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Miakonkikh A, Kuzmenko V. Formation of Black Silicon in a Process of Plasma Etching with Passivation in a SF 6/O 2 Gas Mixture. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:945. [PMID: 38869570 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This article discusses a method for forming black silicon using plasma etching at a sample temperature range from -20 °C to +20 °C in a mixture of oxygen and sulfur hexafluoride. The surface morphology of the resulting structures, the autocorrelation function of surface features, and reflectivity were studied depending on the process parameters-the composition of the plasma mixture, temperature and other discharge parameters (radical concentrations). The relationship between these parameters and the concentrations of oxygen and fluorine radicals in plasma is shown. A novel approach has been studied to reduce the reflectance using conformal bilayer dielectric coatings deposited by atomic layer deposition. The reflectivity of the resulting black silicon was studied in a wide spectral range from 400 to 900 nm. As a result of the research, technologies for creating black silicon on silicon wafers with a diameter of 200 mm have been proposed, and the structure formation process takes no more than 5 min. The resulting structures are an example of the self-formation of nanostructures due to anisotropic etching in a gas discharge plasma. This material has high mechanical, chemical and thermal stability and can be used as an antireflective coating, in structures requiring a developed surface-photovoltaics, supercapacitors, catalysts, and antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Miakonkikh
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology of RAS, Nakhimovsky av. 34, 117218 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Kuzmenko
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology of RAS, Nakhimovsky av. 34, 117218 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Zhou C, Mei Q, Huang L, Mao T, Li S, Wang Z, Wan H, Gu H, Han K. Flexible Janus Black Silicon Photothermal Conversion Membranes for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26153-26166. [PMID: 38718343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal conversion materials are critical in the development of solar-driven interfacial evaporation techniques; however, achieving a high energy conversion efficiency remains challenging owing to the high cost and instability of light-absorbing materials, in addition to the difficulties of simultaneously improving light absorption while suppressing heat loss. A black silicon (Si) powder with a porous structure was prepared by chemical etching of a low-cost commercial micron-sized Al-Si alloy, and a flexible Janus black Si photothermal conversion membrane was constructed. The partially broken spherical particles and porous structure obtained after etching enhanced the refraction of light from the Si powder, imparting the prepared membrane with an average light absorption rate of 95.95% over the solar spectrum. Evaporation from the membrane increased the intermediate water content and reduced the equivalent evaporation enthalpy. The thermal conduction loss was inhibited through a one-dimensional water transport structure, and the membrane achieved a water evaporation rate of 2.17 kg m-2 h-1 and a photothermal efficiency of 94.95% under 1 sun illumination. Benefiting from the broadband absorption and high photothermal efficiency of black Si powder, surface modification of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane, and directional salt-out structure design, the evaporation rate of the Janus black Si membrane-based system in a 10% NaCl solution was maintained >2.10 kg m-2 h-1 after 7 days of continuous evaporation cycles. The removal rate of metal ions from simulated seawater and from practical wastewater containing complex heavy metals reached >99.9%, indicating the promising potential of black Si membrane for application in solar-driven interfacial water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Limingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhian Wang
- China CEC Engineering Corporation, Changsha 410116, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wan
- China CEC Engineering Corporation, Changsha 410116, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Kai Han
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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3
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Wang X, Du W, Lun Y, Zhao B, Zhao X. Sub-bandgap photo-response of black silicon fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation under water. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:18415-18429. [PMID: 38858997 DOI: 10.1364/oe.522725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Here we propose a method to fabricate black Si without the need for any chalcogenide doping, accomplished by femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation in a liquid environment, aiming to fabricate the infrared detector and investigating their optoelectronic performance. Multi-scale laser-induced periodical surface structures (LIPSSs), containing micron sized grooves decorated with low spatial frequency ripples on the surface, can be clearly observed by SEM and 3D confocal microscope. The generated black Si demonstrates superior absorption capabilities across a broad wavelength range of 200-2500 nm, achieving an average absorptance of up to 71%. This represents a notable enhancement in comparison to untreated Si, which exhibits an average absorption rate of no more than 20% across the entire detectable spectrum. A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) type photodetector was fabricated based on this black Si, demonstrating remarkable optoelectronic properties, specifically, it attains a responsivity of 50.2 mA/W@10 V and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.02% at a wavelength of 1550 nm, significantly outperforming the unprocessed Si by more than five orders of magnitude. The great enhancement in infrared absorption as well as the optoelectronic performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the multi-scale LIPSSs and the generated intermediate energy levels. On one hand, the multi-scale structures contribute to an anti-reflection and light trapping property; on the other hand, the defects levels generated through fs laser ablation process under water may narrow the band gap of the Si. The results therefore underscore the remarkable potential of black Si processed by fs laser under water for the application of photodetection, especially in the near-infrared band.
