1
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Abdullah CS, Remex NS, Aishwarya R, Nitu S, Kolluru GK, Traylor J, Hartman B, King J, Bhuiyan MAN, Hall N, Murnane KS, Goeders NE, Kevil CG, Orr AW, Bhuiyan MS. Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy activation are associated with cardiomyopathy developed by extended methamphetamine self-administration in rats. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102523. [PMID: 36335762 PMCID: PMC9641018 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in illicit use of methamphetamine (METH), a highly addictive psychostimulant, is a huge health care burden due to its central and peripheral toxic effects. Mounting clinical studies have noted that METH use in humans is associated with the development of cardiomyopathy; however, preclinical studies and animal models to dissect detailed molecular mechanisms of METH-associated cardiomyopathy development are scarce. The present study utilized a unique very long-access binge and crash procedure of METH self-administration to characterize the sequelae of pathological alterations that occur with METH-associated cardiomyopathy. Rats were allowed to intravenously self-administer METH for 96 h continuous weekly sessions over 8 weeks. Cardiac function, histochemistry, ultrastructure, and biochemical experiments were performed 24 h after the cessation of drug administration. Voluntary METH self-administration induced pathological cardiac remodeling as indicated by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocyte disarray, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis accompanied by compromised cardiac systolic function. Ultrastructural examination and native gel electrophoresis revealed altered mitochondrial morphology and reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) supercomplexes (SCs) stability and assembly in METH exposed hearts. Redox-sensitive assays revealed significantly attenuated mitochondrial respiratory complex activities with a compensatory increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity reminiscent of metabolic remodeling. Increased autophagy flux and increased mitochondrial antioxidant protein level was observed in METH exposed heart. Treatment with mitoTEMPO reduced the autophagy level indicating the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the adaptive activation of autophagy in METH exposed hearts. Altogether, we have reported a novel METH-associated cardiomyopathy model using voluntary drug seeking behavior. Our studies indicated that METH self-administration profoundly affects mitochondrial ultrastructure, OXPHOS SCs assembly and redox activity accompanied by increased PDH activity that may underlie observed cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chowdhury S Abdullah
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Naznin Sultana Remex
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Richa Aishwarya
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Sadia Nitu
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - James Traylor
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Brandon Hartman
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Judy King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Mohammad Alfrad Nobel Bhuiyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Informatics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nicole Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Kevin Sean Murnane
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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He S, Yao Y, Yang N, Wang Y, Liu D, Cao Z, Chen H, Fu Y, Yang M, Wang S, He G, Zhao Q. Dapagliflozin Protects Methamphetamine-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Alleviating Mitochondrial Damage and Reducing Cardiac Function Decline in a Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925276. [PMID: 35873593 PMCID: PMC9301370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methamphetamine (METH)-induced cardiovascular toxicity has been attributed to its destructive effect on mitochondrial function at least to some extent. Previous studies highlighted the benefits of dapagliflozin (DAPA) on the cardiovascular system, but the response of METH-induced cardiomyopathy to DAPA is never addressed before. The present study aimed to investigate the potential ability of DAPA in preventing METH-induced cardiomyopathy.Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group (n = 24), METH group (n = 24), and METH + DAPA group (n = 24). The METH-induced cardiomyopathy group received intraperitoneal METH injections at gradually increasing doses thrice weekly for 14 weeks. Mice in the METH + DAPA group were simultaneously treated with DAPA 1 mg/kg/day by intragastric administration. Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), JC-1, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed to evaluate oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis, respectively. Mitochondrial and apoptosis-related protein expression was measured by western blotting.Results: Mice exposed to METH exhibited reduced cardiac function (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]: 56.51 ± 6.49 vs. 73.62 ± 1.42, p < 0.01), fibrotic remodeling, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to apoptosis (apoptotic cells%: 7.4 ± 1.3 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.01). DAPA significantly reduced mitochondrial dynamics and function, ROS, apoptosis (apoptotic cells%: 2.4 ± 0.8 vs. 7.4 ± 1.3, p < 0.01), cardiac function decline (LVEF: 70.99 ± 4.936 vs. 56.51 ± 6.49, p < 0.01), and fibrotic remodeling. These results indicated that DAPA could be considered as an effective therapeutic agent in the protection against METH-associated cardiomyopathy.Conclusion: DAPA protects against METH-induced cardiomyopathy in mice by decreasing mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqing He
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Youcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dishiwen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuntao Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songjun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guangjie He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyan Zhao,
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3
