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Forder C, Benato L, Rooney NJ. An investigation into how accurately UK rabbit owners identify pain in their pet rabbits. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:122. [PMID: 38532474 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabbits are popular family pets. They are prey species and so have evolved to hide signs of illness and pain. Recent research has developed robust pain scales for use in a clinical setting, but to date none has examined rabbit owners' ability to recognise pain in their animals. This study investigated how owners identify pain in their pet rabbits and their ability to correctly identify different levels of pain, in order to determine any need for owner education in this area. METHODS Owners were recruited via Facebook and a two-part online survey was distributed. Part one collected data on demographics, owners' knowledge of pain signs and beliefs about pain in rabbits. Part two asked respondents to pain score eight videos of rabbits in different levels of pain for comparison to pain scores made by three experts. We used a simplified version of the Bristol Rabbit Pain Score (BRPS) which involved a single 0 to 3 scale. We explored the number of pain signs each respondent could list, the total score given to the videos, and their deviation from the experts' scores. RESULTS A total of 500 respondents completed part one of the survey and 345 additionally completed Part two. Respondents were on average able to state five signs of pain (range 0-12), but females stated significantly more (p = 0.018), as did those who worked with rabbits (p = 0.004) and those with experience of their rabbit having an operation (p = 0.01). Overall, 98.6% of respondents thought rabbits felt pain as much or more that dogs and cats. In Part two, respondents more frequently agreed with the experts when identifying rabbits in no pain (88.8%) and severe pain (65.2%), but there was lower agreement when identifying mild (28.4%) and moderate pain (43.2%). Respondents overall rated pain lower than experts with an average total pain score of 11.9 compared to 18 given by the experts. CONCLUSIONS Most rabbit owners are able to list numerous pain signs and are generally able to identify pain-free rabbits and those in severe pain. Owners' ability to differentiate between mild and moderate pain is more limited and could benefit from training in the subtler signs of pain. Veterinary professionals are well placed to educate owners about signs of pain in rabbits and should be aware of areas where owners' knowledge can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Forder
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Livia Benato
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Nicola J Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK.
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2
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Jackson MA, Burn CC, Hedley J, Brodbelt DC, O'Neill DG. Dental disease in companion rabbits under UK primary veterinary care: Frequency and risk factors. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3993. [PMID: 38439116 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some prior evidence has suggested that lop-eared rabbits and those with brachycephalic skull conformations have a higher dental disease risk. This retrospective cohort study reports the frequency and conformational risk factors for primary-care veterinary diagnosis with dental disease in companion rabbits in the UK. METHODS Anonymised VetCompass clinical records were manually reviewed to confirm dental disease cases. Risk factor analysis used multivariable binary logistic regression modelling. RESULTS From 161,979 rabbits under primary veterinary care in 2019, the 1-year period prevalence of overall dental disease was 15.36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.78-15.96). The prevalence of dental disease affecting incisors was 3.14% (95% CI: 2.87-3.44), and for cheek teeth it was 13.72% (95% CI: 13.17-14.29). Neither lop-eared conformation nor brachycephalic skull conformation was significantly associated with increased odds of dental disease. Dental disease odds increased as age increased and decreased as bodyweight increased. LIMITATIONS This study retrospectively accessed clinical records, so breed names may sometimes be imprecise. CONCLUSION The high overall prevalence of dental disease represents a major welfare concern for all companion rabbits, regardless of conformation. This information can be used to encourage regular routine dental assessment of rabbits of all conformations to promote earlier diagnosis, paying particular attention to older rabbits and those with low bodyweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Jackson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Charlotte C Burn
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Joanna Hedley
- Beaumont Sainsbury Animal Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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3
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Shapiro HG, Ruder MG, Nimlos NM, Pienaar EF. Understanding rabbit owners' willingness to engage in disease prevention behaviors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106018. [PMID: 37690295 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a fatal, highly contagious pathogen that infects wild and domestic lagomorphs (rabbits and hares). RHDV2 is an important cause of disease in pet and companion rabbits, has resulted in economic losses for the commercial rabbit industry, and has caused declines of wild lagomorph populations. It is essential for domestic rabbit owners to engage in appropriate actions (e.g., using effective disinfectants, creating secure barriers between domestic and wild rabbits) to protect the health and welfare of their rabbits and reduce the risk of human-mediated spread of RHDV2. Thus, we investigated rabbit owners' stated willingness to engage in nine commonly recommended biosecurity practices and their support for seven potential government-implemented management actions. We administered an online survey to 1790 rabbit owners in the United States between April and August 2021. Respondents were likely to engage in all biosecurity measures and were supportive of most management actions that could be implemented by government agencies. Respondents' willingness to engage in and support biosecurity measures was positively correlated with their perceptions of the importance of biosecurity, risk perceptions pertaining to the impact of RHDV2 on lagomorphs and rabbit-related industries, knowledge of RHDV2, and trust in government to manage RHDV2. Respondents' motivations for owning rabbits, husbandry behaviors, and demographic characteristics also influenced their willingness to engage in or support biosecurity measures. Engaging domestic rabbit owners in collaborative biosecurity measures is critical for protecting domestic rabbit health and preventing potential spillover between domestic and free-roaming lagomorphs, as there are still many uncertainties about how RHDV2 is spreading across the United States and the world. Implementing outreach strategies that communicate the importance and effectiveness of biosecurity practices in protecting rabbit welfare, rabbit-related activities, and wild lagomorph populations may increase the likelihood of rabbit owners adopting biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Shapiro
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nicole M Nimlos
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth F Pienaar
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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4
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Chivers BD, Keeler MRD, Burn CC. Ear health and quality of life in pet rabbits of differing ear conformations: A UK survey of owner-reported signalment risk factors and effects on rabbit welfare and behaviour. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285372. [PMID: 37467190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of ear disease on animal welfare and behaviour are little documented. Ear disease may be common in rabbits, but difficult to recognise, and lop-ears have previously been indicated as a risk factor for ear disease. We aimed to better understand the range of ear conditions in pet rabbits, signalment risk factors, and impacts on welfare and behaviour. Through an online questionnaire, we investigated owner-reported signalment, veterinary diagnosis of ear conditions, impaired hearing, and ear pain for UK pet rabbits. Relationships between ear condition measures and ear conformation, quality of life, and behaviour were analysed using logistic regression. Of 551 valid responses, 28.5% of rabbits reportedly had experienced ear conditions; 21.2% diagnosed or mentioned by vets, with otitis and excess cerumen most common. Approximately 25% of lop-eared rabbits had ear conditions indicated by a vet versus 10% of erect-eared rabbits. Lop-eared, half-lop, and older rabbits were most at risk (P<0.050). Rabbits reported as showing ear pain responses had reduced owner-reported quality of life compared with other rabbits (P<0.050). Rabbits with ear problems were less likely to be responsive to relevant sounds, and performed binky behaviour (joy jumps) less frequently, than rabbits without such issues. Understanding prevalence and risk factors for ear conditions is critical to improving welfare standards across this widely owned pet species. The findings suggest that improved recognition and treatment of ear conditions, and avoiding breeding from rabbits with early signs, or a family history, of ear disease are necessary to help combat this animal welfare issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict D Chivers