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Wang X, Du W, Jj Nivas J, Zhao B, Zhao X, Amoruso S. Direct Fabrication of Te-Doped Black Si with an Enhanced Photoelectric Performance by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation under Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2921-2931. [PMID: 38172042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Tellurium (Te)-doped black silicon (Si) with enhanced absorption and photoelectric performance over a broad wavelength range of 0.2-2.5 μm was obtained using femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation in liquid water. Prior to laser irradiation, the Si sample was covered with a Te thin film (thickness 200 nm) over an adhesion layer of Cr (thickness 5 nm). Surface analyses by scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional confocal microscopy evidence the presence of hierarchical surface structures combining quasi-periodic stripes with a spatial period of about 5 μm and subwavelength laser-induced periodic surface structures directed in directions parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the laser polarization, respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of Te generates intermediate levels within the Si bandgap. The Te-doped black Si shows a significant enhancement of the absorption, which reaches values of about 48% in the UV and visible (0.2-1.1 μm) and 70% in the near-infrared (1.1-2.5 μm) spectral ranges, respectively, due to the synergistic effects of multiscale surface structures and Te incorporation. Moreover, the surface reflectance is reduced to almost zero across the entire spectrum. The Te-doped black Si sample is used to realize a photodetector which displays an impressive photoelectric capability, being characterized by a responsivity of 328 mA/W, and an external quantum efficiency of 49.27% at a voltage bias of -10 V for 1064 nm light illumination, with rising and falling times of 55 and 67 ms, respectively. These figures remarkably outperform the response of unprocessed Si under the same experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenhan Du
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jijil Jj Nivas
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini and CNR-SPIN, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaona Zhao
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Salvatore Amoruso
- Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini and CNR-SPIN, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli I-80126, Italy
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5
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Gorshkov VN, Stretovych MO, Semeniuk VF, Kruglenko MP, Semeniuk NI, Styopkin VI, Gabovich AM, Boiger GK. Hierarchical Structuring of Black Silicon Wafers by Ion-Flow-Stimulated Roughening Transition: Fundamentals and Applications for Photovoltaics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2715. [PMID: 37836356 PMCID: PMC10574651 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion-flow-stimulated roughening transition is a phenomenon that may prove useful in the hierarchical structuring of nanostructures. In this work, we have investigated theoretically and experimentally the surface texturing of single-crystal and multi-crystalline silicon wafers irradiated using ion-beam flows. In contrast to previous studies, ions had relatively low energies, whereas flow densities were high enough to induce a quasi-liquid state in the upper silicon layers. The resulting surface modifications reduced the wafer light reflectance to values characteristic of black silicon, widely used in solar energetics. Features of nanostructures on different faces of silicon single crystals were studied numerically based on the mesoscopic Monte Carlo model. We established that the formation of nano-pyramids, ridges, and twisting dune-like structures is due to the stimulated roughening transition effect. The aforementioned variety of modified surface morphologies arises due to the fact that the effects of stimulated surface diffusion of atoms and re-deposition of free atoms on the wafer surface from the near-surface region are manifested to different degrees on different Si faces. It is these two factors that determine the selection of the allowable "trajectories" (evolution paths) of the thermodynamic system along which its Helmholtz free energy, F, decreases, concomitant with an increase in the surface area of the wafer and the corresponding changes in its internal energy, U (dU>0), and entropy, S (dS>0), so that dF=dU - TdS<0, where T is the absolute temperature. The basic theoretical concepts developed were confirmed in experimental studies, the results of which showed that our method could produce, abundantly, black silicon wafers in an environmentally friendly manner compared to traditional chemical etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav N. Gorshkov
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine, Prospect Beresteiskyi, 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 36 Academician Vernadsky Boulevard, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Mykola O. Stretovych
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine, Prospect Beresteiskyi, 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Valerii F. Semeniuk
- Institute of Physics of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Nauka Avenue, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.F.S.); (M.P.K.); (V.I.S.); (A.M.G.)
- GreSem Innovation LLC, Vyzvolyteliv Avenue, 13, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Mikhail P. Kruglenko
- Institute of Physics of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Nauka Avenue, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.F.S.); (M.P.K.); (V.I.S.); (A.M.G.)
