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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Used to Define the Optimum Needle Length in Pigs of Different Ages. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151936. [PMID: 35953925 PMCID: PMC9367419 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular injections result in tissue destruction and alteration. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the optimum injection point for intramuscular injections. As animals—especially pigs—vary in size and explicit information about injection depth is not available. To determine the predicted optimum injection depth, magnetic resonance imaging was used in pigs of different ages and weight groups. In total, 730 magnetic resonance images of 136 pigs were used to calculate the optimum injection depth for intramuscular injections. Four age groups were evaluated: <29 days of age, 29−70 days of age, 71−117 days of age and >170 days of age. For fattening pigs (71−117 days of age), the present study recommends a needle length of 20 mm (range: 40−58 mm). For younger pigs (<70 days of age), a needle length of 12 to 14 mm (range: 10−18 mm), and for older pigs (>170 days of age), a needle length of 30 mm (range: 25−37 mm) is recommended. However, more data are needed. Therefore, further studies are necessary, especially in the youngest (suckling pigs) and oldest (sows) age groups, as these are the groups mainly injected/vaccinated. Additionally, age and weight should be examined in more detail compared to fat distribution in the neck, genetics and the sex of the animal.
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Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Concentrations of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam in Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of pain perception in fish is well established, but analgesic use in aquaculture is limited. The objective was to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of flunixin administered intramuscularly (IM) and meloxicam administered IM or orally (PO) in tilapia. Two hundred and seventy fish were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: flunixin meglumine IM (2.2 mg/kg); meloxicam IM (1 mg/kg); or meloxicam PO (1 mg/kg). Blood and tissue samples were collected from 6 fish per treatment at 14 time points for 10 days. Drug concentrations were determined using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Plasma concentration versus time data were analyzed with a non-compartmental approach using a commercially available software. Flunixin reached a mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of 4826.7 ng/mL at 0.5 h, had a terminal half-life (T1/2) of 7.34 h, and an area under the concentration–time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCINF_obs) of 25,261.62 h·ng/mL. Meloxicam IM had a T1/2 of 9.4 h after reaching a Cmax of 11.3 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUCINF_obs of 150.31 h·ng/mL. Meloxicam PO had a T1/2 of 1.9 h after reaching a Cmax of 72.2 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUCINF_obs of 400.83 h·ng/mL. Tissue concentrations of both drugs were undetectable by 9 h. Flunixin reached a sufficient plasma concentration to potentially have an analgesic effect, while meloxicam, when administered at the given dosage, likely would not.
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Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug use is essential to treat diseases in food-producing animals. The most widely used drugs are antiparasitics and antimicrobials. They contribute to guaranteeing good-quality food in sufficient quantity for human consumption. When using veterinary medicines, it is essential to follow the instructions on the package label. Administering the correct dose by the indicated route in the animal species for which the drug is labeled is critical. After a pharmacological treatment is administered to livestock, a period (indicated on the label) must often elapse before the tissues from the treated animals can be consumed by humans. Veterinary drug residues are controlled by taking food samples to verify that drug concentrations do not exceed the permitted limits. This allows authorities to know if the medicine use is correct or if suitable corrective measures should be taken. When label’s directions are not followed, drug residues may appear in food. The residues exceeding the permitted limits established by the authorities can produce unfavorable consequences, mainly on the consumer’s health. The food trade and even the environment can be affected by drug residues in animal tissues. Therefore, the correct use of drugs in livestock is critical, which includes respecting the rules to avoid residues in food for human consumption. Abstract Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
