1
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Hanegraef H, Spoor F. Maxillary morphology of chimpanzees: Captive versus wild environments. J Anat 2024; 244:977-994. [PMID: 38293709 PMCID: PMC11095307 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological studies typically avoid using osteological samples that derive from captive animals because it is assumed that their morphology is not representative of wild populations. Rearing environments indeed differ between wild and captive individuals. For example, mechanical properties of the diets provided to captive animals can be drastically different from the food present in their natural habitats, which could impact cranial morphology and dental health. Here, we examine morphological differences in the maxillae of wild versus captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) given the prominence of this species in comparative samples used in human evolution research and the key role of the maxilla in such studies. Size and shape were analysed using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods based on computed tomography scans of 94 wild and 30 captive specimens. Captive individuals have on average larger and more asymmetrical maxillae than wild chimpanzees, and significant differences are present in their maxillary shapes. A large proportion of these shape differences are attributable to static allometry, but wild and captive specimens still differ significantly from each other after allometric size adjustment of the shape data. Levels of shape variation are higher in the captive group, while the degree of size variation is likely similar in our two samples. Results are discussed in the context of ontogenetic growth trajectories, changes in dietary texture, an altered social environment, and generational differences. Additionally, sample simulations show that size and shape differences between chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are exaggerated when part of the wild sample is replaced with captive chimpanzees. Overall, this study confirms that maxillae of captive chimpanzees should not be included in morphological or taxonomic analyses when the objective is to characterise the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Hanegraef
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Fred Spoor
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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2
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Razmaitė V, Šiukščius A, Marašinskienė Š. Cranial Morphology of Lithuanian Indigenous Wattle Pigs and Their Hybrids with Wild Boar. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091453. [PMID: 37174490 PMCID: PMC10177289 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of domestic pig breeds and their hybridization increases the variety of phenotypes expressed in hybrids. The aim of this study was to quantify the differences of cranial morphologies between local Lithuanian Indigenous Wattle pigs and theirhybrids with wild boar. A total of sixteen craniometric measurements were performed on the lateral, ventral and dorsal sides of 71 skulls of Lithuanian Indigenous Wattle pigs and their hybrids, including 1/4 wild boar (WB), 1/2 wild boar and 3/4 wild boar genotypes. The weight of the skull was affected by the genotype, live weight and sex of the animal. The size of the skull, particularly related to skull length parameters, increased consistently with the increase of the wild boar proportion in the hybrids. However, the Sus scrofa genotype did not affect the skull height. Clear discrimination was possible between the local Lithuanian breed pigs and their hybrids with different proportions of wild boar and between individual groups of hybrids. The most correct classification was determined on the basis of the overall and length parameters of the crania. This could contribute to better management and utilization of hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Razmaitė
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania
| | - Artūras Šiukščius
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania
| | - Šarūnė Marašinskienė
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania
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3
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Tarifa-Mateo N, Saña M, Clop X, Rosell-Melé A, Camalich-Massieu MD, Martín-Socas D. Investigating livestock management in the early Neolithic archaeological site of Cabecicos Negros (Almería, Spain) from the organic residue analysis in pottery. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4797. [PMID: 36959349 PMCID: PMC10036527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper seeks to reconstruct the management of food resources in the early Neolithic site of Cabecicos Negros in southeastern Spain. For this purpose, we have studied 29 potsherds from Cabecicos Negros (Andalusia, Spain). Applying the methods of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry we were able to recompose the daily use of the sherds related to the consumption and storage of food products. Among the results obtained in this work, we were able to show new evidence of the exploitation of dairy products in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, as well as provide information on the exploitation and management of the early domestic animals herds. To improve the archaeological results obtained, isotopic results were compared with a modern reference of 53 fat samples from the adipose tissue of domestic pigs and wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tarifa-Mateo
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - M Saña
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - X Clop