- GreSem Innovation LLC, Vyzvolyteliv Avenue, 13, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | | | - Victor I. Styopkin
- Institute of Physics of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Nauka Avenue, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.F.S.); (M.P.K.); (V.I.S.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Alexander M. Gabovich
- Institute of Physics of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Nauka Avenue, 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.F.S.); (M.P.K.); (V.I.S.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Gernot K. Boiger
- ICP Institute of Computational Physics, ZHAW Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wildbachstrasse 21, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
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6
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Kovalev M, Podlesnykh I, Nastulyavichus A, Stsepuro N, Mushkarina I, Platonov P, Terukov E, Abolmasov S, Dunaev A, Akhmatkhanov A, Shur V, Kudryashov S. Efficient Broadband Light-Trapping Structures on Thin-Film Silicon Fabricated by Laser, Chemical and Hybrid Chemical/Laser Treatments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16062350. [PMID: 36984230 PMCID: PMC10056786 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-trapping structures formed on surfaces of various materials have attracted much attention in recent years due to their important role in many applications of science and technology. This article discusses various methods for manufacturing light-trapping "black" silicon, namely laser, chemical and hybrid chemical/laser ones. In addition to the widely explored laser texturing and chemical etching methods, we develop a hybrid chemical/laser texturing method, consisting in laser post-texturing of pyramidal structures obtained after chemical etching. After laser treatments the surface morphology was represented by a chaotic relief of microcones, while after chemical treatment it acquired a chaotic pyramidal relief. Moreover, laser texturing of preliminarily chemically microtextured silicon wafers is shown to take five-fold less time compared to bare flat silicon. In this case, the chemically/laser-treated samples exhibit average total reflectance in the spectral range of 250-1100 nm lower by 7-10% than after the purely chemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kovalev
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Podlesnykh
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laser and Optoelectronic Systems Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Pavel Platonov
- Laser and Optoelectronic Systems Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Terukov
- Department of Electronics, St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, ul. Professora Popova 5, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Abolmasov
- R&D Center of Thin Film Technologies in Energetics, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Dunaev
- All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, 119361 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Akhmatkhanov
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Shur
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Kudryashov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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7
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Golubewa L, Rehman H, Padrez Y, Basharin A, Sumit S, Timoshchenko I, Karpicz R, Svirko Y, Kuzhir P. Black Silicon: Breaking through the Everlasting Cost vs. Effectivity Trade-Off for SERS Substrates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1948. [PMID: 36903063 PMCID: PMC10004710 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Black silicon (bSi) is a highly absorptive material in the UV-vis and NIR spectral range. Photon trapping ability makes noble metal plated bSi attractive for fabrication of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. By using a cost-effective room temperature reactive ion etching method, we designed and fabricated the bSi surface profile, which provides the maximum Raman signal enhancement under NIR excitation when a nanometrically-thin gold layer is deposited. The proposed bSi substrates are reliable, uniform, low cost and effective for SERS-based detection of analytes, making these materials essential for medicine, forensics and environmental monitoring. Numerical simulation revealed that painting bSi with a defected gold layer resulted in an increase in the plasmonic hot spots, and a substantial increase in the absorption cross-section in the NIR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Golubewa
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hamza Rehman
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Yaraslau Padrez
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexey Basharin
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sumit Sumit
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Igor Timoshchenko
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Karpicz
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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8
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Wen Z, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Li J, Shi H, Li M, Hou Y, Xue M, Zhang Z. Large-Scale Wideband Light-Trapping Black Silicon Textured by Laser Inducing Assisted with Laser Cleaning in Ambient Air. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1772. [PMID: 35630993 PMCID: PMC9142894 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Black silicon, which is an attractive material due to its optical properties, is prepared mainly by laser inducing in an SF6 atmosphere. Considering the effect of SF6 gas on the environment and human health, here we propose an efficient, economical, and green approach to process large-scale black silicon. In the wavelength range of 0.3-2.5 µm, the role of air could replace SF6 gas to texture black silicon by laser inducing with appropriate processing parameters. Then, to extend the working window of its excellent light-trapping status, laser-plasma shockwave cleaning was introduced to eliminate the deposition and improve the structures and morphology. The results revealed that the micro-nano structures became higher, denser, and more uniform with increasing cleaning times and deteriorating cleaning velocity, which compensated for the role of S atoms from the ambient SF6. Moreover, absorptance above 85% in the wavelength range of 0.3-15 µm was realized using our method. The effect of scanning pitch between adjacent rows on large-scale black silicon was also discussed. Our method realized the ultrahigh absorptance of large-scale black silicon fabricated in air from visible to mid-infrared, which is of significance in the field of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Wen
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
| | - Jiafa Li
- Focal Plane Division, The 11th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Corporation, Beijing 100846, China;
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
| | - Man Li
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
| | - Yu Hou
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
| | - Mei Xue
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
| | - Zichen Zhang
- Microelectronics Instruments and Equipment R & D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.W.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (M.X.)