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa R D Keeler
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte C Burn
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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5
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Skovlund CR, Forkman B, Lund TB, Mistry BG, Nielsen SS, Sandøe P. Perceptions of the rabbit as a low investment 'starter pet' lead to negative impacts on its welfare: Results of two Danish surveys. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e45. [PMID: 38487438 PMCID: PMC10936283 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Concerns over compromised companion rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) welfare are widespread. The welfare problems have been linked to the perception of rabbits as low investment 'children's pets.' To test this hypothesis and investigate the current conditions for rabbits, data were gathered from two surveys in 2021: a nationally representative survey of Danish companion animal owners (Survey I) and a detailed social media-based survey of Danish rabbit owners (Survey II). Using logistic regression, three owner-related variables (whether a child/adult was responsible for care of the rabbit, owner-opinion on rabbits' suitability as 'starter pets' and willingness-to-pay [WTP] for veterinary treatment) were employed to investigate the effect of rabbit status on owner-provision of selected husbandry conditions. The 76 (Survey I) and 4,335 (Survey II) responses suggested that most rabbits are acquired for children and are solitarily housed, and that many are kept in cages of an unsuitable size and not checked daily. Owners who perceived rabbits as 'starter pets' and with lower WTP were more likely to house rabbits in restricted space and to not provide continuous gnawing opportunities, ad libitum hay or routine healthcare. A child fulfilling the role of the rabbit's main caretaker was also associated with inadequate housing type and fewer gnawing opportunities. Thus, many rabbits live in unsuitable conditions, and owners who perceive rabbits as low investment 'children's pets' are more likely to not provide recommended resources. Changing owners' perceptions of rabbits and promoting suitable husbandry through official education programmes and minimum requirements is important if there are to be improvements made to rabbit welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Ravn Skovlund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Björn Forkman
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bøker Lund
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Belinda Glumsøe Mistry
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Sandøe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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6
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Sarvi JY, Gardhouse SM, Kleinhenz MD, Hocker SE, Weeder MM, Montgomery SR, Rooney TA. Measurement of Cyclooxygenase Products in Plasma as Markers for Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase Isoforms by Oral Meloxicam in New Zealand White Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:254-259. [PMID: 37045554 PMCID: PMC10230532 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pain management in rabbits is a challenging task that is complicated by the rabbit's ability to hide signs of distress and the limited pharmacologic data available for this species. Pharmacokinetic data has shown that in rabbits, meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory NSAID, reaches plasma concentrations that are known to provide analgesia in dogs and cats; these concentrations could theoretically alleviate pain in rabbits. However, the inhibitory effects of meloxicam on cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms have not been studied in rabbits. In this study, we measured the products of COX-1 and COX-2 after the oral administration of a single 1 mg/kg dose of meloxicam to New Zealand White rabbits (n = 6). Blood samples were collected before drug administration (T0) and then at predetermined time points over 48 h. Plasma prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂ ) and thromboxane (TxB₂) concentrations were measured as surrogate markers for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively, by using commercial ELISA kits. After meloxicam administration, both TxB₂ and PGE₂ plasma concentrations fell significantly below baseline, with maximal mean reductions to 80% and 60% of baseline at 8 h, respectively. The reduction in PGE₂ concentrations was followed by a significant increase that moved its mean plasma concentrations toward baseline between 8 and 24 h. Adverse effects such as lethargy, inappetence, or changes in fecal production were not observed in any rabbits. In conclusion, meloxicam appeared to significantly inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 with a time course similar to previously reported meloxicam plasma concentration-time profiles in rabbits. Our data suggest that a dosage of 1 mg/kg given orally could provide analgesia to rabbits, but a more frequent dosing interval than the currently recommended daily dosing may be required to maintain clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Y Sarvi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, and
| | - Sara M Gardhouse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, and
- Current affiliation: Evolution Veterinary Specialists, Lakewood, Colorado
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, and
| | - Samuel E Hocker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, and
- Current affiliation: Evolution Veterinary Specialists, Lakewood, Colorado
| | - Mikaela M Weeder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, and
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tess A Rooney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, and
- Current affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
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7
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Krunt O, Zita L, Kraus A, Moravcsíková Á, Frühauf Kolářová M, Bartoš L. Effects of Genotype and Housing System on Rabbit Does' Aggressive Behaviors and Injuries in Smallholding Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081357. [PMID: 37106920 PMCID: PMC10135181 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of housing (deep litter + concrete floor vs. deep litter + ground soil with the possibility to dig burrows), and genotype (Mecklenburg or Hyplus) on aggressive behaviour, social contacts, does' and kits' injuries, and progeny mortality. Twelve groups of six rabbit does (n = 72) were assigned to four treatments (two housing systems and two genotypes). Aggressive behaviour of does, number of injuries on does and kits, and postnatal kit mortality were recorded. The effects of housing and genotype were tested using multivariate GLMM Models. We found that the housing treatment in interaction with the genotype had a significant effect on aggressive behaviours in group housed does (F3,12 = 14.34, p = 0.0003), where the lowest incidence of aggression was in Mecklenburg does housed on ground soil. Reduced aggression was reflected in a lower number of injuries in does (F3,68 = 10.51, p < 0.0001), number of injuries in kits, and kit mortality (F3,1 = 4.59, p < 0.0001, F3,54 = 43.94, p < 0.0001). The results indicate that the proper combination of genotype and housing should be carefully considered for breeding to reduce aggression and injury in group housed does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Krunt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Zita
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Kraus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ágnes Moravcsíková
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Frühauf Kolářová
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bartoš
- Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Rooney NJ, Baker P, Blackwell E, Walker M, Mullan S, Saunders R, Held SD. Run access, hutch size and time-of-day affect welfare-relevant behaviour and faecal corticosterone in pair-housed pet rabbits. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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9