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Naseri N, Kalantari Khandani A, Baherimoghadam T, Kalantari Khandani A, Hamedani S, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Safaeian R. The Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oil and Chlorhexidine on Candida Albicans Accumulated on Removable Orthodontic Appliance: A Clinical Trial. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2022; 23:190-197. [PMID: 36380836 PMCID: PMC9652060 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2021.89317.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem Orthodontic removable appliances can facilitate the accumulation of certain microorganisms and microbial plaque on tooth surfaces and appliance components. Since long-term use of chemical agents is not recommended, an alternative option would be medicinal plants for disinfection of the oral cavity. Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) essential oil to decrease the count of candida albicans (C. albicans) accumulated on removal orthodontic appliances. Materials and Method In this 2-arm parallel controlled clinical trial, forty-four patients whose removable orthodontic appliances were contaminated with C. albicans were randomly divided into two groups by electronic random sampling. In the first group, T. vulgaris essential oil spray and in the second group, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) spray was applied to the appliances. Thereafter, the C. albicans colony count was measured at baseline (T0) and at 2 (T1) and 5 (T2) days after the intervention. Microbial samples were collected by a sterile swab from 3 spots on the internal surface of orthodontic appliances. The Friedman test was used for within-group comparisons and the Mann Whitney test was employed to compare the efficacy of T. vulgaris essential oil with CHX. Results The results of this study revealed that continuous use of 2%T. vulgaris essential oil or 0.2% CHX significantly decreased the colony count of C. albicans on removable orthodontic appliances; Howevere, no significant difference was noted in the efficacy of 2% T. vulgaris essential oil and 0.2% CHX in decreasing the C. albicans colony count. Conclusion T. vulgaris essential oil and CHX have favorable antimicrobial activity against C. albicans. Moreover, 2% T. vulgaris essential oil can be considered as an alternative to 0.2% CHX to eliminate fungal contamination of orthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Naseri
- Dept. of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Shiraz Branch, Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Azade Kalantari Khandani
- PhD Student, Dept. of Drug and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahram Hamedani
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Roja Safaeian
- Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Thoi F, Scherer DJ, Kaye DM, Sanders P, Stokes MB. Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: Addressing the Clinical Challenges. Heart Lung Circ 2022; 31:616-622. [PMID: 35153149 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth in methamphetamine usage worldwide continues to present increasing societal and health care challenges. With the escalation of its usage in a variety of social demographics, the entity of methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy (MA-CMP) has emerged. This entity is increasingly responsible for an important proportion of heart failure burden in both admissions to hospital and in those individuals requiring chronic heart failure care. MA-CMP poses some unique challenges including its recognition, particularly in younger patients presenting with new-onset heart failure, its severity at presentation and complications as well as management options. The challenging nature of methamphetamine addiction and the necessity to achieve abstinence is a fundamental aspect of management of this condition. As methamphetamine use continues at high levels in Australia, the burden of MA-CMP will inevitably increase and, therefore, all clinicians responsible for heart failure management require an awareness of this disease entity and the specific clinical challenges of its care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Thoi
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scherer
- Department of Cardiology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M Kaye
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Clinical Research, The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute; Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. https://twitter.com/PrashSanders
| | - Michael B Stokes
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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5
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Chen R, Huang P, Wei S, Zhang C, Lai X, Wang H, Tang J. Methamphetamine exposure increases cardiac microvascular permeability by activating the VEGF-PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway, reversed by Bevacizumab. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221121795. [PMID: 35975811 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit amphetamine-like psychostimulant that is commonly abused. However, the modulation of METH-induced cardiac microvascular permeability is still not completely known. Previously, we discovered that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulated the cardiotoxicity produced by METH. In this work, we looked into the effect of METH exposure on cardiac microvascular permeability via the VEGF-PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway, as well as the efficacy of Bevacizumab treatment in reducing this effect. The findings revealed that METH exposure enhanced cardiac microvascular permeability while also activating the VEGF-PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Furthermore, treatment with Bevacizumab has been shown to be effective in reversing the METH-induced phenomena. Briefly stated, our research may provide fresh insight into the molecular underpinnings of METH-induced cardiac microvascular permeability, and it may also provide evidence for a relationship between METH misuse and Bevacizumab medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, 12453Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Women and Children Medical Research Center, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, 70570Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Songren Wei