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9
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Prochukhan N, O'Brien SA, Davó-Quiñonero A, Trubetskaya A, Cotter E, Selkirk A, Senthamaraikannan R, Ruether M, McCloskey D, Morris MA. Room Temperature Fabrication of Macroporous Lignin Membranes for the Scalable Production of Black Silicon. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2512-2521. [PMID: 35506692 PMCID: PMC9198978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Rising global demand
for biodegradable materials and green sources
of energy has brought attention to lignin. Herein, we report a method
for manufacturing standalone lignin membranes without additives for
the first time to date. We demonstrate a scalable method for macroporous
(∼100 to 200 nm pores) lignin membrane production using four
different organosolv lignin materials under a humid environment (>50%
relative humidity) at ambient temperatures (∼20 °C). A
range of different thicknesses is reported with densely porous films
observed to form if the membrane thickness is below 100 nm. The fabricated
membranes were readily used as a template for Ni2+ incorporation
to produce a nickel oxide membrane after UV/ozone treatment. The resultant
mask was etched via an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etch
process, forming a silicon membrane and as a result yielding black
silicon (BSi) with a pore depth of >1 μm after 3 min with
reflectance
<3% in the visible light region. We anticipate that our lignin
membrane methodology can be readily applied to various processes ranging
from catalysis to sensing and adapted to large-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Prochukhan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephen A O'Brien
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Arantxa Davó-Quiñonero
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anna Trubetskaya
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Eoin Cotter
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Selkirk
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ramsankar Senthamaraikannan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Manuel Ruether
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David McCloskey
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael A Morris
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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10
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Gorshkov VN, Tereshchuk VV, Bereznykov OV, Boiger GK, Fallah AS. Dynamics of Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures under Roughening Transition Stimulated by External Irradiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1411. [PMID: 35564120 PMCID: PMC9099773 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We studied the striking effect of external irradiation of nanowires on the dynamics of their surface morphology at elevated temperatures that do not destroy their crystal lattice. Numerical experiments performed on the basis of the Monte Carlo model revealed new possibilities for controlled periodic modulation of the cross-section of quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures for opto- and nanoelectronic elements. These are related to the fact that external irradiation stimulates the surface diffusion of atoms. On the one hand, such stimulation should accelerate the development of the well-known spontaneous thermal instability of nanowires (Rayleigh instability), which leads to their disintegration into nanoclusters. On the other hand, this leads to the forced development of the well-known roughening transition (RT) effect. Under normal circumstances, this manifests itself on selected crystal faces at a temperature above the critical one. The artificial stimulation of this effect on the lateral surface of quasi-one-dimensional structures determines many unpredictable scenarios of their surface dynamics, which essentially depend on the orientation of the nanowire axis relative to its internal crystal structure. In particular, the long-wave Rayleigh breakup observed in absence of external irradiation transforms into strongly pronounced short-wave metastable modulations of the cross-section (a chain of unduloids). The effect of the self-consistent relationship between the Rayleigh instability and RT is dimensional and can be observed only at relatively small nanowire radii. The fact is analyzed that, for the manifestation of this effect, it is very important to prevent significant heating of the nanowire when surface diffusion is stimulated. A number of developed theoretical concepts have already found confirmation in real experiments with Au and Ag nanowires irradiated by electrons and Ag+ ions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav N. Gorshkov
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine, 37 Prospect Peremogy, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.T.); (O.V.B.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Volodymyr V. Tereshchuk
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine, 37 Prospect Peremogy, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.T.); (O.V.B.)
| | - Oleksii V. Bereznykov
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine, 37 Prospect Peremogy, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.T.); (O.V.B.)
| | - Gernot K. Boiger
- Institute of Computational Physics, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wildbachstrasse 21, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland;
| | - Arash S. Fallah
- Department of Mechanical, Electronic and Chemical Engineering, OsloMet, Pilestredet 35, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway;
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11
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Dong S, Ohta R, Kosaka S, Iseki T. Pitch‐black surface stemming from self‐standing ZnFe
2
O
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nanowalls. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Dong
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. 41‐1, Yokomichi Nagakute Aichi 480‐1192 Japan
| | - Riichiro Ohta
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. 41‐1, Yokomichi Nagakute Aichi 480‐1192 Japan
| | - Satoru Kosaka
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. 41‐1, Yokomichi Nagakute Aichi 480‐1192 Japan
| | - Takashi Iseki
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. 41‐1, Yokomichi Nagakute Aichi 480‐1192 Japan
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12