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Dobos P, Kulik LN, Pongrácz P. The amicable rabbit – interactions between pet rabbits and their caregivers based on a questionnaire survey. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Conway RE, Burton M, Mama K, Rao S, Kendall LV, Desmarchelier M, Sadar MJ. Behavioral and physiologic effects of a single dose of oral gabapentin in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 53-54:100779. [PMID: 37001857 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) may influence veterinarians' ability to assess their health and can lead to complications such as gastrointestinal hypomotility and poor anesthetic outcomes. Gabapentin has been used as an anxiolytic in various species, but little information is available on its use in rabbits. To assess the effect of gabapentin on stress in rabbits, 5 female and 3 male New Zealand white rabbits, aged 8-12 months, weighing 3-4.5 kg, were administered a single dose (25 mg/kg) of oral compounded gabapentin. Effects on individual behaviors and selected physiologic parameters were assessed by a blinded observer using a human intruder test and tractability score (summed total 0-8, most to least tractable). Heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, body weight, and fecal output were also recorded. Baseline measurements for each rabbit were assessed immediately prior to gabapentin administration, and at 1, 2, and 4 hours post-administration. With this method rabbits acted as their own concurrent control group. Rabbits were assessed at 7 AM, 11 AM, and 3 PM. Data were analyzed as continuous, binary, and continuous nonparametric (P ≤ .05). No significant differences in physiologic parameters were observed between baseline and the post-administration timepoints. Fecal output was reduced similar to baseline measurements. Behaviors pressing down decreased (at 2 and 4 hours; P = .05 and P = .013, respectively) and approaching human increased (at 2 hours; P = .022) post-gabapentin compared to baseline. Tractability scores were improved at the 2-hour timepoint compared to baseline (Friedman P = .0461; Wilcoxon P = .0413). These results suggest gabapentin 25 mg/kg orally decreased reactivity with a peak effect at 2 hours, without significant effects on measured physiologic parameters. Oral gabapentin in rabbits should be considered to reduce stress in the presence of humans and to facilitate handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Conway
- James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mollie Burton
- Laboratory Animal Resources and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Khursheed Mama
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Laboratory Animal Resources and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marion Desmarchelier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Miranda J Sadar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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11
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Neville V, Hunter K, Benato L, Mendl M, Paul ES. Developing guidelines for pet rat housing through expert consultation. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e1839. [PMID: 35841618 PMCID: PMC10084028 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet care guidelines play an important role in ensuring that owners are well informed about good husbandry practices, allowing them to provide the best care for their animals. However, the development of such guidelines is difficult when there is little appropriate empirical evidence on which to base guidelines, as in the case of pet rats. The consultation of multiple experts can help to surmount this challenge. METHODS We developed a set of guidelines for pet rat housing by consulting with a group of experts, including veterinarians, veterinary nurses, animal welfare scientists and experienced pet rat owners. The consultation involved two rounds of online surveys (n = 13) and one online discussion (n = 8). RESULTS The resulting guidelines cover a broad range of features within pet rat housing, including injury prevention, details of suitable refuges and substrates, and suitable cage sizing. The guidelines may evolve as more information about pet rats comes to light but may nonetheless provide a useful starting point for any future guidelines. CONCLUSIONS At present, these guidelines may not only be useful for pet rat owners and those advising pet rat owners, such as veterinarians, but may also be useful in the design of housing, including for laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Neville
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Livia Benato
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- City VetsExeterUK
| | - Michael Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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12
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Shiga T, Nakata M, Miwa Y, Kikuta F, Sasaki N, Morino T, Nakayama H. Age at death and cause of death of pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) seen at an exotic animal clinic in Tokyo, Japan: a retrospective study of 898 cases (2006–2020). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Begum‐Diamond Z, Neuhauser JE, Cameron KE. Measuring ramp use in guinea pigs (
Cavia porcellus
). J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 118:292-301. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Hedley J, Ede V, Dawson C. Retrospective study identifying risk factors for dacryocystitis in pet rabbits. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1903. [PMID: 35841615 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dacryocystitis has been suggested to be a relatively common condition in pet rabbits and is often associated with concurrent disease. The aim of this study was to investigate potential risk factors associated with dacryocystitis in a pet rabbit population. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records from all rabbit cases evaluated at a single first opinion/referral UK exotics clinic between 2015 and 2018 was performed. RESULTS Dacryocystitis was identified in 55 of 821 rabbits (6.70%) examined over the study period. Of those rabbits with dacryocystitis, dental disease was found in 24 rabbits (45%), respiratory disease in 20 rabbits (38%), aural disease in seven rabbits (13%) and concurrent ocular disorders in 15 rabbits (23%). Breed status was found to be a significant risk factor, with Lionhead/Lionhead cross and Dwarf Lop/Dwarf Lop cross rabbits being more likely to have dacryocystitis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a breed predisposition for dacryocystitis may exist, particularly for the popular Lionhead and Dwarf Lop rabbits, and veterinarians should advise clients on this accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hedley
- Beaumont Sainsbury Animal Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Victoria Ede
- Beaumont Sainsbury Animal Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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15
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Sheen JC, Vella D, Hung L. Retrospective analysis of liver lobe torsion in pet rabbits: 40 cases (2016-2021). Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1971. [PMID: 35841624 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver lobe torsion (LLT) in rabbits can be under-recognised and potentially fatal. The clinical features of cases presented to an exotic animal veterinary service in Australia were retrospectively reviewed. METHOD Medical records of confirmed rabbit LLT cases between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed for signalment, clinical signs and findings, diagnostic imaging results, management strategies and outcomes. Variables of interest were analysed for statistical association with outcome. RESULTS A total of 40 rabbits were included. The mean presenting age was 56.2 months (SD 30.5). Neutered males (23/40, 57.5%) were over-represented. Common clinical signs and findings included reduced appetite (40/40, 100%), lethargy (32/40, 80.0%), reduced faecal production (16/40, 40.0%), a doughy distended stomach (20/40, 50.0%), pale mucous membranes (19/40, 47.5%) and hypothermia (17/40, 42.5%). Anaemia and elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen were common clinicopathologic findings. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 34 of 40 rabbits, confirming the presence and position of LLT (34/34, 100%), stenosis of the caudal vena cava or portal system (28/34, 82.4%) and increased free peritoneal fluid (29/34, 85.3%). Fifteen (15/40, 37.5%) rabbits were medically managed, and surgical intervention was performed in 23 of 40 (57.5%) rabbits. Overall, 30 of 40 (75.0%) rabbits survived. Surgical intervention did not confer a significant difference in outcome compared to medical management (odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.15-4.10, p = 0.761). CONCLUSION CT can be an invaluable diagnostic modality for rabbit LLT. Favourable outcomes can be achieved in selected cases with medical management alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Sheen
- Sydney Exotics & Rabbit Vets, North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Artarmon, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Vella
- Sydney Exotics & Rabbit Vets, North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Artarmon, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lily Hung
- Animalius, Bayswater, Western Australia, Australia
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16