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Rosell-Melé
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M D Camalich-Massieu
- Department of Geography and History, Prehistory Area, University of La Laguna, 38200, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - D Martín-Socas
- Department of Geography and History, Prehistory Area, University of La Laguna, 38200, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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4
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Petrelli S, Buglione M, Rivieccio E, Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Scala G, Fulgione D. Reprogramming of the gut microbiota following feralization in Sus scrofa. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:14. [PMID: 36823657 PMCID: PMC9951470 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild boar has experienced several evolutionary trajectories from which domestic (under artificial selection) and the feral pig (under natural selection) originated. Strong adaptation deeply affects feral population's morphology and physiology, including the microbiota community. The gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. To date, it is unclear whether feral populations' phylogeny, development stages or lifestyle have the greatest impact in shaping the gut microbiota, as well as how this can confer adaptability to new environments. Here, in order to deepen this point, we characterized the gut microbiota of feral population discriminating between juvenile and adult samples, and we compared it to the microbiota structure of wild boar and domestic pig as the references. Gut microbiota composition was estimated through the sequencing of the partial 16S rRNA gene by DNA metabarcoding and High Throughput Sequencing on DNA extracted from fecal samples. RESULTS The comparison of microbiota communities among the three forms showed significant differences. The feral form seems to carry some bacteria of both domestic pigs, derived from its ancestral condition, and wild boars, probably as a sign of a recent re-adaptation strategy to the natural environment. In addition, interestingly, feral pigs show some exclusive bacterial taxa, also suggesting an innovative nature of the evolutionary trajectories and an ecological segregation in feral populations, as already observed for other traits. CONCLUSIONS The feral pig showed a significant change between juvenile and adult microbiota suggesting an influence of the wild environment in which these populations segregate. However, it is important to underline that we certainly cannot overlook that these variations in the structure of the microbiota also depended on the different development stages of the animal, which in fact influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Concluding, the feral pigs represent a new actor living in the same geographical space as the wild boars, in which its gut microbial structure suggests that it is mainly the result of environmental segregation, most different from its closest relative. This gives rise to interesting fields of exploration regarding the changed ecological complexity and the consequent evolutionary destiny of the animal communities involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Petrelli
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, NA Italy
| | - Maria Buglione
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, NA Italy
| | - Eleonora Rivieccio
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Via Porta Di Massa 1, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, NA Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XTask Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, NA Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, NA Italy
| | - Giovanni Scala
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, NA Italy
| | - Domenico Fulgione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, NA, Italy. .,Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100, Naples, NA, Italy.
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5
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Emken S, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. Wild boar versus domestic pig-Deciphering of crown growth in porcine second molars. J Anat 2023; 242:1078-1095. [PMID: 36774334 PMCID: PMC10184542 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the previously established periodicity of enamel growth marks, we reconstructed crown growth parameters of mandibular second molars from two wild boar and two domestic pigs of the Linderöd breed. Body weight gain and progression of dental development were markedly faster in the domestic pigs than the wild boar. While the final crown dimensions of the M2 did not differ between domestic pigs and wild boar, mean crown formation time (CFT) of this tooth was considerably shorter in the domestic pigs (162 days) than in the wild boar (205 days). The difference in CFT was mainly attributable to a higher enamel extension rate (EER) in the domestic pig. Generally, EER was highest in the cuspalmost deciles of the length of the enamel-dentine-junction and markedly dropped in cervical direction, with lowest values occurring in the cervicalmost decile. In consequence, the cuspal half of the M2 crown was formed about three times faster than the cervical half. In contrast to the EER, no marked difference in daily enamel secretion rate (DSR) was recorded between domestic pigs and wild boar. The duration of enamel matrix apposition as well as linear enamel thickness in corresponding crown portions was only slightly lower in the domestic pigs than the wild boar. Thus, the earlier completion of M2 crown growth in the domestic pig was mainly achieved by a higher EER and not by an increased DSR. The more rapid recruitment of secretory ameloblasts in the course of molar crown formation of domestic pigs compared to wild boar is considered a side-effect of the selection for rapid body growth during pig domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Emken