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Paxton WF, Rozsa JL, Brooks MM, Running MP, Schultz DJ, Jasinski JB, Jung HJ, Akram MZ. A scalable approach to topographically mediated antimicrobial surfaces based on diamond. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:458. [PMID: 34963490 PMCID: PMC8713538 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired Topographically Mediated Surfaces (TMSs) based on high aspect ratio nanostructures have recently been attracting significant attention due to their pronounced antimicrobial properties by mechanically disrupting cellular processes. However, scalability of such surfaces is often greatly limited, as most of them rely on micro/nanoscale fabrication techniques. In this report, a cost-effective, scalable, and versatile approach of utilizing diamond nanotechnology for producing TMSs, and using them for limiting the spread of emerging infectious diseases, is introduced. Specifically, diamond-based nanostructured coatings are synthesized in a single-step fabrication process with a densely packed, needle- or spike-like morphology. The antimicrobial proprieties of the diamond nanospike surface are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed and compared to other surfaces including copper, silicon, and even other diamond surfaces without the nanostructuring. This surface is found to have superior biocidal activity, which is confirmed via scanning electron microscopy images showing definite and widespread destruction of E. coli cells on the diamond nanospike surface. Consistent antimicrobial behavior is also observed on a sample prepared seven years prior to testing date. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Paxton
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Jesse L Rozsa
- 219 Life Sciences Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Morgan M Brooks
- LSU School of Medicine, 1542 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mark P Running
- 219 Life Sciences Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - David J Schultz
- 219 Life Sciences Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacek B Jasinski
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- 219 Life Sciences Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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13
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Aggrey P, Nartey M, Kan Y, Cvjetinovic J, Andrews A, Salimon AI, Dragnevski KI, Korsunsky AM. On the diatomite-based nanostructure-preserving material synthesis for energy applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31884-31922. [PMID: 35495528 PMCID: PMC9041881 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05810j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article overviews the current state-of-the-art and future prospects for the use of diatomaceous earth (DE) in the continuously expanding sector of energy science and technology. An eco-friendly direct source of silica and the production of silicon, diatomaceous earth possesses a desirable nano- to micro-structure that offers inherent advantages for optimum performance in existing and new applications in electrochemistry, catalysis, optoelectronics, and biomedical engineering. Silica, silicon and silicon-based materials have proven useful for energy harvesting and storage applications. However, they often encounter setbacks to their commercialization due to the limited capability for the production of materials possessing fascinating microstructures to deliver optimum performance. Despite many current research trends focusing on the means to create the required nano- to micro-structures, the high cost and complex, potentially environmentally harmful chemical synthesis techniques remain a considerable challenge. The present review examines the advances made using diatomaceous earth as a source of silica, silicon-based materials and templates for energy related applications. The main synthesis routes aimed at preserving the highly desirable naturally formed neat nanostructure of diatomaceous earth are assessed in this review that culminates with the discussion of recently developed pathways to achieving the best properties. The trend analysis establishes a clear roadmap for diatomaceous earth as a source material of choice for current and future energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Aggrey
- Hierarchically Structured Materials, Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205
| | - Martinson Nartey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Private Mail Box Kumasi Ghana
| | - Yuliya Kan
- Hierarchically Structured Materials, Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205
| | - Julijana Cvjetinovic
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205
| | - Anthony Andrews
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Private Mail Box Kumasi Ghana
| | - Alexey I Salimon
- Hierarchically Structured Materials, Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 Moscow Russia 121205
| | - Kalin I Dragnevski
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Alexander M Korsunsky
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PJ UK
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14
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Plasmon-Enhanced Photoresponse of Self-Powered Si Nanoholes Photodetector by Metal Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092460. [PMID: 34578780 PMCID: PMC8471470 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the development of self-powered photodetectors that integrate silicon nanoholes (SiNHs) and four different types of metal nanowires (AgNWs, AuNWs, NiNWs, PtNWs) applied on the SiNHs’ surface using the solution processing method. The effectiveness of the proposed architectures is evidenced through extensive experimental and simulation analysis. The AgNWs/SiNHs device showed the highest photo-to-dark current ratio of 2.1 × 10−4, responsivity of 30 mA/W and detectivity of 2 × 1011 Jones along with the lowest noise equivalent power (NEP) parameter of 2.4 × 10−12 WHz−1/2 in the blue light region. Compared to the bare SiNHs device, the AuNWs/SiNHs device had significantly enhanced responsivity up to 15 mA/W, especially in the red and near-infrared spectral region. Intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) measurements revealed that the AgNWs/SiNHs device generated the longest charge carrier lifetime at 470 nm, whereas the AuNWs/SiNHs showed the slowest recombination rate at 627 nm. Furthermore, numerical simulation confirmed the local field enhancement effects at the MeNWs and SiNHs interface. The study demonstrates a cost-efficient and scalable strategy to combine the superior light harvesting properties of SiNHs with the plasmonic absorption of metallic nanowires (MeNWs) towards enhanced sensitivity and spectral-selective photodetection induced by the local surface plasmon resonance effects.