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Mee G, Tipton E, Oxley JA, Westgarth C. Owner demographic factors are associated with suitable pet rabbit housing provision in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2022; 190:e1736. [PMID: 35661365 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabbits are popular pets, but research into their welfare is limited. This study analysed the potential association(s) between the provision of suitable housing and owner demographic factors. METHODS Data from 2017, 2018 and 2019 PDSA Animal Wellbeing (PAW) report surveys gave a sample of 1333 UK rabbit owners. Whether the rabbit housing was adequate or inadequate was ascertained by asking owners to indicate images of hutch and run size or indoor environment type that were similar to their own. The owner demographic factors collected included gender, education, household income and deprivation. Chi-squared tests and binary logistic regression (univariable and multivariable) were used to investigate factors associated with adequate/inadequate housing. RESULTS One-third (31.2%) of rabbits lived in inadequate housing and half were housed alone (51.4%). Male owners were more likely to report providing inadequate housing than females (odds ratio [OR] = 1.795, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.319-2.441, p < 0.001). Compared to owners over 55 years old, those aged 25-34 years were more likely to house their rabbits inadequately (OR = 2.050, 95% CI 1.286-3.267, p = 0.003). Owners with a household income below average were more likely to report providing inadequate housing compared to those with a household income above average (OR = 1.406, 95% CI 1.025-1.928, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION The findings identify that inadequate rabbit housing is provided by owners of all ages, genders and deprivation levels but highlight some particular owner demographics that could be useful to target if resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mee
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Emma Tipton
- Veterinary Department, People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), Telford, UK
| | - James A Oxley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Cargill BM, Benato L, Rooney NJ. A survey exploring the impact of housing and husbandry on pet snake welfare. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.2.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Snake ownership is popular; however, housing and care may not always satisfy the animal's welfare needs. For example, snakes are often kept in environmental conditions that restrict their ability to stretch out fully or move around, using rectilinear locomotion. To date, little empirical
data exist on the housing and husbandry of captive snakes and how these impact welfare. This study analyses survey responses from 744 snake owners worldwide and explores potential welfare concerns for snakes kept within private homes. It documents the most common housing and husbandry methods
and compares the three most common families (Pythonids, Boids and Colubrids). Ownerreported data were used to derive scores for two potential welfare indicators: number of clinical signs of ill health and the number of reported negative (abnormal) behaviours. Using these indicators, associations
were tested with snake-keeping variables, such as enclosure size, level of enrichment, temperature and humidity. Owners reported that 90.7% (n = 675) of snakes adopted rectilinear (straight-line or near straight-line) positions or movements. Snakes kept in enclosures > 1 snake length tended
to have more enrichment types and were reported with fewer clinical signs of ill health. Some snakes were housed at unknown temperature (7.7%) or humidity (48.1%) ranges or in environmental conditions not in keeping with current recommended guidelines. Corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus)
were the most likely species to be kept at a humidity which did not match recommendations which may present a welfare concern. This study's results can be used to target husbandry guidance for future recommendations and care manuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- BM Cargill
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - L Benato
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - NJ Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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18
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González-Martínez Á, Castro S, Camino F, Rosado B, Luño-Muniesa I, Diéguez FJ. Epidemiology of behavioural problems in pet rabbits: An owners’ survey. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Bläske A, Schwarzer A, Ebner MV, Gerbig H, Reese S, Erhard M, Wöhr AC. Evaluation of small mammal pet supplies offered in German retail under animal welfare aspects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262658. [PMID: 35108305 PMCID: PMC8809526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
German retailers offer a large variety of accessories for pets. However, not all products are suitable for pet husbandry. Several articles can negatively influence the wellbeing of pets or cause injuries, but empirical studies that evaluate accessories for small pets under animal welfare aspects are rare. In the present study, we assessed articles manufactured or sold in Germany in the product categories pet cages, hay racks, running wheels, exercise balls, harnesses and leashes, tube systems, and hamster bedding. To do so, we searched 28 German websites, visited 50 pet shops and 13 home improvement and garden centers on site and afterwards examined the animal welfare compliance of the products according to various evaluation criteria. Most of the examined products were rated not suitable for pet husbandry and were animal-welfare-adverse. This result applies to 86.1% (n = 87) of the 101 assessed running wheel models, 82.7% (n = 172) of the 208 assessed pet cage models and 55.6% (n = 40) of the 72 assessed hay rack models. The articles in the product categories exercise balls, harnesses and leashes, tube systems, and hamster bedding were also found unsuitable due to animal welfare concerns. Furthermore, we found clear shortcomings regarding article declarations. In some cases, relevant product information (e.g., dimensions) were missing, or the presented information was too general (e.g., rodent cage). Improperly declared pet accessories make it difficult for pet owners to decide whether a product is suitable or unsuitable for the species they keep. A declaration duty for manufacturers of pet products could ensure that German retailers only offer properly declared pet accessories and facilitate the decision for pet owners to purchase products appropriate for the pets they keep. Furthermore, a voluntary product certification for manufacturers would allow retailers to check the animal welfare compliance of articles before including them in their assortment. If a product is unsuitable for pet husbandry because it does not meet the set requirements, it must be considered animal-welfare-adverse and removed from the assortment. As done for the Austrian “animal welfare label,” an independent, qualified third party could do the certification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bläske
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela Schwarzer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena V. Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrikje Gerbig
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Erhard
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Caroline Wöhr
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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McIndoe KS, Saunders R, Blackwell EJ, Rooney NJ. The effect of blindfolding and swaddling on the stress response to handling in domestic rabbits. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.1.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stress during handling can negatively impact the welfare of an animal. Gradual habituation or systematic desensitisation can reduce this but is not always possible. Blindfolding has been shown to decrease stress indicators, including heart rate and struggling in cattle (Bos taurus),
but has not been studied in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). We surveyed 49 wildlife rescues, rehabilitators and veterinarians, and found that blindfolding and swaddling are widely used and believed to reduce stress and struggling in rabbits. However, these methods may simply
preclude escape and result in sensitisation over repeated exposure. We next conducted a controlled trial investigating the effects of blindfolding and swaddling repeatedly over five days on behavioural and physiological indicators of stress in 40 domestic rabbits. Neither blindfolding nor
swaddling had significant impacts on heart or respiratory rate, compared to a partial hood control treatment, which involved similar levels of manipulation, but without visual or movement restriction. Behavioural responses showed variable trends, eg rabbits were more likely to approach food
after handling with swaddling. Baseline levels varied significantly between individuals, suggesting previous experience to be an important determinant. Heart rates were universally high, showing that individuals in this study were stressed by handling to such an extent, that overall, effects
of both blindfolding and swaddling on physiological indicators of stress were minimal. We suggest that blindfolding and swaddling may be useful as means of limiting the procedure duration and risk of injury by reducing struggling, but this study provides no evidence that welfare is otherwise
improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- KS McIndoe
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - R Saunders
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA, UK
| | - EJ Blackwell