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Lai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, 12453Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpin Tang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, 12453Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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6
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Abdullah CS, Aishwarya R, Alam S, Morshed M, Remex NS, Nitu S, Kolluru GK, Traylor J, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Hartman B, King J, Bhuiyan MAN, Chandran S, Woolard MD, Yu X, Goeders NE, Dominic P, Arnold CL, Stokes K, Kevil CG, Orr AW, Bhuiyan MS. Methamphetamine induces cardiomyopathy by Sigmar1 inhibition-dependent impairment of mitochondrial dynamics and function. Commun Biol 2020; 3:682. [PMID: 33203971 PMCID: PMC7673131 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death linked with illicit drug use. Here we show that Sigmar1 is a therapeutic target for methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy and defined the molecular mechanisms using autopsy samples of human hearts, and a mouse model of "binge and crash" methamphetamine administration. Sigmar1 expression is significantly decreased in the hearts of human methamphetamine users and those of "binge and crash" methamphetamine-treated mice. The hearts of methamphetamine users also show signs of cardiomyopathy, including cellular injury, fibrosis, and enlargement of the heart. In addition, mice expose to "binge and crash" methamphetamine develop cardiac hypertrophy, fibrotic remodeling, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to contractile dysfunction. Methamphetamine treatment inhibits Sigmar1, resulting in inactivation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), decreased expression of mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1), and ultimately alteration of mitochondrial dynamics and function. Therefore, Sigmar1 is a viable therapeutic agent for protection against methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chowdhury S Abdullah
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Richa Aishwarya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Shafiul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Mahboob Morshed
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Naznin Sultana Remex
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Sadia Nitu
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - James Traylor
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Brandon Hartman
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Judy King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | | | - Sunitha Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Paari Dominic
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Connie L Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Karen Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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Heart Failure in Vulnerable Populations: The Emerging Evidence of Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-020-00653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Baker S, Castle D. The Cardiac Conduction and Contractility Complications of Methamphetamine Use and the Relationship to Psychiatric Comorbidity: A Systematic Review. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2666082216666200226102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Methamphetamine has the potential to produce more severe short and long
term effects than typical amphetamines due to the drug’s increased purity. The cardiovascular consequences
compromise a large proportion of the drug’s mortality. Previous reviews have not examined
these complications in relation to psychiatric patients who have high rates of substance use and
physical comorbidity.
Methods:
Ovid Medline, Embase, Emcare, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane were systematically
searched in English until November 2017. Data were coded according to study design, sample size,
demographics, medical and psychiatric comorbidity, electrocardiograph abnormalities, echocardiograph
parameters, illness severity, treatment, and outcome on follow up.
Results:
The 11 included studies were predominantly case series conducted in the USA. Males were
more likely to use methamphetamine and be associated with global systolic dysfunction. The mean
age was lower for those with methamphetamine-related cardiovascular complications. QTc interval
prolongation was the most frequent electrocardiograph abnormality. Continued methamphetamine
use was associated with persistently impaired ventricular function, whilst discontinuation led to
remodeling and improved ejection fraction. Only one study referenced psychiatric comorbidity or
dual diagnosis.
Conclusion:
This review describes the range of variables related to methamphetamine associated
arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies. Early detection of methamphetamine use and the subsequent
cardiac complications is important, especially in a psychiatric cohort where physical illness is more
commonly neglected. The monitoring of electrocardiographs in methamphetamine users is also
crucial. Future research is needed to allow for appropriate recommendations in managing the harmful
impacts of methamphetamine use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baker
- Psychiatry Registrar, St. Vincent’s Health, 46 Nicholson Street, Fitzroy, 3065, Australia
| | - David Castle
- Chair of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Health, 46 Nicholson Street, Fitzroy, 3065, Australia
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9