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Kai Frölich
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany.,Tierpark Arche Warder e.V, Warder, Germany
| | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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6
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Evin A, David L, Souron A, Mennecart B, Orliac M, Lebrun R. Size and shape of the semicircular canal of the inner ear: A new marker of pig domestication? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:552-560. [PMID: 35226406 PMCID: PMC9790707 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Domestication has led to many changes in domestic animal biology, including their anatomy. The shape of the inner ear, part of the mammalian ear, has been found particularly relevant for discriminating domesticated species, their hybrids or differentiating the wild and domestic populations of a single species. Here we assessed the use of the size and shape of the semicircular canals (SCC) of the inner ear as a marker of pig domestication. We studied a total of 63 petrosal bones belonging to wild boar (Sus scrofa, two populations) and domestic pigs (extensively and intensively reared specimens) that were µCT-scanned and from which the size and the shape of the inner ear were quantified through geometric morphometrics, analyzing the 3D coordinates of 6 landmarks and 60 sliding semilandmarks localized on the SCC and the common crus. The domestic pigs have larger SCC than the wild boar from which they also strongly differ in shape (correct cross validation of 95.5%, confidence interval: 92.3%-98.1%). Strong shape differences were detected between the two populations of wild boar, as well as a sexual size dimorphism. All together the results highlight the taxonomic discriminant power of the SCC of the inner ear shape, and its relevance for domestication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allowen Evin
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Loïc David
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Antoine Souron
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199BordeauxFrance
| | | | - Maeva Orliac
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Renaud Lebrun
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
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7
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Mein E, Manne T, Veth P, Weisbecker V. Morphometric classification of kangaroo bones reveals paleoecological change in northwest Australia during the terminal Pleistocene. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18245. [PMID: 36309545 PMCID: PMC9617867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Specimen identification is the backbone of archeozoological research. The challenge of differentiating postcranial skeletal elements of closely related wild animals in biodiverse regions can prove a barrier to understanding past human foraging behaviours. Morphometrics are increasingly being employed to classify paleozoological animal remains, however, the potential of these methods to discriminate between wild animal groups has yet to be fully realised. Here we demonstrate the applicability of a traditional morphometric approach to taxonomically classify foot and ankle bones of kangaroos, a large and highly diverse marsupial family. Using multiple discriminant analysis, we classify archaeological specimens from Boodie Cave, in northwest Australia and identify the presence of two locally extinct macropod species during the terminal Pleistocene. The appearance of the banded hare-wallaby and northern nail-tail wallaby in the Pilbara region at this time provides independent evidence of the ecological and human responses to a changing climate at the end of the last Ice Age. Traditional morphometrics provides an accessible, inexpensive, and non-destructive tool for paleozoological specimen classification and has substantial potential for applications to other diverse wild faunas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Mein
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tiina Manne
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia ,Max Plank Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Veth
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia ,grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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8
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Abstract
The recent and ever-growing problem of boar (Sus scrofa forms including wild boar, hybrid and feral pig) expansion is a very complex issue in wildlife management. The damages caused to biodiversity and the economies are addressed in different ways by the various countries, but research is needed to shed light on the causal factors of this emergency before defining a useful collaborative management policy. In this review, we screened more than 280 references published between 1975–2022, identifying and dealing with five hot factors (climate change, human induced habitat modifications, predator regulation on the prey, hybridization with domestic forms, and transfaunation) that could account for the boar expansion and its niche invasion. We also discuss some issues arising from this boar emergency, such as epizootic and zoonotic diseases or the depression of biodiversity. Finally, we provide new insights for the research and the development of management policies.