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - NJ Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
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21
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22
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Mäkitaipale J, Airas N, Engblom S, Lindén J. Prospective survey of neoplastic and non-neoplastic uterine disorders in 116 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Kazimierska K, Biel W. Analysis of the nutrient composition of selected commercial pet rabbit feeds with respect to nutritional guidelines. J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Neville V, Mounty J, Benato L, Hunter K, Mendl M, Paul ES. Pet rat welfare in the United Kingdom: The good, the bad and the ugly. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e559. [PMID: 34101201 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, despite the substantial literature investigating how rats prefer to be kept in captivity, no research has been conducted to assess the housing, husbandry and health of pet rats. METHODS To better understand the United Kingdom's pet rat population and the welfare issues they face, we conducted an online survey of pet rat owners. The survey included questions about the owner and their opinions about pet rats, and about their rats' health, husbandry and housing. RESULTS The results, from 677 complete responses, highlighted areas of rat care that were "good", "bad" and "ugly" (i.e. likely to be highly detrimental to welfare). The good was that many rats were provided with a social companion and enrichment; the bad was that we could not be certain whether rats had a sufficiently nutritious diet or sufficient opportunities to explore or adequate nesting substrate; and the ugly included cases of exposure of rats to predator species within the home and a generally high prevalence of disease. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there is much cause for concern about the welfare of pet rats in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Neville
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Mounty
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Livia Benato
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,City Vets, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Michael Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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25
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Martin LF, Ackermans NL, Tollefson TN, Kircher PR, Richter H, Hummel J, Codron D, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Tooth wear, growth and height in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed pelleted or extruded diets with or without added abrasives. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:630-641. [PMID: 33982342 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among the different factors thought to affect dental wear, dietary consistency is possibly the least investigated. To understand tooth wear of herbivorous animals consuming different dietary consistencies with different abrasive potential, we fed 14 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) exclusively with a timothy grassmeal-based diet in either pelleted or extruded form, or the same diets with an addition of 5% fine sand abrasives (mean size 130 µm). First, we offered the rabbits the pelleted and extruded diets as well as the pelleted control and pelleted abrasive diet in a two-stage preference experiment. Then, the rabbits received each diet for 2 weeks in a randomised serial feeding experiment, where each animal served as its own control. Tooth measurements for wear, growth and height were achieved using a manual calliper, endoscopic examination and CT scans. The analysis of the diets as fed showed almost identical mean particle size, but the extruded diet had a lower density (volume/mass) and softer consistency compared to the pelleted one and was favoured by most rabbits. The rabbits selected against the diet with sand during the preference experiment, possibly because it caused more tooth wear, especially on the teeth most exposed to wear along the upper tooth row (upper P4 and M1). The maxillary teeth also showed evidence of an increased chewing laterality by the end of the experiment. The extruded diet led to a significantly lower cheek teeth height than the pelleted diet, potentially due to the higher chewing effort needed for a similar dry matter intake. The results suggest that dietary hardness alone is a poor predictor of dental wear. The regrowth of the teeth matched wear consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise F Martin
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole L Ackermans
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Troy N Tollefson
- Mazuri® Exotic Animal Nutrition, PMI Nutrition International LLC, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick R Kircher
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Tamimi NSM, T. B, J S, R. A. A Retrospective Study on 1587 Exotic Pets Presented to The Small Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Tehran. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i(e0).1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, exotic pets are increasingly invited to homes with a wide range of variation in species and requirements that are more specialized. During a one-year period, 2408 exotic animals admitted to the Small Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Tehran were assessed. Rabbits, hamsters, squirrels, turtles/tortoises, guinea pigs, lizards, hedgehogs, reindeer, monkeys, and snakes were referred, respectively. Owner referral cause and their gender in addition to the disease diagnosis were analyzed. While no statistical significance (P>0.05) was observed in the total number of men and women presenting these animals, gender-based preferences were spotted for owning specific types of animal species in this study (P<0.05). Furthermore, analysis showed that snakes and rabbits were more commonly (P<0.05) presented for checkup; while chelonians, lizards, hedgehogs, and monkeys were more presented with health problems (P<0.05). Other animals’ results did not show statistically significant difference for admission reasons (P>0.05). The health record assessment included 1587 animals with complete health files. The most common diseases diagnosed in most of these animals were metabolic bone disease/musculoskeletal problems and dental problems. In addition, eye problems in chelonians and urinary problems in hedgehogs were the most common diagnosis of those species. In conclusion, since the most common health problems of most participating animals were associated with mismanagement and inappropriate diet, it is highly recommended that owners be thoroughly educated by veterinarians to reduce the possibility of such conditions in exotic captive animals.
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27
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Wong AD, Gardhouse S, Rooney T, Beaufrère H, Eshar D. Associations between biochemical parameters and referral centre in pet rabbits with urolithiasis. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:554-561. [PMID: 33724471 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association between signalment, selected haematologic and biochemical parameters and referral centre in pet rabbits with imaging evidence of urolithiasis presented to two veterinary teaching hospitals in North America. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical record database of two veterinary teaching hospitals was searched from 2009 to 2019 for records of pet rabbits that received both imaging studies and plasma biochemistry profiles. Information regarding signalment, bodyweight, packed cell volume, total solids, and plasma biochemistry profiles was obtained. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify statistically significant parameters associated with imaging evidence of urolithiasis. RESULTS Of the 324 examined rabbits, 33 (10.2%) had confirmed evidence of urolithiasis on imaging. Increasing plasma calcium and sodium concentrations and referral centre were significantly associated with the presence of urolithiasis on the univariable logistic regression model. However, only plasma calcium concentration and the referral centre demonstrated significant associations on the multivariable logistic regression model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Results indicate that urolithiasis in pet rabbits that receive imaging is associated with mildly increasing plasma calcium concentration and referral centre. The association with referral centre may indicate there are geographic influences on urolithiasis or on imaging. However, the identified associations have low predictive value for the diagnosis of urolithiasis, indicating the need for additional diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wong
