin in cattle was extrapolated to swine to simulate the measured data. Results Plasma concentrations of flunixin were the highest at 1 h post-treatment, ranging from 1534 to 7040 ng/mL, and were less than limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 ng/mL in all samples on Day 4. Flunixin was detected in the liver and kidney only on Day 1, but was not found 4–16 d post-treatment. Flunixin was either not seen or found less than LOQ in the muscle, with the exception of one sample on Day 16 at a level close to LOQ. Flunixin was found in the urine of untreated pigs after commingled housing with FM-treated pigs. The PBPK model adequately correlated plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin with residue depletion profiles in liver, kidney, and muscle of finishing-age pigs, especially within 24 h after dosing. Conclusions Results indicate untreated pigs can be exposed to flunixin by shared housing with FM-treated pigs due to environmental contamination. Plasma and urine samples may serve as less invasive and more easily accessible biological matrices to predict tissue residue statuses of flunixin in pigs at earlier time points (≤24 h) by using a PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bates
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Locke A Karriker
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Suzanne M Rajewski
- Analytical Chemistry Services, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, P200 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, P200 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Present Address: Ronette Gehring, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mengjie Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, P200 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, P200 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Analytical Chemistry Services, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, P200 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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10
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Smith JS, Marmulak TL, Angelos JA, Lin Z, Rowe JD, Carlson JL, Shelver WL, Lee EA, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Estimated Milk Withdrawal Intervals for Domestic Goats ( Capra Aegagrus Hircus) After Administration of Single and Multiple Intravenous and Subcutaneous Doses of Flunixin Meglumine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:213. [PMID: 32509803 PMCID: PMC7248982 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study objectives were to estimate plasma flunixin (FLU) pharmacokinetic parameters and milk depletion profiles for FLU and its metabolite (5-hydroxy flunixin; 5-OH) after subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration of single and multiple flunixin meglumine (FM) doses to non-lactating (nulliparous and pregnant does) and lactating dairy goats. Analytical methods (ELISA and UPLC-MS/MS) for quantifying plasma FLU concentrations were compared. The final objective was to use regulatory (FDA and EMA) methods to estimate milk withdrawal intervals following extra-label drug use in goats. Methods: FM was administered IV and SC to commercial dairy goats at 1.1 mg/kg for single and multiple doses. Plasma and milk samples were analyzed for FLU and 5-OH via UPLC-MS/MS. Plasma samples were also analyzed for FLU concentrations via ELISA. Using statistical approaches recommended by regulatory agencies, milk withdrawal intervals were estimated following FM extra-label use. Results: Following IV administration of a single FM dose, clearances were 127, 199, and 365 ml/kg/h for non-lactating (NL) pregnant does, NL nulliparous does, and lactating dairy does, respectively. Following multiple SC doses, clearance/F was 199 ml/kg/h for lactating does. After IV administration of a single FM dose, terminal elimination half-lives were 4.08, 2.87, and 3.77 h for NL pregnant does, NL nulliparous does, and lactating dairy does, respectively. After multiple SC doses, the terminal elimination half-life was 3.03 h for lactating dairy does. No significant differences were noted for samples analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS or ELISA. Milk withdrawal intervals ranged from 36 to 60 h depending on the regulatory statistical method and dosage regimen. Conclusions: Subcutaneous administration of FM to goats results in similar plasma pharmacokinetic parameters as IV administration. ELISA analysis is an alternative method to UPLC-MS/MS for quantifying FLU concentrations in caprine plasma samples. Following FM extra-label administration to dairy goats, clinicians could consider 36–60 h milk withdrawal intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tara L Marmulak
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John A Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Joan D Rowe
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jan L Carlson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Lee
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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11