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9
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Introgressive hybridisation between domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and endemic Corsican wild boars (S. s. meridionalis): effects of human-mediated interventions. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:279-290. [PMID: 35273382 PMCID: PMC8986821 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the intensified domestication process with artificial trait selection, introgressive hybridisation between domestic and wild species poses a management problem. Traditional free-range livestock husbandry, as practiced in Corsica and Sardinia, is known to facilitate hybridisation between wild boars and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Here, we assessed the genetic distinctness and genome-wide domestic pig ancestry levels of the Corsican wild boar subspecies S. s. meridionalis, with reference to its Sardinian conspecifics, employing a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay and mitochondrial control region (mtCR) haplotypes. We also assessed the reliance of morphological criteria and the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) coat colour gene to identify individuals with domestic introgression. While Corsican wild boars showed closest affinity to Sardinian and Italian wild boars compared to other European populations based on principal component analysis, the observation of previously undescribed mtCR haplotypes and high levels of nuclear divergence (Weir’s θ > 0.14) highlighted the genetic distinctness of Corsican S. s. meridionalis. Across three complementary analyses of mixed ancestry (i.e., STRUCTURE, PCADMIX, and ELAI), proportions of domestic pig ancestry were estimated at 9.5% in Corsican wild boars, which was significantly higher than in wild boars in Sardinia, where free-range pig keeping was banned in 2012. Comparison of morphologically pure- and hybrid-looking Corsican wild boars suggested a weak correlation between morphological criteria and genome-wide domestic pig ancestry. The study highlights the usefulness of molecular markers to assess the direct impacts of management practices on gene flow between domestic and wild species.
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10
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Dental formula variations in wild and domestic Sus scrofa: is the first premolar agenesis an evolutionary trend? MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of congenital dental abnormalities in 94 wild boars Sus scrofa scrofa, and 20 Iberian pigs Sus scrofa domesticus from Doñana (DNP) and Sierra de Andújar Natural Park (ANP) southern Spain. The only dental variation found was agenesis of the lower first premolar, either deciduous (Dp1) or permanent (P1). We analyzed prevalence variations using: odds ratios, Fisher’s exact test and logistic-regression models. The lower first premolar has often been reported to be absent in modern domestic breeds of pigs, but it is usually reported as present in wild boar. However, we found a similar occurrence of agenesis in wild boar as in Iberian pigs. A common genotypic background between wild boar and Iberian pig populations of ANP sharing the same ecosystems may explain this result. When considering only wild boar, unexpected differences between populations were detected. The wild boar from ANP showed higher estimated probabilities of agenesis than those from DNP. Environmental conditions can also represent influencing factors for changes within subspecies. Our findings reinforce the idea that in suids the congenital absence of premolars probably has an evolutionary relevance, which could represent a generalized trend towards the reduction of the dental formula from the plesiomorphic placental dentition.
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11
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Niego A, Benítez-Burraco A. Are feralization and domestication truly mirror processes? ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.1975314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Niego
- PhD Program, Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, C/Palos de la Frontera s/n, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Benítez-Burraco
- Department of Spanish, Linguistics, and Theory of Literature (Linguistics), Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, C/Palos de la Frontera s/n, 41004 Sevilla, Spain (E-mail: )
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12
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Petrelli S, Buglione M, Maselli V, Troiano C, Larson G, Frantz L, Manin A, Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Wright D, Pietri C, Fulgione D. Population genomic, olfactory, dietary, and gut microbiota analyses demonstrate the unique evolutionary trajectory of feral pigs. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:220-237. [PMID: 34676935 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Domestication is an intriguing evolutionary process. Many domestic populations are subjected to strong human-mediated selection, and when some individuals return to the wild, they are again subjected to selective forces associated with new environments. Generally, these feral populations evolve into something different from their wild predecessors and their members typically possess a combination of both wild and human selected traits. Feralisation can manifest in different forms on a spectrum from a wild to a domestic phenotype. This depends on how the rewilded domesticated populations can readapt to natural environments based on how much potential and flexibility the ancestral genome retains after its domestication signature. Whether feralisation leads to the evolution of new traits that do not exist in the wild or to convergence with wild forms, however, remains unclear. To address this question, we performed population genomic, olfactory, dietary, and gut microbiota analyses on different populations of Sus scrofa (wild boar, hybrid, feral and several domestic pig breeds). Porcine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis shows that the feral population represents a cluster distinctly separate from all others. Its members display signatures of past artificial selection, as demonstrated by values of FST in specific regions of the genome and bottleneck signature, such as the number and length of runs of homozygosity. Generalised FST values, reacquired olfactory abilities, diet, and gut microbiota variation show current responses to natural selection. Our results suggest that feral pigs are an independent evolutionary unit which can persist so long as levels of human intervention remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Petrelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Buglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Troiano