- Health Sciences Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Gardhouse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - T Rooney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - H Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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Finka LR, Luna SPL, Mills DS, Farnworth MJ. The Application of Geometric Morphometrics to Explore Potential Impacts of Anthropocentric Selection on Animals' Ability to Communicate via the Face: The Domestic Cat as a Case Study. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:606848. [PMID: 33426026 PMCID: PMC7793770 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.606848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During their domestication via artificial selection, humans have substantially modified the morphology and thus visual appearance of non-human animals. While research highlights the negative impact of these modifications on physical functioning, little is known about their impact on behavior and signaling, either toward humans or conspecifics. Changes in the appearance of the face, such as those associated with, but not limited to, facial expressions, form an important part of non-verbal communication. In companion animals, the face is one of their most visually diverse features (due to human-driven selection), which may impact the visual clarity of expressions and other forms of signaling. Using the domestic cat as our model, we applied a new analytical technique in order to understand the impact of breed variation on relative positioning of facial landmarks, chosen specifically for their association with the production of various facial movements, and the expression of affect. We then assessed the extent to which facial appearances known to be associated with a specific underlying state (i.e., pain, assessed via a validated, facial pain score), could be reliably detected in a morphologically diverse population. Substantial baseline variation in landmarks was identified at both the cephalic (e.g., brachycephalic, dolichocephalic, mesocephalic) as well as breed levels. While differences in facial pain scores could successfully differentiate between "pain" and "no pain" in the facial appearance of domestic shorthaired cats (DSH), these differences were no longer detectable when assessed within a larger more morphologically diverse population, after corrections for multiple testing were applied. There was also considerable overlap between pain scores in the DSH "pain" population and the neutral faces of other breeds. Additionally, for several paedomorphic breeds, their neutral face shapes produced scores indicative of greater pain, compared to most other breeds, including the DSH cats actually in pain. Our findings highlight the degree to which anthropocentric selection might disrupt the communicative content of animals' faces, in this case the domestic cat. These results also suggest a potential human preference for features extending beyond the infantile, to include negatively-valenced facial forms such as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Finka
- Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Stelio P L Luna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Mills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Farnworth
- Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom
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29
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Böhmer C, Böhmer E. Skull Shape Diversity in Pet Rabbits and the Applicability of Anatomical Reference Lines for Objective Interpretation of Dental Disease. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040182. [PMID: 33233758 PMCID: PMC7711434 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired dental problems are among the most frequently encountered diseases in pet rabbits. However, early symptoms are often overlooked because the affected animals first appear completely asymptomatic. Alterations from anatomical reference lines according to Böhmer and Crossley applied to standard skull X-ray images, have been shown to be indicative of tooth health problems in pet rabbits. Despite its proven usefulness, there are exceptions in which the anatomical reference lines appear not to be suitable for application. We addressed this issue by quantifying the cranial morphology of a large data set of pet rabbit patients (N = 80). The results of the morphometric analyses revealed considerable diversity in skull shape among the typical pet rabbits, but variance in only a few parameters influences the applicability of the anatomical reference lines. The most substantial parameter is the palatal angle. Specimens in which the anatomical reference lines could not be applied, have a rather large angle between the skull base and the palatal bone. We recommend to measure the palatal angle before applying the anatomical reference lines for objective interpretation of dental disease. Pet rabbits with a palatal angle larger than 18.8° are not strictly suitable for the successful application of the anatomical reference lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Estella Böhmer
- Chirurgische und Gynäkologische Kleintierklinik, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr 13, 80539 München, Germany;
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30
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'All Ears': A Questionnaire of 1516 Owner Perceptions of the Mental Abilities of Pet Rabbits, Subsequent Resource Provision, and the Effect on Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101730. [PMID: 32977692 PMCID: PMC7598668 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet rabbit welfare is a hidden crisis: Inappropriately housed, fed, and not routinely provided healthcare-rabbits can often suffer painful conditions and shortened lifespans. This study provides novel understanding of owners' perceptions of rabbits' mental capabilities; how this impacts their husbandry; and subsequent effects on rabbits' welfare. A survey was designed to investigate owner and rabbit demographics, owner perception of rabbits, resources provided, and rabbit behavior. Distributed online and by the Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund, the survey received 1516 responses. It was found that increased owner perceptions of pain, emotions. and intelligence resulted in increased likelihood of providing a partner, increased enrichment variation, and a more appropriate diet and type of housing. Welfare scores were associated with diet, housing, variety of enrichment, and time spent with owners. These results suggest that a practical approach to improving the welfare standard provided to rabbits may be to target improving owner perceptions of the species' intelligence, emotionality, and experience of pain. This information would be beneficial in tailoring public education programs to increase provision of welfare enhancing resources, improve the human-animal relationship, and thus improve the welfare standards for this species.
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Chankuang P, Linlawan A, Junda K, Kuditthalerd C, Suwanprateep T, Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Sanyathitiseree P, Yinharnmingmongkol C. Comparison of Rabbit, Kitten and Mammal Milk Replacer Efficiencies in Early Weaning Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061087. [PMID: 32585993 PMCID: PMC7341243 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A milk replacer must be given as the main diet to young rabbits that are separated from their mothers before they reach weaning age (31–35 days). This procedure, which is a rescue protocol, allows them to survive. Moreover, the early separation of young rabbits before weaning prevents negative consequences in lactating rabbits, which is beneficial to pet rabbit producers. Kitten (KMR®, Pet-Ag Inc., Hampshire, IL, USA: KMR) or mammal (Zoologic® Milk matrix 30/52, Pet-Ag Inc., Hampshire, IL, USA: MMR) milk replacers have generally been suggested for use in rabbits; however, rabbit milk has a unique composition. Therefore, a rabbit milk replacer (RMR) was formulated in this study for comparison with these commercial products. Early weaned rabbits at 18 days of age were fed daily with RMR, KMR or MMR until 36 days after birth, while a commercial pelleted diet and water were provided at an amount exceeding the normal intake. The results indicated that it is possible to use RMR as a milk replacer for rabbits without serious adverse consequences. However, the RMR group presented a lower trend in nutrient digestibility than the other groups, although there was no statistical significant difference. Therefore, prebiotics and/or probiotics should be added to RMR formulations to improve this parameter. Abstract Early weaned rabbits should be fed using a milk replacer in order to survive. Therefore, a rabbit milk replacer (RMR) was developed and compared with a kitten milk replacer (KMR®: KMR) and a mammal milk replacer (Zoologic® Milk matrix 30/52: MMR). Thirty-six native crossbred rabbits aged 18 days were divided into three experimental groups (six replicates/group, two rabbits/replicate), fed RMR, KMR or MMR daily until they were 36 days old and euthanized at 38 days, while a complete pelleted diet and water were provided ad libitum. No statistically significant differences were observed in growth performance parameters, water intake, faecal weight, nutrient digestibility, internal organ weight, caecal pH, caecal cellulose activity, number of faecal pellets and amount of crude protein intake (p > 0.05). Caecal amylase activity in the KMR group and caecal protease activity in the RMR group were higher than in the MMR group (p < 0.05). The villus height and crypt depth of the MMR group were greater than in the RMR and KMR group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it is possible to feed RMR to early weaning rabbits without serious adverse effects. However, probiotics and/or prebiotics should be supplemented in milk replacers and their benefits studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panthiphaporn Chankuang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (A.L.); (K.J.); (C.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Achira Linlawan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (A.L.); (K.J.); (C.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Kawisara Junda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (A.L.); (K.J.); (C.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Chittikan Kuditthalerd