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Stuart AK, KuKanich B, Caixeta LS, Coetzee JF, Barrell EA. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral firocoxib in adult, mixed-breed goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:640-646. [PMID: 31435966 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of oral firocoxib in large animal species have been limited to horses, preruminating calves, and adult camels. The aim of this study was to describe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of firocoxib in adult goats. Ten healthy adult goats were administered 0.5 mg/kg firocoxib intravenously (i.v.) and per os (p.o.) in a randomized, crossover study. Plasma firocoxib concentrations were measured over a 96-hr period for each treatment using HPLC and mass spectrometry, and PK analysis was performed. The p.o. formulation reached mean peak plasma concentration of 139 ng/ml (range: 87-196 ng/ml) in 0.77 hr (0.25-2.00 hr), and half-life was 21.51 hr (10.21-48.32 hr). Mean bioavailability was 71% (51%-82%), indicative of adequate gastrointestinal absorption of firocoxib. There were no negative effects observed in any animal, and all blood work values remained within or very near reference range at the study's conclusion. Results indicate that oral firocoxib is well-absorbed and rapidly reaches peak plasma concentrations, although the concentration also decreased quickly prior to the terminal phase. The prolonged half-life may suggest tissue accumulation and higher plasma concentrations over time, depending on dosing schedule. Further studies to determine tissue residue depletion, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic concentrations of firocoxib in goats are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Stuart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Luciano S Caixeta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily A Barrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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12
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Reppert EJ, Kleinhenz MD, Montgomery SR, Heiman J, Sura A, Bornheim HN, Magnin G, Sidhu PK, Zhang Y, Joo H, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and transdermal flunixin meglumine in alpacas. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:572-579. [PMID: 31353535 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis inhibiting effects of intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) flunixin meglumine in eight, adult, female, Huacaya alpacas. A dose of 2.2 mg/kg administered IV and 3.3 mg/kg administered TD using a cross-over design. Plasma flunixin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Plasma PGE2 concentrations decreased after IV flunixin meglumine administration but there was minimal change after TD application. Mean t1/2 λz after IV administration was 4.531 hr (range 3.355 to 5.571 hr) resulting from a mean Vz of 570.6 ml/kg (range, 387.3 to 1,142 ml/kg) and plasma clearance of 87.26 ml kg-1 hr-1 (range, 55.45-179.3 ml kg-1 hr-1 ). The mean Cmax, Tmax and t1/2 λz for flunixin following TD administration were 106.4 ng/ml (range, 56.98 to 168.6 ng/ml), 13.57 hr (range, 6.000-34.00 hr) and 24.06 hr (18.63 to 39.5 hr), respectively. The mean bioavailability for TD flunixin was calculated as 25.05%. The mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80 ) of PGE2 by flunixin meglumine was 0.23 µg/ml (range, 0.01 to 1.38 µg/ml). Poor bioavailability and poor suppression of PGE2 identified in this study indicate that TD flunixin meglumine administered at 3.3 mg/kg is not recommended for use in alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jared Heiman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Amanda Sura
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Heather N Bornheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Pritam K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Hyun Joo
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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13
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Martin KL, Clapham MO, Davis JL, Baynes RE, Lin Z, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Tell LA. Extralabel drug use in small ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 253:1001-1009. [PMID: 30272520 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.8.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Bublitz CM, Mzyk DA, Mays T, Fajt VR, Hairgrove T, Baynes RE. Comparative plasma and urine concentrations of flunixin and meloxicam in goats. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Integration of Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) empirical methods for drug withdrawal interval determination with a mechanistic population-based interactive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) modeling platform: example for flunixin meglumine administration. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1865-1880. [PMID: 31025081 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Violative chemical residues in animal-derived food products affect food safety globally and have impact on the trade of international agricultural products. The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank program has been developing scientific tools to provide appropriate withdrawal interval (WDI) estimations after extralabel drug use in food animals for the past three decades. One of the tools is physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, which is a mechanistic-based approach that can be used to predict tissue residues and WDIs. However, PBPK models are complicated and difficult to use by non-modelers. Therefore, a user-friendly PBPK modeling framework is needed to move this field forward. Flunixin was one of the top five violative drug residues identified in the United States from 2010 to 2016. The objective of this study was to establish a web-based user-friendly framework for the development of new PBPK models for drugs administered to food animals. Specifically, a new PBPK model for both cattle and swine after administration of flunixin meglumine was developed. Population analysis using Monte Carlo simulations was incorporated into the model to predict WDIs following extralabel administration of flunixin meglumine. The population PBPK model was converted to a web-based interactive PBPK (iPBPK) framework to facilitate its application. This iPBPK framework serves as a proof-of-concept for further improvements in the future and it can be applied to develop new models for other drugs in other food animal species, thereby facilitating the application of PBPK modeling in WDI estimation and food safety assessment.