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurent Frantz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Manin
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominic Wright
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Pietri
- Fédération Départementale des Chasseurs de Haute-Corse (FDCHC), Résidence Nouvelle-Corniche, St Joseph, Bastia, France
| | - Domenico Fulgione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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13
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Pelletier M, Niinimäki S, Salmi AK. Influence of captivity and selection on limb long bone cross-sectional morphology of reindeer. J Morphol 2021; 282:1533-1556. [PMID: 34323317 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of pastoralism and animal husbandry has been a critical point in the history of human evolution. Beyond profound behavioural changes in domesticated animals compared to wild ones, characterising the morphological changes associated with domestication process remains challenging. Because reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) can be considered to still be in the early phases of the domestication process, the study of modern populations provides a unique opportunity to examine the impact of captivity and selective breeding on skeletal changes. In this work, we investigated the morphological changes in long limb bone cross-sections using 137 wild and domestic reindeer individuals bred in free-range, in captivity or used for racing and pulling. The shape and shaft cortical thickness of the six long limb bones (i.e., humerus, radioulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia and metatarsal) were measured using a 2D-geometric morphometrics approach taking into account subspecies, sex, body mass and lifestyle differences. These bones are important to understanding functional morphological changes because they can provide information on feeding and locomotor behaviours, as well as on body propulsion and weight bearing. Apart from the effects of taxonomy, etho-ecology and sex, we have found that captivity and selection induced important variations in the size and body mass of modern reindeer. Our results also showed that patterns of variation in cortical bone thickness of long limb bone cross-sections were strongly impacted by body mass and human-imposed restrictions in roaming. This demonstrates that bone cross-sections can provide information on changes in locomotor, reproductive and feeding behaviours induced by the domestication process. These results are valuable not only for (paleo) biologists studying the impact of captivity and selection in ungulates but also for archaeologists exploring the origins of domestication and early herding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pelletier
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Niinimäki
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Salmi
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Gitto L, Bonaccorso L, Bryant SM, Serinelli S. Death caused by a domestic pig attack. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2021; 17:469-474. [PMID: 34106425 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary medico-legal investigation goal in deaths due to animal attacks is distinguishing between animal-related injuries and potential homicidal wounds. We report the case of a 49-year-old male found dead in his farm's pigsty, where a sow and her piglets were present. At the postmortem examination, numerous, severe blunt force injuries were observed on the body, with special regard to the upper extremities where massive injuries involving soft tissues, bones, and regional vessels, tendons, and nerves were present. The death resulted from severe bleeding from massive upper extremities injuries due to a domestic pig attack. Domestic pigs are usually placid but they can become aggressive if disturbed and attack humans producing severe injuries due to trampling, kicking and biting. Knowing the relevant anatomy, pattern of attack, and morphologies of wounds produced by particular animals can distinguish animal attacks from homicides, as well as attempt to identify the type of animal involved in an unwitnessed attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gitto
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Luigi Bonaccorso
- Sapienza University of Rome, Office of Forensic Medicine - Research Unit in Forensic Pathology, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephanie M Bryant
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Serenella Serinelli
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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15
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Bones geometric morphometrics illustrate 10th millennium cal. BP domestication of autochthonous Cypriot wild boar (Sus scrofa circeus nov. ssp). Sci Rep 2021; 11:11435. [PMID: 34075126 PMCID: PMC8169896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers from the Near East introduced wild boars (Sus scrofa) to Cyprus, with the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) settlers hunting the wild descendants of these boars. However, the geographic origin of the Cypriot boar and how they were integrated into the earliest forms of pig husbandry remain unsolved. Here, we present data on 11,000 to 9000 cal. BP Sus scrofa from the PPN sites of Klimonas and Shillourokambos. We compared them to contemporaneous populations from the Near East and to Neolithic and modern populations in Corsica, exploring their origin and evolution using biosystematic signals from molar teeth and heel bones (calcanei), using 2D and 3D geometric morphometrics. We found that the Cypriot PPN lineage of Sus scrofa originates from the Northern Levant. Yet, their phenotypic idiosyncrasy suggest that they evolved into an insular sub-species that we named Sus scrofa circeus, referring to Circe, the metamorphosis goddess that changed Ulysses companions into pigs. The phenotypic homogeneity among PPNA Klimonas wild boars and managed populations of PPNB Shillourokambos suggests that local domestication has been undertaken on the endemic S. s. circeus, strengthening the idea that Cyprus was integrated into the core region of animal domestication.