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (A.L.); (K.J.); (C.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Tuksaorn Suwanprateep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (A.L.); (K.J.); (C.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-89-2022-677
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pornchai Sanyathitiseree
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
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Köbrunner D, Waiblinger S, Stetina BU, Künzel F, Windschnurer I. Insight into husbandry conditions, health, and behavior of pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) among German-speaking ferret owners. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Unwin SL, Saunders RA, Blackwell EJ, Rooney NJ. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the value of Pet Remedy in ameliorating fear of handling of companion rabbits. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harrup AJ, Rooney N. Current welfare state of pet guinea pigs in the UK. Vet Rec 2020; 186:282. [PMID: 32054719 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research has been carried out into how guinea pigs are cared for in the UK, and information regarding potential welfare issues is sparse. This study was designed to examine the five welfare needs, collecting data on the extent to which these are each met by a sample of UK guinea pig owners. METHODS A survey of 4590 owners was conducted. RESULTS Guinea pigs were housed in a variety of ways, but a hutch or cage, with no attached run, was the most common enclosure. The majority reportedly lived with a conspecific, although some lived on their own, or with a rabbit. Significant associations between aspects of housing and husbandry, and behaviour and health were found, for example, the frequency of positive behaviours displayed was higher in those guinea pigs housed with a conspecific and those in larger enclosures, while the number of reported health issues was lower in animals receiving green vegetables more often. CONCLUSION This study has identified common practices, and highlighted some potential welfare issues, which would benefit from further research. The authors suggest improved availability of targeted information may enable owners to improve issues identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Guide to skin diseases in rabbits. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Krall C, Glass S, Dancourt G, Adams M, Koenig K, Hutchinson EK. Behavioural anxiety predisposes rabbits to intra-operative apnoea and cardiorespiratory instability. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rioja-Lang F, Bacon H, Connor M, Dwyer CM. Rabbit welfare: determining priority welfare issues for pet rabbits using a modified Delphi method. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000363. [PMID: 31903189 PMCID: PMC6924855 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabbits are the third most popular pet in the UK, but little research into their welfare needs has been conducted. Methods A modified Delphi method was used to generate expert consensus on the most important welfare issues for rabbits in the UK. The study involved 11 experts, recruited from a range of disciplines. The experts generated an initial broad list of welfare issues via an online discussion board. Two rounds of online surveys were conducted to prioritise these issues. The final round was a workshop with a subsection of experts. The experts decided that welfare issues should be ranked considering: (1) severity, (2) duration, and (3) prevalence. Results Experts considered that rabbits were often kept in inadequate housing, were not handled or socialised properly, were fed inappropriate diets and owners failed to vaccinate their rabbits against preventable diseases. Rabbits were thought to experience a reduced life expectancy. Lack of owner knowledge of rabbit husbandry and behaviour and, in some cases, also lack of veterinary knowledge, contributed to poor rabbit welfare. Conclusions The Delphi process resulted in consensus on the most significant welfare challenges faced by rabbits and can help guide future research and education priority decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Rioja-Lang
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather Bacon
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melanie Connor
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cathy Mary Dwyer
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK.,Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
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O'Neill DG, Craven HC, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Hedley J. Morbidity and mortality of domestic rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) under primary veterinary care in England. Vet Rec 2019; 186:451. [PMID: 31594841 PMCID: PMC7279133 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The domestic rabbit is a common pet species, but limited research exists on the health of pet rabbits. This study aimed to characterise common disorders of pet rabbits and reasons for mortality as recorded by veterinary practices in England. Methods This cross-sectional study covered anonymised clinical records of 6349 rabbits attending 107 primary veterinary care clinics. Results The median age was 3.2 years (interquartile range (IQR) 1.6–5.1), and the median adult bodyweight was 2.1 kg (IQR 1.7–2.6). The most common breed types were domestic (n=2022, 31.9 per cent), lop (1675, 26.4 per cent) and Netherland dwarf (672, 10.6 per cent). For those rabbits that died during the study period, the median age at death was 4.3 years (IQR 2.1–7.0). The most common causes of death were recorded as myiasis (prevalence 10.9 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 7.4 to 15.2), anorexia (4.9 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 4.0 to 10.4), recumbency/collapse (4.9 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 4.0 to 10.4) and ileus (4.3 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 3.5 to 9.5). The most prevalent specific disorders recorded were overgrown claw/nails (16.0 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 14.5 to 17.5), overgrown molar(s) (7.6 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 6.6 to 8.7), perineal soiling (4.5 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 3.7 to 5.4), overgrown incisor(s) (4.3 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 3.5 to 5.2) and ileus (4.2 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 3.4 to 5.0). Conclusions This study augments the limited evidence base on rabbit health and can assist veterinarians to better advise owners on optimal animal husbandry priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hermien C Craven
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - David C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hedley
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Thompson JL, Koh P, Meredith AL, Brown H. Preliminary investigations into the use of the five-point body condition scale (Size-O-Meter) and its use in pet owner education. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Johnson JC, Burn CC. Lop-eared rabbits have more aural and dental problems than erect-eared rabbits: a rescue population study. Vet Rec 2019; 185:758. [PMID: 31575760 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to assess whether rabbits having lop ears, an artificially selected conformation, compromises welfare. We investigated the occurrence of aural and dental pathology in lop-eared compared with erect-eared rabbits. Thirty rabbits (15 lop-eared and 15 erect-eared) from a rabbit-only rescue shelter were examined. An otoscope was used to visualise the ear canals and mouth. Samples were taken from each ear to examine for mites, bacteria and yeast. Medical records were also examined. Lop-eared rabbits showed statistically significantly more frequent ear canal stenosis, higher scores of cerumen and erythema and more frequent potential pain response during ear examination, compared with erect-eared rabbits. We also found statistically significantly more frequent incisor pathology, molar overgrowth, molar sharpness, molar spurs and history of veterinary dental treatment in lop-eared compared with erect-eared rabbits. The effect sizes were often large. Age was not statistically significant between the lop-eared and erect-eared rabbit groups. Thus, lop-eared rabbits were at an increased risk of aural and dental pathology in this study. This brings into debate the ethics of breeding and buying lop-eared rabbits, as they are more likely to suffer conditions that negatively impact welfare, such as pain, and potentially deafness and difficulty eating.