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16
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Garcia-Mateos D, Garcia-Lino AM, Alvarez-Fernandez I, Blanco-Paniagua E, de la Fuente A, Alvarez AI, Merino G. Role of ABCG2 in Secretion into Milk of the Anti-Inflammatory Flunixin and Its Main Metabolite: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation in Mice and Cows. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:516-524. [PMID: 30858238 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flunixin meglumine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in veterinary medicine. It is indicated to treat inflammatory processes, pain, and pyrexia in farm animals. In addition, it is one of the few NSAIDs approved for use in dairy cows, and consequently gives rise to concern regarding its milk residues. The ABCG2 efflux transporter is induced during lactation in the mammary gland and plays an important role in the secretion of different compounds into milk. Previous reports have demonstrated that bovine ABCG2 Y581S polymorphism increases fluoroquinolone levels in cow milk. However, the implication of this transporter in the secretion into milk of anti-inflammatory drugs has not yet been studied. The objective of this work was to study the role of ABCG2 in the secretion into milk of flunixin and its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin, using Abcg2(-/-) mice, and to investigate the implication of the Y581S polymorphism in the secretion of these compounds into cow milk. Correlation with the in vitro situation was assessed by in vitro transport assays using Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells overexpressing murine and the two variants of the bovine transporter. Our results show that flunixin and 5-hydroxyflunixin are transported by ABCG2 and that this protein is responsible for their secretion into milk. Moreover, the Y581S polymorphism increases flunixin concentration into cow milk, but it does not affect milk secretion of 5-hydroxyflunixin. This result correlates with the differences in the in vitro transport of flunixin between the two bovine variants. These findings are relevant to the therapeutics of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Garcia-Mateos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Alba Maria Garcia-Lino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Indira Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco-Paniagua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Alvaro de la Fuente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Gracia Merino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
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17
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Reppert EJ, Kleinhenz MD, Montgomery SR, Bornheim HN, Magnin G, Sidhu PK, Zhang Y, Joo H, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and transdermal flunixin meglumine in meat goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:309-317. [PMID: 30802981 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis inhibiting effects of intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) flunixin meglumine in eight adult female Boer goats. A dose of 2.2 mg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) and 3.3 mg/kg administered TD using a cross-over design. Plasma flunixin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Plasma PGE2 concentrations decreased after flunixin meglumine for both routes of administration. Mean λz -HL after IV administration was 6.032 hr (range 4.735-9.244 hr) resulting from a mean Vz of 584.1 ml/kg (range, 357.1-1,092 ml/kg) and plasma clearance of 67.11 ml kg-1 hr-1 (range, 45.57-82.35 ml kg-1 hr-1 ). The mean Cmax , Tmax, and λz -HL for flunixin following TD administration was 0.134 μg/ml (range, 0.050-0.188 μg/ml), 11.41 hr (range, 6.00-36.00 hr), and 43.12 hr (15.98-62.49 hr), respectively. The mean bioavailability for TD flunixin was calculated as 24.76%. The mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80 ) of PGE2 by flunixin meglumine was 0.28 μg/ml (range, 0.08-0.69 μg/ml) and was only achieved with IV formulation of flunixin in this study. The PK results support clinical studies to examine the efficacy of TD flunixin in goats. Determining the systemic effects of flunixin-mediated PGE2 suppression in goats is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Heather N Bornheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Pritam K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Hyun Joo
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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18
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Shappell NW, Duke SE, Bartholomay KA. In vitro subcellular characterization of flunixin liver metabolism in heifers, steers, and cows. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:118-123. [PMID: 30641470 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cattle found to have violative liver residues of flunixin (FNX) in the United States are dairy cows. It has been hypothesized that illness of cows decreases the rate of FNX metabolism, resulting in violative residues at slaughter. Another contributing factor might be an age-related decrease in FNX metabolism, as dairy cull cows are typically older at slaughter than cattle raised for beef, rather than milk production. In order to investigate this possibility, subcellular fractions were prepared from liver slices from steers (n = 6) and heifers (n = 5) <30 months of age, and cows (n = 8) >48 mos of age. Cytochrome P450 (P450), NADPH-P450 reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity and rate of 5-hydroxy FNX (5-OH FNX) formation were measured in liver homogenate, cytosolic, microsomal, and S9 fractions. Cows had lower concentrations of P450, NADPH-P450 reductase activity, and 5-OH FNX formation (P ≤ 0. 02), supporting the theory that advanced age may contribute to the higher incidence of violative FNX residues in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy W Shappell