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Hu SX, Mazur CA, Feenstra KL. Assessment of Inhibition of Bovine Hepatic Cytochrome P450 by 43 Commercial Bovine Medicines Using a Combination of In Vitro Assays and Pharmacokinetic Data from the Literature. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 13:123-131. [PMID: 31750810 DOI: 10.2174/1872312813666191120094649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a lack of information about the inhibition of bovine medicines on bovine hepatic CYP450 at their commercial doses and dosing routes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to assess the inhibition of 43 bovine medicines on bovine hepatic CYP450 using a combination of in vitro assay and Cmax values from pharmacokinetic studies with their commercial doses and dosing routes in the literature. METHODS Those drugs were first evaluated through a single point inhibitory assay at 3 μM in bovine liver microsomes for six specific CYP450 metabolisms, phenacetin o-deethylation, coumarin 7- hydroxylation, tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation, bufuralol 1-hydroxylation, chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation. When the inhibition was greater than 20% in the assay, IC50 values were then determined. The potential in vivo bovine hepatic CYP450 inhibition by those drugs was assessed using a combination of the IC50 values and in vivo Cmax values from pharmacokinetic studies at their commercial doses and administration routes in the literature. RESULTS Fifteen bovine medicines or metabolites showed in vitro inhibition on one or more bovine hepatic CYP450 metabolisms with different IC50 values. Desfuroylceftiour (active metabolite of ceftiofur), nitroxinil and flunixin have the potential to inhibit one of the bovine hepatic CYP450 isoforms in vivo at their commercial doses and administration routes. The rest of the bovine medicines had low risks of in vivo bovine hepatic CYP450 inhibition. CONCLUSION This combination of in vitro assay and in vivo Cmax data provides a good approach to assess the inhibition of bovine medicines on bovine hepatic CYP450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven X Hu
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Inc, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI-49007, United States
| | - Chase A Mazur
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Inc, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI-49007, United States
| | - Kenneth L Feenstra
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Inc, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI-49007, United States
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5
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Word AB, Broadway PR, Burdick Sanchez NC, Hutcheson JP, Ellis GB, Holland BP, Ballou MA, Carroll JA. Acute immunologic and metabolic responses of beef heifers following topical administration of flunixin meglumine at various times relative to bovine herpesvirus 1 and Mannheimia haemolyticachallenges. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:243-253. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Effect of preemptive flunixin meglumine and lidocaine on behavioral and physiological indicators of pain post-band and knife castration in 6-mo-old beef calves. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Reppert EJ, Kleinhenz MD, Montgomery SR, Bornheim HN, Magnin G, Sidhu PK, Zhang Y, Joo H, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and transdermal flunixin meglumine in meat goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:309-317. [PMID: 30802981 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis inhibiting effects of intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) flunixin meglumine in eight adult female Boer goats. A dose of 2.2 mg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) and 3.3 mg/kg administered TD using a cross-over design. Plasma flunixin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Plasma PGE2 concentrations decreased after flunixin meglumine for both routes of administration. Mean λz -HL after IV administration was 6.032 hr (range 4.735-9.244 hr) resulting from a mean Vz of 584.1 ml/kg (range, 357.1-1,092 ml/kg) and plasma clearance of 67.11 ml kg-1 hr-1 (range, 45.57-82.35 ml kg-1 hr-1 ). The mean Cmax , Tmax, and λz -HL for flunixin following TD administration was 0.134 μg/ml (range, 0.050-0.188 μg/ml), 11.41 hr (range, 6.00-36.00 hr), and 43.12 hr (15.98-62.49 hr), respectively. The mean bioavailability for TD flunixin was calculated as 24.76%. The mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80 ) of PGE2 by flunixin meglumine was 0.28 μg/ml (range, 0.08-0.69 μg/ml) and was only achieved with IV formulation of flunixin in this study. The PK results support clinical studies to examine the efficacy of TD flunixin in goats. Determining the systemic effects of flunixin-mediated PGE2 suppression in goats is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Heather N Bornheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Pritam K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Hyun Joo
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Coetzee JF, Kleinhenz MD, Magstadt DR, Cooper VL, Wulf LW, Van Engen NK, Smith JS, Rand N, KuKanich B, Gorden PJ. Pneumatic dart delivery of tulathromycin in calves results in lower antimicrobial concentrations and increased biomarkers of stress and injection site inflammation compared with subcutaneous injection. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3089-3101. [PMID: 29873747 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote drug delivery (RDD) using pneumatic darts has become more prevalent in situations where cattle handling facilities are not available. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of pneumatic dart delivery and subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin on plasma pharmacokinetics and biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and muscle injury in calves. Twenty-three castrated-male Holstein calves, approximately 10 mo of age with an average weight of 378 ± 6.49 kg, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Calves in the RDD group (n = 15) received 10 mL of tulathromycin (2.42 to 2.93 mg/kg) delivered into the left neck using a Type U 10.0 mL 1.9-cm 14 G Needle pneumatic dart administered with a breech loading projector. With the exception of 1 light weight calf that received 7 mL (2.53 mg/kg), calves in the injection group (INJ) (n = 8) also received 10 mL of tulathromycin (2.34 to 2.68 mg/kg) administered as a single subcutaneous injection in the left neck using a 14 G, 1.9-cm needle and a 12-mL syringe. Serum tulathromycin, cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations were determined in combination with other biomarkers of inflammation including mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), infrared thermography (IRT), and swelling at the injection site over 432 h after administration. Pneumatic darts failed to deliver the required dose of tulathromycin in 4 of 15 calves evidenced by heavier dart weights post-administration (24 vs. 13.5 g). When these 4 calves were removed from the analysis, calves in the RDD group were found to have a smaller area under the tulathromycin concentration curve (AUC) (P = 0.005) and faster clearance (P = 0.025) compared with the INJ group. Furthermore, the RDD group recorded a greater difference in MNT between the treated and contralateral neck compared with the INJ group at 12 h (P = 0.016), 216 h (P = 0.024), and 288 h (P = 0.0494) after administration. Serum CK was elevated at 24 h (P = 0.03) and AST was greater at 24 h (P = 0.024) and 48 h (P = 0.037) after RDD. Serum cortisol concentrations were also greater at 0.5 h (P = 0.02) after RDD. These findings suggest that RDD is associated with reduced total body exposure to tulathromycin and increased acute stress, muscle damage, and pain at the injection site. Furthermore, the failure of darts to consistently deliver antimicrobial therapy has a negative impact on the welfare of sick animals treated with RDD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Nicholas K Van Engen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joseph S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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9
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Gladden N, McKeegan D, Viora L, Ellis KA. Postpartum ketoprofen treatment does not alter stress biomarkers in cows and calves experiencing assisted and unassisted parturition: a randomised controlled trial. Vet Rec 2018; 183:414. [PMID: 29960984 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dystocia is considered painful and stressful for both the dam and the calf, although systematic evidence of this is limited. Few studies have investigated biochemical markers of stress and pain postpartum and whether any adverse effects are ameliorated by administration of analgesia. In this study, cow-calf pairs experiencing both mild to moderate farmer assistance and no assistance at parturition were randomly assigned to either treatment or placebo group in a two-by-two design (animals subject to veterinary intervention were excluded). The treatments were the NSAID ketoprofen or saline, administered within three hours of parturition. Blood samples taken in the immediate postpartum period, and at 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days after parturition, were analysed for plasma concentrations of creatine kinase and cortisol (cows and calves) and plasma L-lactate and total protein concentration (calves). Stress biomarkers were highest in the immediate postpartum period and declined over time (P<0.05). Cow plasma cortisol was higher in animals experiencing assisted parturition in the immediate postpartum period (P=0.023); by 24 hours no difference was evident. Intervention with NSAID analgesia did not result in beneficial changes in stress biomarkers. Based on biomarkers alone, this suggests limited benefits of NSAID treatment in unassisted or mild to moderately assisted parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gladden
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dorothy McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn Amanda Ellis
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Ji J, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on pain biomarkers at dehorning in calves. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:1993-2000. [PMID: 28726995 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic properties of transdermal flunixin meglumine when given at the time of dehorning on pain biomarkers. Twenty-four weaned male Holstein calves, 6 to 8 wk of age were enrolled into the study. The calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) transdermal flunixin and dehorn (DH-FLU); 2) transdermal flunixin and sham dehorn (SHAM-FLU); and 3) placebo and dehorn (DH-PLBO). Transdermal flunixin at a label dose of 3.33 mg/kg (or placebo at an equivalent volume) was administered as a pour-on along the top-line of the calves in each treatment group concurrently with electrocautery dehorning or sham dehorning. Biomarker parameters collected and analyzed included: infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociception threshold (MNT), plasma cortisol, and substance P (SP). There were no differences in maximal temperatures detected for the IRT measurements of the medial canthus of the eye for the DH groups. Mean control point MNT measurements