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Benato L, Rooney NJ, Murrell JC. Pain and analgesia in pet rabbits within the veterinary environment: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 46:151-162. [PMID: 30737017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of pain and analgesia in rabbits with the aim of developing a more accurate understanding of these topics. To illustrate and discuss the areas that have advanced in recent years and those that still require further research. DATABASES USED Three key subject resources were used: Web of Science, Medline and CAB Abstracts. Search terms were rabbits, lagomorphs, laboratory animals, pet, pain, surgical procedures, ovariohysterectomy, orchiectomy, castration, analgesia, opioids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. References from books and articles relevant to the topics were also included. CONCLUSIONS Rabbit medicine has improved over the last 20 years, but the literature suggests that pain management in this species is still inadequate and veterinary professionals believe their knowledge of pain and analgesia in this species is limited. Assessment and quantification of pain in rabbits can be challenging in a clinical environment not only because, as a prey species, rabbits tend to hide signs of pain but also because there are no validated methods to assess pain, except the Rabbit Grimace Scale, which is based on only one rabbit breed. Current consensus is that perioperative multimodal analgesia is the best practice. However, it is not widely used in rabbits. In rabbits, analgesia protocols and dosages reported in the literature are often poorly researched and do not result in complete pain amelioration with the return of normal. The present literature on rabbit pain and analgesia presents gaps either due to unexplored areas or insufficient findings. Further research should focus on these areas with the aim of improving the welfare of rabbits within a veterinary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Benato
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
| | - Nicola J Rooney
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Jo C Murrell
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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The Status of Pet Rabbit Breeding and Online Sales in the UK: A Glimpse into an Otherwise Elusive Industry. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8110199. [PMID: 30404201 PMCID: PMC6262429 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Very little is known about where our pet rabbits come from: Who the breeders are, how good/or bad the conditions are that breeding rabbits are kept in, or whether breeders are being monitored by local authorities. This study aimed to bring to light information on breeding rabbits and breeders in the UK. Several methods of data collection were used combining data from online sales adverts, with a breeder survey and a council freedom of information request. From 3446 online rabbit sale adverts we found 94.5% of adverts were from England and only 1% of breeders were licenced. Out of 33 breeders surveyed, 51.5% provided smaller housing than recommended and housed most rabbits singly, against recommendations, and males were most likely to be housed singly, in too small conditions. However, most provided toys and a diet compliant with recommended guidelines. The most commonly sold/bred rabbits were breeds with flat-faces, which can cause significant health and well-being problems. A freedom of information request sent to 10% of UK councils revealed inconsistency in licensing conditions and confusion about eligibility. Without appropriate guidelines for housing and husbandry and regulation, rabbits within the pet rabbit breeding industry are at risk of compromised welfare. Abstract Conditions of pet rabbit breeding colonies and breeder practices are undocumented and very little is known about the pet rabbit sales market. Here, multiple methods were employed to investigate this sector of the UK pet industry. A freedom of information request sent to 10% of councils revealed confusion and inconsistency in licensing conditions. Data from 1-month of online sale adverts (3446) identified 646 self-declared breeders, of which 1.08% were licensed. Further, despite veterinary advice to vaccinate rabbits from five weeks, only 16.7% rabbits were vaccinated and 9.2% of adult rabbits were neutered. Thirty-three breeders completed a questionnaire of which 51.5% provided smaller housing than recommended, the majority housed rabbits singly and bucks were identified as most at risk of compromised welfare. However, most breeders provided enrichment and gave a diet compliant with recommended guidelines. Mini-lops and Netherland dwarfs were the most commonly sold breeds, both of which are brachycephalic, which can compromise their health and wellbeing. From sales data extrapolation, we estimate that 254,804 rabbits are purposefully bred for the UK online pet sales market each year. This data is the first of its kind and highlights welfare concerns within the pet rabbit breeding sector, which is unregulated and difficult to access.
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Oxley JA, Kogan L. A preliminary study investigating the use of rabbit-related Facebook groups in relation to rabbit health information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.12968/vetn.2018.9.7.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori Kogan
- Professor of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Speer BL, Hennigh M, Muntz B, van Zeeland YRA. Low-Stress Medication Techniques in Birds and Small Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:261-285. [PMID: 29655469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-stress medication principles and techniques are key aspects of optimal health care delivery for birds and small mammals. When paired with the medical details of patient management, by balancing medication techniques, the probability of clinical success on the highest ethical and welfare criteria can be greatly enhanced. This review addresses both the effects and the disadvantages of using forceful, coercive, and fear-evoking methods as well as the benefits, principles, and possible applications of low-stress medication in the veterinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Speer
- Medical Center for Birds, 3805 Main Street, Oakley, CA 94561, USA.
| | - Melody Hennigh
- Medical Center for Birds, 3805 Main Street, Oakley, CA 94561, USA
| | - Bernice Muntz
- Dierentrainer, Mauvelaan 13, Leidschendam 2264 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne R A van Zeeland
- Division of Zoological Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
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Oxley JA, Ellis CF, McBride EA, McCormick WD. A Survey of Rabbit Handling Methods Within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:207-218. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1459192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare Frances Ellis
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - E. Anne McBride
- Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Neville V, Hinde K, Line E, Todd R, Saunders RA. Rabbit relinquishment through online classified advertisements in the United Kingdom: when, why, and how many? J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:105-115. [PMID: 29508633 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1438287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To identify implicit causes of companion rabbit relinquishment, this study investigated whether there was annual and seasonal variation in the number of advertisements and ages of rabbits posted as free or for sale on classified websites in the United Kingdom. The number of advertisements posted decreased from 2014 to 2016. There was an increase in the number of advertisements for free rabbits in winter compared with other seasons, which could be a result of caregivers' reduced willingness to interact with their rabbits and carry out husbandry during periods of inclement weather. Rabbits advertised as free were older than rabbits advertised for sale, and rabbits relinquished due to human-related reasons were older than those relinquished because of rabbit-related factors. It is recommended that further research is undertaken to elucidate whether providing education to prospective rabbit caregivers regarding the life span of rabbits and their substantial husbandry requirements, especially in winter, would deter the purchase of rabbits by caregivers unable or unwilling to care for them in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Neville
- a Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund , Taunton , United Kingdom.,b Department of Clinical Veterinary Science , University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hinde
- a Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund , Taunton , United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Line
- a Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund , Taunton , United Kingdom
| | - Rae Todd
- a Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund , Taunton , United Kingdom
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Robinson NJ, Lyons E, Grindlay D, Brennan ML. Veterinarian Nominated Common Conditions of Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Compared with Published Literature. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E58. [PMID: 29165371 PMCID: PMC5753638 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits and guinea pigs are increasingly popular pets in the UK, yet little is known about their common ailments, or how these relate to what appears in the published literature. The aim of this study was to characterise the common conditions of rabbits and guinea pigs, and to compare these with the topics found in the published literature. Information about the common conditions seen in rabbits and guinea pigs in clinical practice was obtained from a survey of UK veterinarians. The common conditions seen were compared with results from a structured literature search. Conditions relating to the dental (29.9%), and skin (37.6%) body systems were commonly nominated by veterinarians for rabbits and guinea pigs, respectively. A total of 655 rabbit and 1086 guinea pig citations were examined and there appeared to be a mismatch between the conditions nominated in the veterinary questionnaire, and those found in the literature. This is the first time that the published literature has been compared to the nominated caseload of veterinarians in practice, and there is concern that the literature about rabbits and guinea pigs may not be representative of, or relevant to the caseload seen in clinical practice. This is of importance for clinicians being able to apply an objective, evidence-based approach. The publishing of clinically-relevant, research-based evidence should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Robinson
- Centre for Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Emma Lyons
- Centre for Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Douglas Grindlay
- Centre for Evidence-based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Kings Meadow Campus, Nottingham NG7 2NR, UK.
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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Minimizing Onsite Organic Household Left-Over Waste: The Emission Benefits of Keeping Pet Rabbits. RECYCLING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling2030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Because most research on rabbit husbandry, welfare, and nutrition was performed on production animals, evidence for best practices in pet rabbits is scarce, and guidelines must be based on transfer of results, deduction, and common sense. Rabbits benefit from being kept with at least one conspecific; from large enclosures and multistory hutches; from drinking water offered ad libitum in open dish drinker systems; and from receiving hay ad libitum, with restricted amounts of fresh grass, herbs, or green leafy vegetables, and a high-fiber complete diet. Offering hay ad libitum bears several advantages and should be considered a matter of course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Trichoblastoma in the Rabbit. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:126-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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