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Reddy PKV, Ng TMH, Oh EE, Moady G, Elkayam U. Clinical Characteristics and Management of Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016704. [PMID: 32468897 PMCID: PMC7428977 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine‐associated cardiomyopathy (MACM) is an increasingly recognized disease entity in the context of a rapidly spreading methamphetamine epidemic. MACM may afflict individuals with a wide range of ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Presentations can vary greatly and may involve several complications unique to the disease. Given the public health significance of this disease, there is a relative dearth of consensus material to guide clinicians in understanding, diagnosing, and managing MACM. This review therefore aims to: (1) describe pathologic mechanisms of methamphetamine as they pertain to the development, progression, and prognosis of MACM, and the potential to recover cardiac function; (2) summarize existing data from epidemiologic studies and case series in an effort to improve recognition and diagnosis of the disease; (3) guide short‐ and long‐term management of MACM with special attention to expected or potential sequelae of the disease; and (4) highlight pivotal unanswered questions in need of urgent investigation from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K V Reddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Tien M H Ng
- School of Pharmacy University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Esther E Oh
- School of Pharmacy University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Gassan Moady
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Uri Elkayam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of methamphetamine (MA) commonly co-occurs with the use of other substances. The present study aims to examine substance initiation patterns of other substances, including alcohol, nicotine, inhalants, and cannabis (OTH), in MA users and its consequence on the time lag of MA dependence. METHODS Sociodemographic, environmental, and clinical data were obtained from MA users at a Thai substance treatment center. The Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism was employed to diagnose drug dependence. RESULTS Of 991 MA users, 52.6% were males, and the average age was 26.8 ± 7.1 years. The mean age of first MA use (18 years) was greater than the mean age of first use of alcohol (17 years), nicotine (16 years), and inhalants (15 years) (P < 0.001), but was comparable with the mean age at the first use of cannabis (P > 0.05). Family history of MA use and nicotine dependence were associated with early MA onset. Participants who used MA as their first drug (MA>OTH) were more likely to be female and less likely to smoke intensely and to be exposed to severe traumatic events than those who used MA later than other substances (OTH>MA). The time lag from age at onset of MA use to MA dependence was shorter in OTH>MA than in MA>OTH (3 vs 5 years; χ = 5.7, P = 0.02, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS A higher proportion of women was observed in MA>OTH than in OTH>MA. The use of other substances before MA increases the individual's vulnerability in shortening the interval between age at onset of MA use and MA dependence in a substance treatment cohort.
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11
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MacGowan GA, Dark JH, Corris PA, Nair AR. Effects of drug abuse, smoking and alcohol on donor hearts and lungs. Transpl Int 2019; 32:1019-1027. [PMID: 31172575 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Potential heart and lung donors with a history of illicit drugs and/or smoking and alcohol are frequently offered, though there is no clear guidance on when it is safe to use these organs. A review of the literature on effects of drugs, alcohol and smoking on donor outcomes, and the effects of these on the intact heart and lung was undertaken. There has been a marked increase in deaths from opioid abuse in many developed countries, though recent evidence suggests that outcomes after cardiothoracic transplantation are equivalent to nonopioid donor causes of death. For donor smoking, there is an increased risk with lung transplantation; however, that risk is less when compared to further waiting on the transplant list for a nonsmoking alternative. Heavy alcohol consumption does not adversely affect heart transplantation, and there is no clear evidence of adverse outcomes after lung transplantation. There are no overall effects of cannabis or cocaine on survival after heart or lung transplantation. In all these cases, careful donor assessment can establish if a particular organ can be used. In most cases, use of drugs requires careful assessment, but is not in of itself a contraindication to cardiothoracic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A MacGowan
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John H Dark
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul A Corris
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Arun R Nair
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Exposure to Amphetamines Leads to Development of Amphetamine Type Stimulants Associated Cardiomyopathy (ATSAC). Cardiovasc Toxicol 2017; 17:13-24. [PMID: 27663745 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With rapidly rising prevalence of exposure to Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS), novel insights into cardiotoxic effects of this substance are being presented in the literature and remarkably ATS Associated Cardiomyopathy (ATSAC) is emerging as a novel cardiovascular condition with its distinctive pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features and prognosis. A comprehensive systematic review was performed to explore and analyze the current evidence on the association between ATS exposure and development of cardiomyopathy, biological mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of ATSAC, risk factors, clinical features and course of patients with ATSAC. Several animal studies, case reports, case series and case-control studies support the association between ATS exposure and ATSAC. Oxidative stress, accelerated apoptosis, increased p53 activity, cardiomyocyte necrosis, perfusion defects, fatty acid toxicity, altered gene expression, abnormal cardiac protein synthesis and function in addition to defects in intracellular calcium hemostasis present themselves as likely mechanisms of cardiotoxicity in ATSAC. Majority of patients with ATSAC were found to be male, young and presented late with severe dilated cardiomyopathy. Female ATS users predominantly develop Takotsubo type of ATSAC and in particular its atypical basal variant. Overall, cessation of ATS exposure seems to be associated with some degree of reversibility and recovery in ATSAC sufferers.
