Extended drotrecogin alfa (activated) therapy in patients with persistent requirement for vasopressor support after 96-hour infusion with commercial drotrecogin alfa (activated)

Incidence of cardiac arrests and unexpected deaths in surgical patients before and after implementation of a rapid response system

BACKGROUND

Rapid response systems (RRSs) are considered an important tool for improving patient safety. We studied the effect of an RRS on the incidence of cardiac arrests and unexpected deaths.

METHODS

Retrospective before- after study in a university medical centre. We included 1376 surgical patients before (period 1) and 2410 patients after introduction of the RRS (period 2). Outcome measures were corrected for the baseline covariates age, gender and ASA.

RESULTS

The number of patients who experienced a cardiac arrest and/or who died unexpectedly decreased non significantly from 0.50% (7/1376) in period 1 to 0.25% (6/2410) in period 2 (odds ratio (OR) 0.43, CI 0.14-1.30). The individual number of cardiac arrests decreased non-significantly from 0.29% (4/1367) to 0.12% (3/2410) (OR 0.38, CI 0.09-1.73) and the number of unexpected deaths decreased non-significantly from 0.36% (5/1376) to 0.17% (4/2410) (OR 0.42, CI 0.11-1.59). In contrast, the number of unplanned ICU admissions increased from 2.47% (34/1376) in period 1 to 4.15% (100/2400) in period 2 (OR 1.66, CI 1.07-2.55). Median APACHE ll score at unplanned ICU admissions was 16 in period 1 versus 16 in period 2 (NS). Adherence to RRS procedures. Observed abnormal early warning scores ≤72 h preceding a cardiac arrest, unexpected death or an unplanned ICU admission increased from 65% (24/37 events) in period 1 to 91% (91/101 events) in period 2 (p < 0.001). Related ward physician interventions increased from 38% (9/24 events) to 89% (81/91 events) (p < 0.001). In period 2, ward physicians activated the medical emergency team in 65% of the events (59/91), although in 16% (15/91 events) activation was delayed for one or two days. The overall medical emergency team dose was 56/1000 admissions.

CONCLUSIONS

Introduction of an RRS resulted in a 50% reduction in cardiac arrest rates and/or unexpected death. However, this decrease was not statistically significant partly due to the low base-line incidence. Moreover, delayed activation due to the two-tiered medical emergency team activation procedure and suboptimal adherence of the ward staff to the RRS procedures may have further abated the positive results.

Extended drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in patients with prolonged septic shock

OBJECTIVE

To determine the efficacy and safety of extended drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DAA) therapy.

DESIGN

Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

SETTING

Sixty-four intensive care units in nine countries.

PATIENTS

Adults with severe sepsis and vasopressor-dependent hypotension after a 96-h infusion of standard DAA.

INTERVENTIONS

A total of 193 patients received an intravenous infusion of extended DAA 24 microg/kg/h or sodium chloride placebo for a maximum of 72 h.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS

At extended therapy initiation (baseline), DAA-group patients had lower protein C levels (P = 0.23) and higher vasopressor requirements, particularly for the primary vasopressor used, norepinephrine (P = 0.03), compared with placebo-group patients. DAA treatment did not result in a difference in the primary outcome of time to resolution of vasopressor-dependent hypotension versus placebo (P = 0.419). However, few patients reached resolution (DAA 34%, placebo 40%) as most continued to require vasopressor support after 72 additional hours of treatment. Treatment did not reduce 28-day all-cause mortality and in-hospital mortality or improve organ function compared with placebo, although there was a lower percentage change in D-dimers (P < 0.001) and increases in protein C levels were numerically greater on extended infusion. There was no difference in serious adverse events including bleeding events.

CONCLUSIONS

Extended DAA treatment did not result in more rapid resolution of vasopressor-dependent hypotension, despite demonstrating anticipated biological effects on D-dimer and protein C levels. A reduced planned sample size combined with baseline imbalances in protein C levels and vasopressor requirements may have limited the ability to demonstrate a clinical benefit.