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Evin A, Bonhomme V, Claude J. Optimizing digitalization effort in morphometrics. Biol Methods Protoc 2020; 5:bpaa023. [PMID: 33324759 PMCID: PMC7723759 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying phenotypes is a common practice for addressing questions regarding morphological variation. The time dedicated to data acquisition can vary greatly depending on methods and on the required quantity of information. Optimizing digitization effort can be done either by pooling datasets among users, by automatizing data collection, or by reducing the number of measurements. Pooling datasets among users is not without risk since potential errors arising from multiple operators in data acquisition prevent combining morphometric datasets. We present an analytical workflow to estimate within and among operator biases and to assess whether morphometric datasets can be pooled. We show that pooling and sharing data requires careful examination of the errors occurring during data acquisition, that the choice of morphometric approach influences amount of error, and that in some cases pooling data should be avoided. The demonstration is based on a worked example (Sus scrofa teeth) using a combinations of 18 morphometric approaches and datasets for which we identified and quantified several potential sources of errors in the workflow. We show that it is possible to estimate the analytical power of a study using a small subset of data to select the best morphometric protocol and to optimize the number of variables necessary for analysis. In particular, we focus on semi-landmarks, which often produce an inflation of variables in contrast to the number of available observations use in statistical testing. We show how the workflow can be used for optimizing digitization efforts and provide recommendations for best practices in error management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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17
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Neaux D, Sansalone G, Lecompte F, Haruda A, Schafberg R, Cucchi T. Examining the effect of feralization on craniomandibular morphology in pigs, Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla: Suidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Feralization is the process by which domestic animals return to the wild and produce self-sustaining populations. It is often considered as a model in understanding the permanence of morphological changes associated with domestication; however, it is still unclear how much the release of anthropogenic selective pressures affects domestic traits. Here, we assessed the influence of feralization on the domestic morphological traits acquired through selective breeding using craniomandibular differences in shape and size between populations of feral pigs, wild boar and domestic pigs, using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Our results suggest that numerous cranial and mandibular traits associated with domestication still exist in feral specimens, corroborating that domestication-induced changes in the shape of morphological elements are broadly maintained in feral populations. This is not the case for size variations, however, as the cranium is significantly smaller in feral pigs than in domesticated breeds, which could be due to the selective pressures associated with founding events. Our exploratory study, therefore, underlines the complexity of feral population history, the intricate influence of variations in genetic diversity, and novel selection pressures in the morphology of these groups. Future studies will need to expand the sample to take into account the diversity of morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Neaux
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CNRS, CP, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie, UMR 7262, Université de Poitiers CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Gabriele Sansalone
- Function, Evolution & Anatomy Research Laboratory, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, NSW, Armidale, Australia
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- Center for Evolutionary Ecology, Rome, Italy
| | - François Lecompte
- Plateforme Chirurgie et Imagerie pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ashleigh Haruda
- Central Natural Science Collections, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Renate Schafberg
- Central Natural Science Collections, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Cucchi
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CNRS, CP, Paris, France
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Černá Bolfíková B, Evin A, Rozkošná Knitlová M, Loudová M, Sztencel-Jabłonka A, Bogdanowicz W, Hulva P. 3D Geometric Morphometrics Reveals Convergent Character Displacement in the Central European Contact Zone between Two Species of Hedgehogs (Genus Erinaceus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101803. [PMID: 33020407 PMCID: PMC7650550 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hedgehogs, being insectivores with slow metabolisms, are quite sensitive to temperature and food availability. As a consequence, their ranges have oscillated in relation to past climate changes. Species that have evolved in different regions, but their ranges have shifted and overlapped subsequently, often represent intense competitors as a result of ecological similarities. The present study focuses on this phenomenon in the contact zone in central