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Valldecabres A, Silva-Del-Río N. Negative dietary cation-anion difference in prepartum dairy cow diets: a pragmatic study in two commercial dairy farms. Animal 2023; 17:100731. [PMID: 36868058 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pragmatic studies, evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention under its usual conditions, are less commonly reported than the explanatory trials. For instance, the effectiveness of prepartum negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) diets on inducing a compensated metabolic acidosis that promotes a higher blood Ca concentration at calving has not been frequently described under commercial farm management conditions without researchers' interference. Thus, the objectives were to study cows under commercial farm management conditions to (1) describe the daily close-up dairy cows' urine pH and fed DCAD, and (2) evaluate the association between urine pH and fed DCAD, and preceding urine pH and blood Ca at calving. A total of 129 close-up Jersey cows about to commence their ≥2nd lactation were enrolled in the study after 7 days of exposure to DCAD diets in two commercial dairy herds. Urine pH was determined daily from mid-stream urine samples from enrollment to calving. Fed DCAD was determined from feed bunk samples obtained during 29 (Herd 1) and 23 (Herd 2) consecutive days. Plasma Ca concentration was determined within 12 h after calving. Descriptive statistics were generated at the herd- and cow-level. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between urine pH and fed DCAD for each herd, and preceding urine pH and plasma Ca concentration at calving for both herds. At herd-level, the average urine pH and CV during the study period were 6.1 and 12.0% (Herd 1) and 5.9 and 10.9% (Herd 2), respectively. At the cow-level, the average urine pH and CV during the study period were 6.1 and 10.3% (Herd 1) and 6.1 and 12.3% (Herd 2), respectively. During the study period, fed DCAD averages were -121.3 and -165.7 mEq/kg of DM and CV 22.8 and 60.6% for Herd 1 and Herd 2, respectively. No evidence of association between cows' urine pH and fed DCAD was observed in Herd 1, whereas a quadratic association was observed in Herd 2. When both herds were combined, a quadratic association was observed between the urine pH intercept (at calving) and plasma Ca concentration. Although average urine pH and fed DCAD were within recommended ranges, the high variability observed indicates that acidification and fed DCAD are not constant, and often outside the recommended ranges in commercial settings. Monitoring of DCAD programs is warranted to ensure their effectiveness under commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Valldecabres
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, United States
| | - Noelia Silva-Del-Río
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, United States.
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Pinheiro JS, Rocha LG, de Andrade DR, Rotta PP, Rezende JP, Pires ACS, Marcondes MI. Unveiling unstable non-acid incidence in Holstein cows fed with corn silage or sugarcane. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9226-9239. [PMID: 36175236 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the incidence of unstable non-acid milk (UNAM) in cows fed either sugarcane or corn silage. Second, we aimed to evaluate the effect of daily variation (d 1 to 4) and alcohol grades (72, 78, and 80%) on UNAM incidence. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot crossover design, with 2 periods and 2 roughage types (sugarcane or corn silage). Thirteen multiparous Holstein cows with an average of 281 ± 29 d in milk were randomly distributed into 2 diets. Individual blood (analysis of total proteins, albumin, urea, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chloride, glucose, and lactate) and milk samples (analysis of protein, fat, lactose and total solids, somatic cell count, and characterization of the protein profile) were collected during the last 4 d of each period. For UNAM identification, the alcohol test was conducted in milk samples at 4°C; specifically, if the sample presented the formation of clots, this would be noted as positive for UNAM. In addition, the Dornic acidity analysis was performed in the same samples to evaluate the true milk acidity. The use of sugarcane and higher degrees of alcohol were associated with increased UNAM. We observed no daily variation in UNAM. Nevertheless, we found no roughage type effect on the variables most commonly associated with UNAM, such as changes in salts in the casein micelle and, consequently, the zeta potential and the κ-casein (CN) fraction. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the zeta potential and the concentrations of αS2-CN, blood ionic calcium, lactate, and glucose increased as the incidence of UNAM increased, showing a positive correlation among these variables. In contrast, the concentrations of lactose, phosphorus, and potassium decreased as UNAM increased, presenting a negative correlation. This study brought important discoveries to unveil why cows manifest UNAM. For instance, higher alcohol grades and cows fed with sugarcane had increased the incidence of UNAM. Additionally, animals with a higher incidence of UNAM (sugarcane-fed cows) were related to increased ionic calcium and glucose and changes in milk protein profile, with lower levels of BSA, β-CN, and α-lactalbumin and greater αS1-CN content, all of which were correlated with UNAM. Nonetheless, this trial also provides evidence for the need for further studies to better understand the physiological mechanisms that directly affect the stability of milk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardeson S Pinheiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Av P.H.Rolfs, sn, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lethiane G Rocha
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Av P.H.Rolfs, sn, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Dhones R de Andrade
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Av P.H.Rolfs, sn, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Polyana P Rotta
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Av P.H.Rolfs, sn, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline P Rezende
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Ana C S Pires
- Applied Molecular Thermodynamics Group, Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.
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Sasaki K, Yamagishi N, Kizaki K, Sasaki K, Devkota B, Hashizume K. Microarray-based gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in dairy cows with experimental hypocalcemia and milk fever. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:247-58. [PMID: 24210493 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although a molecular diagnostic assay using clinically accessible tissue, such as blood, would facilitate evaluation of disease conditions in humans and animals, little information exists on microarray-based gene expression profiling of circulating leukocytes from clinically hypocalcemic cows. Therefore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dairy cows with experimentally induced hypocalcemia or spontaneous milk fever were subjected to oligo-microarray analysis to identify specific biomarker genes. In experimental hypocalcemia induced by a 4-h infusion of 10% disodium EDTA (n=4), 32 genes were significantly up- or downregulated compared with control treatment (4-h infusion of 11% calcium EDTA; n=4). In cows with milk fever (n=8), 98 genes were expressed differentially (either up- or downregulated) compared with healthy parturient cows (n=5). From these data, the following 5 genes were selected as being strongly related to both experimental hypocalcemia and milk fever: protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor β (PKIB); DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4); period homolog 1 (PER1); NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 1 (NUAK1); and expressed sequence tag (BI537947). Another gene (neuroendocrine secretory protein 55, NESP55) was also determined to be specific for milk fever, independently of hypocalcemia. The mRNA expression of these 6 genes in milk fever cases was verified by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR and was significantly different compared with their expression in healthy parturient cows. In the present study, the selected genes appeared to be candidate biomarkers of milk fever because the continuous interactions between blood cells and the entire body suggest that subtle intracellular changes occur in association with disease. However, before any genomic biomarkers are incorporated into clinical evaluation of the disease, the effect of hypocalcemia on the mRNA expression of these genes in the tissues that regulate calcium homeostasis in dairy cows should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Iwate Veterinary Hospital, Iwate-machi, Iwate 028-4307, Japan
| | - N Yamagishi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - K Kizaki
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - K Sasaki
- Iwate Veterinary Hospital, Iwate-machi, Iwate 028-4307, Japan
| | - B Devkota
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Biotechnology Center, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - K Hashizume
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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