- Animal Metabolism-Agricultural Chemicals Research, Bioscience Research Laboratory, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Sarah E Duke
- Plains Area Director's Office, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Howard JT, Ashwell MS, Baynes RE, Brooks JD, Yeatts JL, Maltecca C. Gene co-expression network analysis identifies porcine genes associated with variation in metabolizing fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine in the liver. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1357. [PMID: 28465592 PMCID: PMC5430975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying individual genetic variation in drug metabolism pathways is of importance not only in livestock, but also in humans in order to provide the ultimate goal of giving the right drug at the right dose at the right time. Our objective was to identify individual genes and gene networks involved in metabolizing fenbendazole (FBZ) and flunixin meglumine (FLU) in swine liver. The population consisted of female and castrated male pigs that were sired by boars represented by 4 breeds. Progeny were randomly placed into groups: no drug (UNT), FLU or FBZ administered. Liver transcriptome profiles from 60 animals with extreme (i.e. fast or slow drug metabolism) pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles were generated from RNA sequencing. Multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP2A19 and CYP2C36) genes displayed different transcript levels across treated versus UNT. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 5 and 3 modules of genes correlated with PK parameters and a portion of these were enriched for biological processes relevant to drug metabolism for FBZ and FLU, respectively. Genes within identified modules were shown to have a higher transcript level relationship (i.e. connectivity) in treated versus UNT animals. Investigation into the identified genes would allow for greater insight into FBZ and FLU metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Howard
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - Melissa S Ashwell
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - James L Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA.
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20
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Malik MY, Jaiswal S, Sharma A, Shukla M, Lal J. Role of enterohepatic recirculation in drug disposition: cooperation and complications. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:281-327. [PMID: 26987379 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1157600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) concerns many physiological processes and notably affects pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma half-life and AUC as well as estimates of bioavailability of drugs. Also, EHC plays a detrimental role as the compounds/drugs are allowed to recycle. An in-depth comprehension of this phenomenon and its consequences on the pharmacological effects of affected drugs is important and decisive in the design and development of new candidate drugs. EHC of a compound/drug occurs by biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption, sometimes with hepatic conjugation and intestinal deconjugation. EHC leads to prolonged elimination half-life of the drugs, altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Study of the EHC of any drug is complicated due to unavailability of the apposite model, sophisticated procedures and ethical concerns. Different in vitro and in vivo methods for studies in experimental animals and humans have been devised, each having its own merits and demerits. Involvement of the different transporters in biliary excretion, intra- and inter-species, pathological and biochemical variabilities obscure the study of the phenomenon. Modeling of drugs undergoing EHC has always been intricate and exigent models have been exploited to interpret the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs witnessing multiple peaks due to EHC. Here, we critically appraise the mechanisms of bile formation, factors affecting biliary drug elimination, methods to estimate biliary excretion of drugs, EHC, multiple peak phenomenon and its modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yaseen Malik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Raebareli , India ;,b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India ;,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , USA
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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21