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15
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Zhang Z, Liu G, Wang K. Fabrication of Needle-Like Silicon Nanowires by Using a Nanoparticles-Assisted Bosch Process for Both High Hydrophobicity and Anti-Reflection. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1009. [PMID: 34577653 PMCID: PMC8471489 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a modified Bosch etching process is developed to create silicon nanowires. Au nanoparticles (NPs) formed by magnetron sputtering film deposition and thermal annealing were employed as the hard mask to achieve controllable density and high aspect ratios. Such silicon nanowire exhibits the excellent anti-reflection ability of a reflectance value of below 2% within a broad light wave range between 220 and 1100 nm. In addition, Au NPs-induced surface plasmons significantly enhance the near-unity anti-reflection characteristics, achieving a reflectance below 3% within the wavelength range of 220 to 2600 nm. Furthermore, the nanowire array exhibits super-hydrophobic behavior with a contact angle over ~165.6° without enforcing any hydrophobic chemical treatment. Such behavior yields in water droplets bouncing off the surface many times. These properties render this silicon nanowire attractive for applications such as photothermal, photocatalysis, supercapacitor, and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxing Zhang
- Department of microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway;
| | - Guohua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer for Low Grade Energy Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Department of microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway;
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16
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Fabrication and Characterization of Inverted Silicon Pyramidal Arrays with Randomly Distributed Nanoholes. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080931. [PMID: 34442553 PMCID: PMC8400036 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication, electromagnetic simulation and measurement of inverted silicon pyramidal arrays with randomly distributed nanoholes that act as an anti-reflectivity coating. The fabrication route combines the advantages of anisotropic wet etching and metal-assisted chemical etching. The former is employed to form inverted silicon pyramid arrays, while the latter is used to generate randomly distributed nanoholes on the surface and sidewalls of the generated inverted silicon pyramidal arrays. We demonstrate, numerically and experimentally, that such a structure facilitates the multiple reflection and absorption of photons. The resulting nanostructure can achieve the lowest reflectance of 0.45% at 700 nm and the highest reflectance of 5.86% at 2402 nm. The average reflectance in the UV region (250–400 nm), visible region (400–760 nm) and NIR region (760–2600 nm) are 1.11, 0.63 and 3.76%, respectively. The reflectance at broadband wavelength (250–2600 nm) is 14.4 and 3.4 times lower than silicon wafer and silicon pyramids. In particular, such a structure exhibits high hydrophobicity with a contact angle up to 132.4°. Our method is compatible with well-established silicon planar processes and is promising for practical applications of anti-reflectivity coating.
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17
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Cheng P, Wang H, Müller B, Müller J, Wang D, Schaaf P. Photo-Thermoelectric Conversion Using Black Silicon with Enhanced Light Trapping Performance far beyond the Band Edge Absorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1818-1826. [PMID: 33390006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the past years, much research work has been focused on efficiently harvesting solar energy with black silicon (b-Si). However, semiconductor Si can only utilize solar energy with wavelength smaller than λ = 1110 nm (bandgap Eg = 1.12 eV) for photovoltaic applications or photoelectrochemical conversions. Light with wavelength beyond the band edge (above λ = 1110 nm) cannot be used. Here, we prepared highly conductive b-Si without an apparent optical bandgap by a reactive ion etching process, which can largely absorb light with a wide range wavelength and even far into the near-infrared region (∼2500 nm). The optimized b-Si with surface texture shows the specular reflection rate lower than 0.1% and the average total reflection (specular reflectance + diffuse reflectance) is about 1.1%. Additionally, we briefly introduce the mechanism and reflection principle of surface nanostructured b-Si. By using b-Si structured material, we successfully convert the solar energy to electric power via photo-thermoelectric conversion, especially solar energy exceeding 1110 nm wavelength can also be efficiently used. The excellent light trapping of sunlight shows great potential for photothermal applications, such as photothermal imaging, seawater desalination, and further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- Chair Materials for Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNano, TU Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 5, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Honglei Wang
- Chair Materials for Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNano, TU Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 5, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Björn Müller
- Chair Electronics Technology, Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNano, TU Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 7, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jens Müller
- Chair Electronics Technology, Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNano, TU Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 7, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Dong Wang
- Chair Materials for Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNano, TU Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 5, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Peter Schaaf
- Chair Materials for Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNano, TU Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 5, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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18
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Fan Z, Cui D, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Chen H, Fan Y, Li P, Zhang Z, Xue C, Yan S. Recent Progress of Black Silicon: From Fabrications to Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010041. [PMID: 33375303 PMCID: PMC7823726 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since black silicon was discovered by coincidence, the special material was explored for many amazing material characteristics in optical, surface topography, and so on. Because of the material property, black silicon is applied in many spheres of a photodetector, photovoltaic cell, photo-electrocatalysis, antibacterial surfaces, and sensors. With the development of fabrication technology, black silicon has expanded in more and more applications and has become a research hotspot. Herein, this review systematically summarizes the fabricating method of black silicon, including nanosecond or femtosecond laser irradiation, metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE), reactive ion etching (RIE), wet chemical etching, electrochemical method, and plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) methods. In addition, this review focuses on the progress in multiple black silicon applications in the past 10 years. Finally, the prospect of black silicon fabricating and various applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Danfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yanyun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Penglu Li
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Z.F.); (D.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.F.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shubin Yan
- The School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang-Belarus Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and System for Water Conservancy and Hydropower Safety Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (S.Y.)