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13
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Histopathological study of cardiac lesions in methamphetamine poisoning-related deaths. Daru 2017. [DOI: doi 10.1186/s40199-017-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Akhgari M, Mobaraki H, Etemadi-Aleagha A. Histopathological study of cardiac lesions in methamphetamine poisoning-related deaths. Daru 2017. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40199-017-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Akhgari M, Mobaraki H, Etemadi-Aleagha A. Histopathological study of cardiac lesions in methamphetamine poisoning-related deaths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 25:5. [PMID: 28212679 PMCID: PMC5316196 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-017-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine abuse is a worldwide health concern. Methamphetamine causes health hazards in many vital organs. It can cause damage to cardiac tissue via catecholamines release. Methamphetamine related deaths are becoming one of the most important problems in Iran. The purpose of the present study was to determine cardiac pathology in methamphetamine poisoning-related deaths. METHODS The study included 100 cases of methamphetamine poisoning-related deaths and 100 cases as control group. Toxicology analysis of liver, gastric content, bile, urine, blood and vitreous humor were conducted to detect drugs, poisons and alcohols using thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and high performance liquid chromatography. Positive toxicology analysis results except for amphetamine and methamphetamine were excluded from the study in order to omit interfering factors. The most striking features of cardiac damage were observed by light microscopy. RESULTS Methamphetamine and amphetamine were detected in either urine or gastric content samples. In all of the cases methamphetamine toxicity was determined to be a direct cause of death by forensic medicine practitioner. Cardiovascular pathology was noted in 68% of studied cases. The most common histopathologic features were myocardial fiber hypertrophy, mild, moderate to severe atherosclerosis and focal degeneration/necrosis. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that cardiotoxicity is one of the major contributing factors in methamphetamine poisoning related deaths. Overall, the current study highlights the fact that cardiotoxic effects of methamphetamine can explain increasing reports of heart failure and consequently death in young abusers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable. Histopathological study of cardiac lesions in methamphetamine poisoning-related deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhgari
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Old Ghom Road, 500 meters after Beheste Zahra, 1816153141, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homeira Mobaraki
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Mansukhani MP, Kolla BP, Park JG. Risks associated with use of stimulant medications in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and cardiomyopathy: a case-control study. Sleep Med 2017; 32:171-175. [PMID: 28366331 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stimulant medications are indicated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who experience sleepiness despite optimal control of sleep-disordered breathing. The safety of stimulant medications in patients with OSA and co-morbid cardiomyopathy is unknown. We performed a case-control study to assess cardiovascular outcomes and mortality risk associated with stimulant use in this group of patients. METHODS A total of 162 subjects with OSA and cardiomyopathy were identified. Subjects who used stimulant medications for ≥1 month were designated as cases. Age-and-sex-matched controls not taking these medications were randomly chosen from the same cohort. Outcomes assessed were mortality, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and pacemaker insertion. RESULTS Twenty-two cases and 44 controls were included in the analyses. Mean age was 62.6 ± 15 years, 72% were male. Median duration of medication use was 27 months (range 1-98). There were four deaths among cases versus eight among controls. Four cases had a pacemaker and six had an ICD inserted, compared to six and eight respectively in the control group. Age (p = 0.01) and positive airway pressure (PAP) compliance (p = 0.01), but not stimulant medication use (p = 1.00) were associated with mortality on univariate analysis. In multiple logistic regression analyses accounting for body mass index, apnea-hypopnea index/respiratory disturbance index, PAP compliance, ejection fraction and duration of follow up, use of stimulant medication was not associated with mortality (p = 0.50), pacemaker (p = 0.20) or ICD (p = 0.90) implantation. CONCLUSIONS Stimulant medications were not associated with elevated risk of mortality, pacemaker or ICD implantation in this case-control study, even after accounting for multiple confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna P Mansukhani
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Bhanu Prakash Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - John G Park
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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17
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Nupr1/Chop signal axis is involved in mitochondrion-related endothelial cell apoptosis induced by methamphetamine. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2161. [PMID: 27031958 PMCID: PMC4823965 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse has been a serious global public health problem for decades. Previous studies have shown that METH causes detrimental effects on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. METH-induced cardiovascular toxicity has been, in part, attributed to its destructive effect on vascular endothelial cells. However, the underlying mechanism of METH-caused endothelium disruption has not been investigated systematically. In this study, we identified a novel pathway involved in endothelial cell apoptosis induced by METH. We demonstrated that exposure to METH caused mitochondrial apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in vitro as well as in rat cardiac endothelial cells in vivo. We found that METH mediated endothelial cell apoptosis through Nupr1–Chop/P53–PUMA/Beclin1 signaling pathway. Specifically, METH exposure increased the expression of Nupr1, Chop, P53 and PUMA. Elevated p53 expression raised up PUMA expression, which initiated mitochondrial apoptosis by downregulating antiapoptotic Bcl-2, followed by upregulation of proapoptotic Bax, resulting in translocation of cytochrome c (cyto c), an apoptogenic factor, from the mitochondria to cytoplasm and activation of caspase-dependent pathways. Interestingly, increased Beclin1, upregulated by Chop, formed a ternary complex with Bcl-2, thereby decreasing the dissociative Bcl-2. As a result, the ratio of dissociative Bcl-2 to Bax was also significantly decreased, which led to translocation of cyto c and initiated more drastic apoptosis. These findings were supported by data showing METH-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by silencing Nupr1, Chop or P53, or by PUMA or Beclin1 knockdown. Based on the present data, a novel mechanistic model of METH-induced endothelial cell toxicity is proposed. Collectively, these results highlight that the Nupr1–Chop/P53–PUMA/Beclin1 pathway is essential for mitochondrion-related METH-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and may be a potential therapeutic target for METH-caused cardiovascular toxicity. Future studies using knockout animal models are warranted to substantiate the present findings.