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Marini D, Pippia J, Colditz IG, Hinch GN, Petherick CJ, Lee C. Palatability and pharmacokinetics of flunixin when administered to sheep through feed. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1800. [PMID: 26989633 PMCID: PMC4793306 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Applying analgesics to feed is a potentially easy method of providing pain-relief to sheep and lambs that undergo painful husbandry procedures. To be effective, the medicated feed needs to be readily accepted by sheep and its consumption needs to result in therapeutic concentrations of the drug. In the present experiment, pelleted feed was supplemented with flunixin (4.0 mg/kg live weight) and offered to eight sheep. To test the palatability of flunixin, the individually penned sheep were offered normal feed and feed supplemented with flunixin in separate troughs for two consecutive days. A trend for a day by feed-type (control versus flunixin supplemented) interaction suggested that sheep may have had an initial mild aversion to pellets supplemented with flunixin on the first day of exposure, however, by on the second day there was no difference in consumption of normal feed and feed supplemented with flunixin. To test pharmacokinetics, sheep were offered 800 g of flunixin supplemented feed for a 12 h period. Blood samples were taken over 48 h and plasma drug concentrations were determined using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography, negative electrospray ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry. The mean ± S.D. time required to reach maximum concentration was 6.00 ± 4.14 h and ranged from 1 to 12 h. Average maximum plasma concentration was 1.78 ± 0.48 µg/mL and ranged from 1.61 to 2.80 µg/mL. The average half-life of flunixin was 7.95 ± 0.77 h and there was a mean residence time of 13.62 ± 1.17 h. Free access to flunixin supplemented feed enabled all sheep to obtain inferred therapeutic concentrations of flunixin in plasma within 6 h of starting to consume the feed. Provision of an analgesic in feed may be an alternative practical method for providing pain relief to sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Marini
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joe Pippia
- Pia Pharma Pty Ltd , Gladesville, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Ian G Colditz
- Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , Armidale, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Geoff N Hinch
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England , Armidale, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Carol J Petherick
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , Armidale, New South Wales , Australia
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22
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Howard JT, O’Nan AT, Maltecca C, Baynes RE, Ashwell MS. Differential Gene Expression across Breed and Sex in Commercial Pigs Administered Fenbendazole and Flunixin Meglumine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137830. [PMID: 26366864 PMCID: PMC4569569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the variability in transcript levels across breeds and sex in swine for genes that play a role in drug metabolism may shed light on breed and sex differences in drug metabolism. The objective of the study is to determine if there is heterogeneity between swine breeds and sex in transcript levels for genes previously shown to play a role in drug metabolism for animals administered flunixin meglumine or fenbendazole. Crossbred nursery female and castrated male pigs (n = 169) spread across 5 groups were utilized. Sires (n = 15) of the pigs were purebred Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire or Hampshire boars mated to a common sow population. Animals were randomly placed into the following treatments: no drug (control), flunixin meglumine, or fenbendazole. One hour after the second dosing, animals were sacrificed and liver samples collected. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to measure liver gene expression of the following genes: SULT1A1, ABCB1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A22 and CYP3A29. The control animals were used to investigate baseline transcript level differences across breed and sex. Post drug administration transcript differences across breed and sex were investigated by comparing animals administered the drug to the controls. Contrasts to determine fold change were constructed from a model that included fixed and random effects within each drug. Significant (P-value <0.007) basal transcript differences were found across breeds for SULT1A1, CYP3A29 and CYP3A22. Across drugs, significant (P-value <0.0038) transcript differences existed between animals given a drug and controls across breeds and sex for ABCB1, PS and CYP1A2. Significant (P <0.0038) transcript differences across breeds were found for CYP2E1 and SULT1A1 for flunixin meglumine and fenbendazole, respectively. The current analysis found transcript level differences across swine breeds and sex for multiple genes, which provides greater insight into the relationship between flunixin meglumine and fenbendazole and known drug metabolizing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. Howard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Audrey T. O’Nan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Ronald E. Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melissa S. Ashwell