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20
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Zhang Y, Kong C, Davidsen RS, Scardera G, Duan L, Khoo KT, Payne DNR, Hoex B, Abbott M. 3D characterisation using plasma FIB-SEM: A large-area tomography technique for complex surfaces like black silicon. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 218:113084. [PMID: 32745881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates an improved method to accurately extract the surface morphology of black silicon (BSi). The method is based on an automated Xe+ plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tomography technique. A comprehensive new sample preparation method is described and shown to minimize the PFIB artifacts induced by both the top surface sample-PFIB interaction and the non-uniform material density. An optimized post-image processing procedure is also described that ensures the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D surface model. The application of these new methods is demonstrated by applying them to extract the surface topography of BSi formed by reactive ion etching (RIE) consisting of 2 µm tall needles. An area of 320 µm2 is investigated with a controlled slice thickness of 10 nm. The reconstructed 3D model allows the extraction of critical roughness characteristics, such as height distribution, correlation length, and surface enhancement ratio. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the particular surface studied contains regions in which under-etching has resulted in overhanging structures, which would not have been identified with other surface topography techniques. Such overhanging structures can be present in a broad range of BSi surfaces, including BSi surfaces formed by RIE and metal catalyst chemical etching (MCCE). Without proper measurement, the un-detected overhangs would result in the underestimation of many critical surface characteristics, such as absolute surface area, electrochemical reactivity and light-trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Charlie Kong
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rasmus Schmidt Davidsen
- National Centre for Nanofabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Scardera
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Leiping Duan
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kean Thong Khoo
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David N R Payne
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Malcolm Abbott
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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21
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Zhang S, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Guo CF, Wu Z. Facile Fabrication of Self-Similar Hierarchical Micro-Nano Structures for Multifunctional Surfaces via Solvent-Assisted UV-Lasering. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E682. [PMID: 32674399 PMCID: PMC7407878 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cross-scale self-similar hierarchical micro-nano structures in living systems often provide unique features on surfaces and serve as inspiration sources for artificial materials or devices. For instance, a highly self-similar structure often has a higher fractal dimension and, consequently, a larger active surface area; hence, it would have a super surface performance compared to its peer. However, artificial self-similar surfaces with hierarchical micro-nano structures and their application development have not yet received enough attention. Here, by introducing solvent-assisted UV-lasering, we establish an elegant approach to fabricate self-similar hierarchical micro-nano structures on silicon. The self-similar structure exhibits a super hydrophilicity, a high light absorbance (>90%) in an ultra-broad spectrum (200-2500 nm), and an extraordinarily high efficiency in heat transfer. Through further combinations with other techniques, such surfaces can be used for capillary assembling soft electronics, surface self-cleaning, and so on. Furthermore, such an approach can be transferred to other materials with minor modifications. For instance, by doping carbon in polymer matrix, a silicone surface with hierarchical micro-nano structures can be obtained. By selectively patterning such hierarchical structures, we obtained an ultra-high sensitivity bending sensor. We believe that such a fabrication technique of self-similar hierarchical micro-nano structures may encourage researchers to deeply explore the unique features of functional surfaces with such structures and to further discover their potentials in various applications in diverse directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (S.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (S.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (S.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (S.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.)
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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22
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In Situ Formation of Nanoporous Silicon on a Silicon Wafer via the Magnesiothermic Reduction Reaction (MRR) of Diatomaceous Earth. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040601. [PMID: 32218203 PMCID: PMC7222021 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful direct route production of silicon nanostructures from diatomaceous earth (DE) on a single crystalline silicon wafer via the magnesiothermic reduction reaction is reported. The formed porous coating of 6 µm overall thickness contains silicon as the majority phase along with minor traces of Mg, as evident from SEM-EDS and the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) analysis. Raman peaks of silicon at 519 cm-1 and 925 cm-1 were found in both the film and wafer substrate, and significant intensity variation was observed, consistent with the SEM observation of the directly formed silicon nanoflake layer. Microstructural analysis of the flakes reveals the presence of pores and cavities partially retained from the precursor diatomite powder. A considerable reduction in surface reflectivity was observed for the silicon nanoflakes, from 45% for silicon wafer to below 15%. The results open possibilities for producing nanostructured silicon with a vast range of functionalities.
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Fung TH, Veeken T, Payne D, Veettil B, Polman A, Abbott M. Application and validity of the effective medium approximation to the optical properties of nano-textured silicon coated with a dielectric layer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38645-38660. [PMID: 31878628 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.038645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanotextures in photovoltaics has resulted in challenges associated with optical modelling. Whilst rigorous methods exist to accurately solve these textures, the computational effort required limits the scope of modeling applications. The effective medium approximation (EMA) is a potential alternative to provide rapid modeling results which can be easily integrated with ray tracing of large complex structures. However, the validity of this technique is strongly dependent on the size of features relative to the wavelength of interest, making the application of EMA ambiguous for many situations. This paper aims to address this issue by comparing the simulated results between EMA and finite element methods for three randomly distributed silicon textures with and without a dielectric layer. Criteria for which the EMA approach is valid are proposed and generalized using ratios between root-mean-square roughness, correlation length and incident wavelength, making these limits broadly applicable, beyond that of just the nanotexture under specific solar spectrum regimes. The results in this work apply to random, isotropic textures under normally incident light. Based on the proposed criteria, the validity of different optical simulation techniques for a set of industrial photovoltaic textures is discussed. This analysis reveals a region within which neither geometric optics nor EMA are adequate for calculating the reflectivity of a textured surface, and hence FDTD or other new approaches are required.