at 48 h were 3.14 kgF, 3.46 kgF, and 1.43 kgF for the DH-FLU, Sham-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). No other differences of MNT were detected between the dehorned groups for the other test sites and time points. Plasma cortisol reached peak concentration at 20 min postdehorning for the DH-FLU and DH-PLBO groups and 10 min for SHAM-FLU group. Peak plasma cortisol concentrations were 32.0 ng/mL, 12.7 ng/mL, and 28.8 ng/mL for the DH-FLU, SHAM-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively. Cortisol concentrations were lower for the DH-FLU group at 90 min postdehorning compared to the SHAM-FLU and DH-PLBO groups ( = 0.04). Area under the effect curve (AUEC) were similar for all groups ( = 0.93). No statistical differences in SP concentrations between groups were detected for any of the time points. In conclusion, transdermal flunixin meglumine given at the time of dehorning did not provide substantial analgesia based on the pain biomarkers investigated. Further investigation into its role as part of a multimodal analgesic plan is warranted.
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Peek SF, Mcguirk SM, Sweeney RW, Cummings KJ. Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. REBHUN'S DISEASES OF DAIRY CATTLE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152230 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39055-2.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Sidhu PK, Gehring R, Mzyk DA, Marmulak T, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE. Avoiding violative flunixin meglumine residues in cattle and swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:182-189. [PMID: 28058945 DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, KuKanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:612-615. [PMID: 27121728 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous (IV) flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. Eight male Holsteins calves, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were administered flunixin at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg intravenously. Following a 10-day washout period, calves were dosed with flunixin at 3.33 mg/kg topically (transdermal). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 48 h for the intravenous portions and 0 to 72 h following topical dosing. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using noncompartmental methods. The mean bioavailability of topical flunixin was calculated to be 48%. The mean AUC for flunixin was determined to be 13.9 h × ug/mL for IV administration and 10.1 h × ug/mL for topical administration. The mean half-life for topical flunixin was 6.42 h and 4.99 h for the intravenous route. The Cmax following topical application of flunixin was 1.17 μg/mL. The time to maximum concentration was 2.14 h. Mean residence time (MRT) following IV injection was 4.38 h and 8.36 h after topical administration. In conclusion, flunixin when administered as a topical preparation is rapidly absorbed and has longer half-life compared to IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - N K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S M Rajewski
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P Walsh
- Orchard Veterinary Centre, Armagh, UK
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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14
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Viitasaari E, Raekallio M, Valros A, Peltoniemi O, Hänninen L, Heinonen M. The effect of ketoprofen on feeding behavior of tail-bitten pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40813-015-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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15
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Martineau R, Proulx JG, Côrtes C, Brito AF, Duffield TF. Two-Stage Rumen Cannulation Technique in Dairy Cows. Vet Surg 2015; 44:551-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Martineau
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Sherbrooke Qu é bec Canada
| | | | - Cristiano Côrtes
- Département de Productions Animales; Unité de Recherche Syst; è; mes d'; É; levage; École Supérieure d'Agriculture d'Angers Angers France
| | - Andre F. Brito
- University of New Hampshire; Department of Biological Sciences; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Todd F. Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
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16
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17
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Viitasaari E, Hänninen L, Heinonen M, Raekallio M, Orro T, Peltoniemi O, Valros A. Effects of post-partum administration of ketoprofen on sow health and piglet growth. Vet J 2013; 198:153-7. [PMID: 23871265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen on the post farrowing phase of sows was studied in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Ketoprofen (3mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to 20 healthy sows for 3 days post-partum (p.p.). The control group (n=20) received a saline placebo. Backfat, number of days of constipation and days before feed refusal were measured. Body condition (BCS) and shoulder sores were scored for 1 week p.p. Changes in BCS, backfat and shoulder sore scores were analysed with ANOVA. Blood was collected on days -1, 0, 5 and 14 with respect to medication. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine kinase (CK), haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) were quantified and analysed with a Mann-Whitney U test. BCS and backfat decreased less following ketoprofen administration than with the placebo (-0.08 ± 0.2 vs. -0.8 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.8mm vs. -2.0 ± 0.9 mm, respectively; P<0.05 for both) during the first 2 weeks of lactation. The shoulder sore score deterioration was milder during days 4-6 p.p. with ketoprofen than placebo (P<0.05). Duration of constipation was shorter with ketoprofen than placebo (5.5 ± 0.3 vs. 6.4 ± 0.3 days p.p.; P<0.05). Incidences of feed refusal occurred later in the ketoprofen group than in the placebos (9.6 ± 0.9 vs. 3.8 ± 0.8 days p.p.; P<0.05). AST and SAA values were higher after ketoprofen administration than placebo on day 5 p.p. (P<0.05). It was concluded that ketoprofen appeared to benefit sows during the first 2 weeks post farrowing, but caused some tissue irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Viitasaari
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, P.O. Box 57, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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Smith G. Extralabel Use of Anesthetic and Analgesic Compounds in Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 29:29-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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19
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Kissell LW, Smith GW, Leavens TL, Baynes RE, Wu H, Riviere JE. Plasma pharmacokinetics and milk residues of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin following different routes of administration in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:7151-7. [PMID: 23040013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if the plasma pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin (FLU) and 5-hydroxy flunixin (5OH) differ following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of FLU compared with intravenous injection. Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized crossover design study. Cows were organized into 2 groups based on milk production (<20 or >30 kg of milk/d). All cattle were administered 2 doses of 1.1mg of FLU/kg at 12-h intervals by intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. The washout period between routes of administration was 7d. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein before FLU administration and at various time points up to 36 h after the first dose of FLU. Composite milk samples were collected before FLU administration and twice daily for 5d after the first dose of FLU. Samples were analyzed by ultra-HPLC with mass spectrometric detection. For FLU plasma samples, a difference in terminal half-life was observed among routes of administration. Harmonic mean terminal half-lives for FLU were 3.42, 4.48, and 5.39 h for intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection, respectively. The mean bioavailability following intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing was 84.5 and 104.2%, respectively. The decrease in 5OH milk concentration versus time after last dose was analyzed with the nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach and indicated that both the route of administration and rate of milk production were significant covariates. The number of milk samples greater than the tolerance limit for each route of administration was also compared at each time point for statistical significance. Forty-eight hours after the first dose, 5OH milk concentrations were undetectable in all intravenously injected cows; however, one intramuscularly injected and one subcutaneously injected cow had measurable concentrations. These cows had 5OH concentrations above the tolerance limit at the 36-h withdrawal time. The high number of FLU residues identified in cull dairy cows by the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service is likely related to administration of the drug by an unapproved route. Cattle that received FLU by the approved (intravenous) route consistently eliminated the drug before the approved withdrawal times; however, residues can persist beyond these approved times following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration. Cows producing less than 20 kg of milk/d had altered FLU milk clearance, which may also contribute to violative FLU residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Kissell
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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20
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Fajt VR, Wagner SA, Pederson LL, Norby B. The effect of intramuscular injection of dinoprost or gonadotropin-releasing hormone in dairy cows on beef quality1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1939-43. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Mustonen K, Ala-Kurikka E, Orro T, Peltoniemi O, Raekallio M, Vainio O, Heinonen M. Oral ketoprofen is effective in the treatment of non-infectious lameness in sows. Vet J 2010; 190:55-9. [PMID: 21035362 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of ketoprofen in the treatment of non-infectious lameness in sows was examined in a double-blinded study. Two dose rates of oral ketoprofen were compared to placebo treatment over five consecutive days. Lameness was assessed with a five-grade scoring system prior to and on the last day of the treatment. The rate of treatment success was 54.3% for the ketoprofen 4mg/kg group (n=46), 53.2% for the ketoprofen 2mg/kg group (n=47) and 20.8% for the pigs in the placebo group (n=48). The difference between both ketoprofen groups and the placebo group was significant (P=0.001), but there was no difference between the two ketoprofen groups (P=0.78). Oral ketoprofen was well tolerated and no adverse events were observed. As lameness is a very common problem in sows, oral ketoprofen appeared to be a practical way to alleviate pain and improve the welfare of sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Mustonen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Musser JMB. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin in chickens after oral and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:312-4. [PMID: 20557449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M B Musser
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
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Metwally SAM, Abdel Moneim MI, Elossely YA, Awad RI, Abou-Hadeed K. Synthesis and crystal structure of some 3,5-pyrazolidinediones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-010-0527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smith GW, Davis JL, Tell LA, Webb AI, Riviere JE. Extralabel use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:697-701. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.5.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Gehring R, Baynes RE, Riviere JE. Application of risk assessment and management principles to the extralabel use of drugs in food-producing animals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:5-14. [PMID: 16420296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A risk assessment of the food safety implications of drugs used in food-producing animals is an essential component of the regulatory approval process for products containing these drugs. This ensures that there is negligible risk to human health if these drugs are used according to the instructions that appear on the approved label. A relative paucity of approved products for veterinary species; however, forces veterinarians worldwide to use drugs in an extralabel manner to treat disease and alleviate suffering in animals. In food-producing animals, this may result in residues that are potentially harmful to the human consumer. This review describes how risk assessment principles can be extended to evaluate the risks posed by different classes of extralabel drug use. Risk management practices in the United States and Europe are summarized and contrasted to illustrate the application of these principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gehring
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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KuKanich B, Gehring R, Webb AI, Craigmill AL, Riviere JE. Effect of formulation and route of administration on tissue residues and withdrawal times. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1574-7. [PMID: 16313034 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Department of Biomedical Sciences, NC 27606, USA
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Ferré PJ, Concordet D, Laroute V, Chanoit GP, Ferré JP, Manesse M, Lefebvre HP. Comparison of ultrasonography and pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase release for quantitative assessment of postinjection muscle damage in sheep. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1698-705. [PMID: 11703010 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate and validate noninvasive methods for the quantitative evaluation of postinjection muscle damage. ANIMALS 5 adult sheep. PROCEDURES Muscle lesions were induced twice in the lumbar region of the longissimus dorsi muscles (2 sides) by IM administration of a 20% formulation of long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg of body weight). Clinical signs and local cutaneous temperature above the injection site were recorded. Muscle lesions were quantitatively evaluated by ultrasonography and by use of pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma creatine kinase activity, and both were compared with a comprehensive planimetric computer-assisted analysis of the injection sites after euthanasia. RESULTS Transient cutaneous hypothermia (temperature change, -3.9+/-0.62 C) and subsequent persistent hyperthermia (3.1+/-1.35 C) were observed after the administrations. Despite coefficient of variation < 10% for precision of ultrasonographic measurement of normal muscle, measurements of the lesions, with coefficient of variation > 60% for precision, were systematically underestimated. Quantitative evaluation of muscle damage by use of pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase (12.1+/-4.96 g) was in agreement with results of macroscopic planimetric evaluation (10.8+/-3.64 g). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonography cannot be used for quantitative assessment of postinjection muscle damage. Pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase provides an accurate quantitative evaluation of macroscopic muscle damage after IM administration of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Ferré
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 181, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Physiopathologie Toxicologie Expérimentales, National Veterinary School, Toulouse, France
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