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Ali M, Afzal M, Verma M, Bhattacharya SM, Ahmad FJ, Samim M, Abidin MZ, Dinda AK. Therapeutic efficacy of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles encapsulated ivermectin (nano-ivermectin) against brugian filariasis in experimental rodent model. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:681-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Ali M, Afzal M, Kaushik U, Bhattacharya SM, Ahmad FJ, Dinda AK. Perceptive solutions to anti-filarial chemotherapy of lymphatic filariasis from the plethora of nanomedical sciences. J Drug Target 2013; 22:1-13. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.832766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Alam Mehrjerdi Z. Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin kerack. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:22. [PMID: 23497450 PMCID: PMC3602043 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, methamphetamine use has dramatically increased in Iran while there is a crucial misunderstanding about the colloquial words related to methamphetamine among health providers, policy makers, clinicians, scholars and people in the community. The word Crystal refers to methamphetamine in some parts of Iran while in some other parts of the country, Crystal refers to a high purity street-level heroin which is called Kerack and its abuse is epidemic. Methamphetamine and heroin Kerack are different drugs in Iran. Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug while heroin Kerack is an opioid. Health providers especially clinicians and emergency medicine specialists should consider colloquial words that Iranian drug users apply. Special training courses should be designed and implemented for clinicians in Iran to inform them about methamphetamine and its frequently used colloquial words in the community. This issue has important clinical and health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Jamali B, Ardakani YH, Rouini MR, Foroumadi A, Amidi S, Aghdam VHZ, Kobarfard F. Determination of the role of calcium on instability of neurotoxic metabolite of ecstasy by HPTLC-mass. Daru 2013; 21:9. [PMID: 23351707 PMCID: PMC3623739 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ecstasy is one of the popular illicit drugs in the world and its usage has been recently increased in Iran. This compound can destroy the serotonergic neurons and produces cognitive and psychopathology diseases. 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) which is the main metabolite of this compound, seems to be responsible for this effect. However, no consensus has been reached among the researchers about its role. This disagreement between the researches may be due to failure in determination of HHMA as free form in physiological fluids. In this study, the stability of this crucial metabolite of ecstasy was examined in different mediums. Methods The stability of HHMA was studied in the perfusion medium and water at 100 and 10 ng/mL concentrations. Moreover, the effect of temperature (0–25°C), pH (3–10), calcium chloride (0–150 g/L) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the stability of HHMA was also examined. Results Our result suggested that the free form of HHMA could be degraded in the perfusion medium. The rate of this degradation has direct proportion to temperature (at 25°C = 0.037 min-1 and at 0°C = 0.002 min-1). Calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate are two responsible components in this instability. Moreover, the alkaline pHs and increasing the shaking time can accelerate this effect. Although, while degradation was prevented at pH=3, EDTA could only reduce this rate about 30%. Conclusions Calcium cation can act as an accelerator of HHMA degradation. Therefore, the perfusion medium should not contain Ca2+ and the pH of medium is better to be adjusted at acidic range. Since, the internal cellular source of calcium is endoplasmic reticulum system, it can be assumed that, this cation may change HHMA and dopamine to reactive compounds that can bind covalently to the cysteinyl group of biological compounds and damage cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Jamali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Mehrpour O. Methamphetamin abuse a new concern in Iran. Daru 2012; 20:73. [PMID: 23351837 PMCID: PMC3556003 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mehrpour
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran.
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