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jones SA, Salter RS, Goldsmith T, Quintana J, Rapnicki P, Shuck K, Wells JE, Schneider MJ, Griffin D. Development and model testing of antemortem screening methodology to predict required drug withholds in heifers. J Food Prot 2014; 77:292-8. [PMID: 24490924 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple, cow-side test for the presence of drug residues in live animal fluids would provide useful information for tissue drug residue avoidance programs. This work describes adaptation and evaluation of rapid screening tests to detect drug residues in serum and urine. Medicated heifers had urine, serum, and tissue biopsy samples taken while on drug treatment. Samples were tested by rapid methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The adapted microbial inhibition method, kidney inhibition swab test, was useful in detecting sulfadimethoxine in serum, and its response correlated with the prescribed withdrawal time for the drug, 5 to 6 days posttreatment. The lateral flow screening method for flunixin and beta-lactams, adapted for urine, was useful in predicting flunixin in liver detected by HPLC, 96 h posttreatment. The same adapted methods were not useful to detect ceftiofur in serum or urine due to a lack of sensitivity at the levels of interest. These antemortem screening test studies demonstrated that the method selected, and the sampling matrix chosen (urine or serum), will depend on the drug used and should be based on animal treatment history if available. The live animal tests demonstrated the potential for verification that an individual animal is free of drug residues before sale for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna A Jones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
| | - Robert S Salter
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover Street, Lawrence, Massachusetts 01843, USA
| | - Tim Goldsmith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Julio Quintana
- Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover Street, Lawrence, Massachusetts 01843, USA
| | - Paul Rapnicki
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, P.O. Box 708, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
| | - Karen Shuck
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Jim E Wells
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Marilyn J Schneider
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Dee Griffin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
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Cona MM, Feng Y, Verbruggen A, Oyen R, Ni Y. Improved clearance of radioiodinated hypericin as a targeted anticancer agent by using a duodenal drainage catheter in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1437-49. [PMID: 24146264 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213508235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to reduce the radioactive intestinal waste after intravenous injection of necrosis avid iodine-131-labeled hypericin in dual-targeting anticancer radiotherapy and to study its pharmacokinetics in rats using a newly designed catheter. Iodine-123-labeled hypericin was prepared with iodogen as oxidant and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. After iodine-123-labeled hypericin administration, duodenal juice was collected via a catheter from groups of rats (n = 5) at intervals of 0-4, 4-8 or 20-24 h. The content was assessed by gamma-counting. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of iodine-123-labeled hypericin were investigated in rats without (n = 5) and with continuous catheterization (n = 5) for 9 h. After labeling, a high radiochemical yield was obtained with iodine-123-labeled hypericin (>95%), as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In the duodenal aspirate from animals with intermittent catheterization during 24 h, radioactivity accounted for 46% of the total with two peaks at 3 h and 8 h, suggesting enterohepatic circulation. Rats with 9 h of catheterization exhibited one peak representing 20% of the radioactivity. Major metabolites appeared to be conjugated iodine-123-labeled hypericin forms. In rats without and with catheter, iodine-123-labeled hypericin showed exponential elimination from plasma with no significant dehalogenation. Delayed iodine-123-labeled hypericin excretion, a higher maximum concentration (Cmax), larger area under concentration-time curve [AUC(0-∞)] and a longer mean residence time were observed in non-catheterized animals (P < 0.05). The catheterized group exhibited lower urinary excretion than non-catheterized group (P < 0.05). Rats with a catheter showed lower radioactivity (P = 0.01) in the small intestines than those without a catheter (1.82 ± 0.41 versus 18.95 ± 4.32 percentage of the injected dose). After iodine-123-labeled hypericin administration, the radioactivity excreted into bile was efficiently removed from the body via a duodenal catheter. Radiation overexposure due to the prolonged elimination of iodine-131-labeled hypericin can be prevented using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlein Miranda Cona
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