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Myndrul V, Iatsunskyi I. Nanosilicon-Based Composites for (Bio)sensing Applications: Current Status, Advantages, and Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2880. [PMID: 31489913 PMCID: PMC6766027 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the application of different types of nanosilicon (nano-Si) materials and nano-Si-based composites for (bio)sensing applications. Different detection approaches and (bio)functionalization protocols were found for certain types of transducers suitable for the detection of biological compounds and gas molecules. The importance of the immobilization process that is responsible for biosensor performance (biomolecule adsorption, surface properties, surface functionalization, etc.) along with the interaction mechanism between biomolecules and nano-Si are disclosed. Current trends in the fabrication of nano-Si-based composites, basic gas detection mechanisms, and the advantages of nano-Si/metal nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based detection are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerii Myndrul
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej Str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej Str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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Zhong H, Ilyas N, Song Y, Li W, Jiang Y. Enhanced near-infrared absorber: two-step fabricated structured black silicon and its device application. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:316. [PMID: 30306413 PMCID: PMC6179974 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is widely used in semiconductor industry but has poor performance in near-infrared photoelectronic devices because of its high reflectance and band gap limit. In this study, two-step process, deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) method combined with plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), are used to fabricate microstructured black silicon on the surface of C-Si. These improved surfaces doped with sulfur elements realize a narrower band gap and an enhancement of light absorptance, especially in the near-infrared range (800 to 2000 nm). Meanwhile, the maximum light absorptance increases significantly up to 83%. A Si-PIN photoelectronic detector with microstructured black silicon at the back surface exhibits remarkable device performance, leading to a responsivity of 0.53 A/W at 1060 nm. This novel microstructured black silicon, combining narrow band gap characteristic, could have a potential application in near-infrared photoelectronic detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Nasir Ilyas
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Yuhao Song
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
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Economic Advantages of Dry-Etched Black Silicon in Passivated Emitter Rear Cell (PERC) Photovoltaic Manufacturing. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Industrial Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) photovoltaic (PV) efficiencies have routinely reached >20% with the passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) design. Nanostructuring silicon (black-Si) by dry-etching decreases surface reflectance, allows diamond saw wafering, enhances metal gettering, and may prevent power conversion efficiency degradation under light exposure. Black-Si allows a potential for >20% PERC cells using cheaper multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) materials, although dry-etching is widely considered too expensive for industrial application. This study analyzes this economic potential by comparing costs of standard texturized Cz-Si and black mc-Si PERC cells. Manufacturing sequences are divided into steps, and costs per unit power are individually calculated for all different steps. Baseline costs for each step are calculated and a sensitivity analysis run for a theoretical 1 GW/year manufacturing plant, combining data from literature and industry. The results show an increase in the overall cell processing costs between 15.8% and 25.1% due to the combination of black-Si etching and passivation by double-sided atomic layer deposition. Despite this increase, the cost per unit power of the overall PERC cell drops by 10.8%. This is a significant cost saving and thus energy policies are reviewed to overcome challenges to accelerating deployment of black mc-Si PERC across the PV industry.
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Tan X, Tao Z, Yu M, Wu H, Li H. Anti-Reflectance Optimization of Secondary Nanostructured Black Silicon Grown on Micro-Structured Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E385. [PMID: 30424318 PMCID: PMC6187304 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its extremely low light absorption, black silicon has been widely investigated and reported in recent years, and simultaneously applied to various disciplines. Black silicon is, in general, fabricated on flat surfaces based on the silicon substrate. However, with three normal fabrication methods-plasma dry etching, metal-assisted wet etching, and femtosecond laser pulse etching-black silicon cannot perform easily due to its lowest absorption and thus some studies remained in the laboratory stage. This paper puts forward a novel secondary nanostructured black silicon, which uses the dry-wet hybrid fabrication method to achieve secondary nanostructures. In consideration of the influence of the structure's size, this paper fabricated different sizes of secondary nanostructured black silicon and compared their absorptions with each other. A total of 0.5% reflectance and 98% absorption efficiency of the pit sample were achieved with a diameter of 117.1 μm and a depth of 72.6 μm. In addition, the variation tendency of the absorption efficiency is not solely monotone increasing or monotone decreasing, but firstly increasing and then decreasing. By using a statistical image processing method, nanostructures with diameters between 20 and 30 nm are the majority and nanostructures with a diameter between 10 and 40 nm account for 81% of the diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beijing 100191, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engines of China, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhi Tao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beijing 100191, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engines of China, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Mingxing Yu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beijing 100191, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engines of China, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hanxiao Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beijing 100191, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engines of China, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Haiwang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, Beijing 100191, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engines of China, Beijing 100191, China.
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