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Pairis-Garcia MD, Karriker LA, Johnson AK, Kukanich B, Wulf L, Sander S, Millman ST, Stalder KJ, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:165. [PMID: 23941181 PMCID: PMC3751365 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) FM PK in mature swine. Appropriate pain management for lameness in swine is a critical control point for veterinarians and producers, but science-based guidance on optimal housing, management and treatment of lameness is deficient. Six mature swine (121–168 kg) were administered an IV, IM, or PO dose of flunixin meglumine at a target dose of 2.2 mg/kg in a cross-over design with a 10 day washout period between treatments. Plasma samples collected up to 48 hours post-administration were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Results No adverse effects were observed with flunixin meglumine administration for all routes. Flunixin meglumine was administered at an actual mean dose of 2.21 mg/kg (range: 2.05-2.48 mg/kg) IV, IM and PO. A mean peak plasma concentration (CMAX) for IM and PO administration was 3748 ng/ml (range: 2749–6004 ng/ml) and 946 ng/ml (range: 554–1593 ng/ml), respectively. TMAX was recorded at 1.00 hour (range: 0.50-2.00 hours) and 0.61 hours (range: 0.17-2.00 hours) after PO and IM administration. Half-life (T ½ λz) for IV, IM and PO administration was 6.29 hours (range: 4.84-8.34 hours), 7.49 hours (range: 5.55-12.98 hours) and 7.08 hours (range: 5.29-9.15 hours) respectively. In comparison, bioavailability (F) for PO administration was 22% (range: 11-44%) compared to IM F at 76% (range: 54-92%). Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that FM oral administration is not the most effective administration route for mature swine when compared to IV and IM. Lower F and Cmax of PO-FM in comparison to IM-FM suggest that PO-FM is less likely to be an effective therapeutic administration route.
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Shelver WL, Tell LA, Wagner S, Wetzlich SE, Baynes RE, Riviere JE, Smith DJ. Comparison of ELISA and LC-MS/MS for the measurement of flunixin plasma concentrations in beef cattle after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2679-2686. [PMID: 23470029 DOI: 10.1021/jf304773p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Eight cattle (288 ± 22 kg) were treated with 2.2 mg/kg of body weight of flunixin free acid in a crossover design by subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration. After a minimum 1:10 dilution with 50 mM phosphate buffer, a commercial immunoassay was adapted to determine plasma concentrations of flunixin. The limit of detection was 0.42 ng/mL and the working range was 0.76-66.4 ng/mL when adjusted with the dilution factor. Plasma samples were extracted using mixed-mode cation exchange solid phase extraction prior to the LC-MS/MS analyses. The linear calibration curve for LC-MS/MS was 0.5-2000 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/mL for flunixin and 0.3 ng/mL for 5-hydroxy flunixin. Flunixin concentrations determined using the ELISAs were compared to concentrations derived from the same samples using LC-MS/MS analyses. Pharmacokinetic parameters of time versus concentration data from each analysis were estimated and compared. Differences (P < 0.05) in estimates of area under the curve, volume of distribution, and clearance were apparent between ELISA and LC-MS/MS analyses after IV dosing; after SC dosing, however, there were no differences among the estimated parameters between the two methods. Quantitative immunoassay was a satisfactory method of flunixin analysis and that it would be difficult to differentiate routes of administration in healthy beef cattle based on the plasma elimination profile of flunixin after IV or SC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
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27
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Fraccaro E, Coetzee JF, Odore R, Edwards-Callaway LN, Kukanich B, Badino P, Bertolotti L, Glynn H, Dockweiler J, Allen K, Bergamasco L. A study to compare circulating flunixin, meloxicam and gabapentin concentrations with prostaglandin E₂ levels in calves undergoing dehorning. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:204-11. [PMID: 23434065 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous flunixin (2.2 mg/kg b.w.), oral meloxicam (1mg/kg b.w.), oral gabapentin (15 mg/kg b.w.) alone or co-administrated with meloxicam as well as the effects of these compounds on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in calves subjected to surgical dehorning. Plasma samples collected up to 24h after drug administration were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, whereas blood PGE2 levels were measured by immunoenzymatic assay. In plasma, the terminal half-live of flunixin, meloxicam and gabapentin were 6.0 h (range, 3.4-11.0 h), 16.7h (range, 13.7-21.3h) and 15.3h (range, 11-32.9h), respectively. The co-administration of single doses of gabapentin and meloxicam did not seem to affect the pharmacokinetic profile of the two drugs except for gabapentin that reached significantly (P<0.05) higher maximum serum concentration (Cmax) when co-administered with meloxicam, than when administered alone. At 5, 360 and 720 min after dehorning, a significant (P<0.01) decrease in PGE2 concentration was observed in flunixin-treated animals compared with control calves. Moreover, circulating log PGE2 concentrations were inversely proportional to log flunixin concentrations (R(2)=0.75; P<0.0001). None of the other drugs significantly affected blood PGE2 levels. Further assessment of oral meloxicam and gabapentin in established pain models is required to formulate science based analgesic recommendations to enhance animal well-being after dehorning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fraccaro
- Department of Animal Pathology, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Turin, Italy.
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Kissell LW, Smith GW, Leavens TL, Baynes RE, Wu H, Riviere JE. Plasma pharmacokinetics and milk residues of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin following different routes of administration in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:7151-7. [PMID: 23040013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if the plasma pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin (FLU) and 5-hydroxy flunixin (5OH) differ following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of FLU compared with intravenous injection. Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized crossover design study. Cows were organized into 2 groups based on milk production (<20 or >30 kg of milk/d). All cattle were administered 2 doses of 1.1mg of FLU/kg at 12-h intervals by intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. The washout period between routes of administration was 7d. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein before FLU administration and at various time points up to 36 h after the first dose of FLU. Composite milk samples were collected before FLU administration and twice daily for 5d after the first dose of FLU. Samples were analyzed by ultra-HPLC with mass spectrometric detection. For FLU plasma samples, a difference in terminal half-life was observed among routes of administration. Harmonic mean terminal half-lives for FLU were 3.42, 4.48, and 5.39 h for intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection, respectively. The mean bioavailability following intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing was 84.5 and 104.2%, respectively. The decrease in 5OH milk concentration versus time after last dose was analyzed with the nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach and indicated that both the route of administration and rate of milk production were significant covariates. The number of milk samples greater than the tolerance limit for each route of administration was also compared at each time point for statistical significance. Forty-eight hours after the first dose, 5OH milk concentrations were undetectable in all intravenously injected cows; however, one intramuscularly injected and one subcutaneously injected cow had measurable concentrations. These cows had 5OH concentrations above the tolerance limit at the 36-h withdrawal time. The high number of FLU residues identified in cull dairy cows by the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service is likely related to administration of the drug by an unapproved route. Cattle that received FLU by the approved (intravenous) route consistently eliminated the drug before the approved withdrawal times; however, residues can persist beyond these approved times following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration. Cows producing less than 20 kg of milk/d had altered FLU milk clearance, which may also contribute to violative FLU residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Kissell
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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McPhee C, Anderson K, Yeatts J, Mason S, Barlow B, Baynes R. Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1738-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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HWANG YH, YUN HI. Effects of Acute Hepatic and Renal Failure on Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin Meglumine in Rats. Exp Anim 2011; 60:187-91. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan HWANG
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University
| | - Hyo-In YUN
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University
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CHAN HM, DURAN SH, WALZ PH, RAVIS WR. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacas. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:235-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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YU ZG, JIANG CM, GUO YG, HU YY, CHEN DJ. Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin Meglumine After Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration in Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(07)60189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Buur JL, Baynes RE, Smith G, Riviere JE. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in swine after intravenous dosing. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:437-40. [PMID: 16958790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Buur
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Mavrogianni VS, Alexopoulos C, Fthenakis GC. Field evaluation of flunixin meglumine in the supportive treatment of caprine mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:373-5. [PMID: 15500577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V S Mavrogianni
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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