Europe and adjacent regions, using genetic determination of species and description of size and shape of skull, the morphological structure mirroring many selection pressures related to ecology. While animals living outside of the contact zone show marked differences between the two species, individuals within the contact zone are more alike with a smaller skull size and a convergent jawbone shape. Changes in skull size can be related to inter-species competition and also facilitated by selection pressure, mediated by overpopulated medium-sized predators such as foxes or badgers. Since the function of the lower jaw is mainly connected to feeding, we hypothesize that this pattern is due to the selection to size and shape related to competition for food resources. The present study helps to describe general patterns related to species formation, as well as species responses to anthropogenic environmental changes. Abstract Hedgehogs, as medium-sized plantigrade insectivores with low basal metabolic rates and related defensive anti-predator strategies, are quite sensitive to temperature and ecosystem productivity. Their ranges therefore changed dramatically due to Pleistocene climate oscillations, resulting in allopatric speciation and the subsequent formation of secondary contact zones. Such interactions between closely related species are known to generate strong evolutionary forces responsible for niche differentiation. In this connection, here, we detail the results of research on the phenotypic evolution in the two species of hedgehog present in central Europe, as based on genetics and geometric morphometrics in samples along a longitudinal transect that includes the contact zone between the species. While in allopatry, Erinaceus europaeus is found to have a larger skull than E. roumanicus and distinct cranial and mandibular shapes; the members of the two species in sympatry are smaller and more similar to each other, with a convergent shape of the mandible. The relevant data fail to reveal any major role for either hybridisation or clinal variation. We, therefore, hypothesise that competitive pressure exerted on the studied species does not generate divergent selection sufficient for divergent character displacement to evolve, instead giving rise to convergent selection in the face of resource limitation in the direction of smaller skull size. Considering the multi-factorial constraints present in the relevant adaptive landscape, reduction in size could also be facilitated by predator pressure in ecosystems characterised by mesopredator release and other anthropogenic factors. As the function of the animals’ lower jaw is mainly connected with feeding (in contrast to the cranium whose functions are obviously more complex), we interpret the similarity in shape as reflecting local adaptations to overlapping dietary resources in the two species and hence as convergent character displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Černá Bolfíková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-22438-2497
| | - Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution—Montpellier (ISEM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Markéta Rozkošná Knitlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.K.); (M.L.); (P.H.)
| | - Miroslava Loudová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.K.); (M.L.); (P.H.)
| | - Anna Sztencel-Jabłonka
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.-J.); (W.B.)
| | - Wiesław Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.-J.); (W.B.)
| | - Pavel Hulva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.K.); (M.L.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Pelletier M, Kotiaho A, Niinimäki S, Salmi AK. Identifying early stages of reindeer domestication in the archaeological record: a 3D morphological investigation on forelimb bones of modern populations from Fennoscandia. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 12:169. [PMID: 32704330 PMCID: PMC7366605 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-020-01123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reindeer herding probably developed during the Late Iron Age onwards and is still an important part of the subsistence and culture of many peoples in northern Eurasia. However, despite the importance of this husbandry in the history of these Arctic people, the period and place of the origin as well as the spread of domestic reindeer is still highly debated. Besides the existence of different breeding methods in these territories, identifying domesticated individuals in the archaeological record is complicated because reindeers are considered to still be in the early phases of the domestication process. Indeed, the traditional morphological markers used in zooarchaeology to decipher the domestication syndrome are hardly perceptible in these early stages. In this work, we propose solutions for identifying domestic reindeer bones using 3D geometric morphometrics on isolated elements from the long bones of the forelimb (i.e. humerus, radio-ulna and metacarpal). These bones are important to understand both the feeding behaviour and the mobility of reindeer, and the potential effect of load-carrying or draught in the case of domestic reindeer. We analysed 123 modern specimens from Fennoscandia, including the two interbreeding subspecies currently present in these territories: mountain reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and forest reindeer (R.t. fennicus); and where the sex and the lifestyle were known (i.e. free-ranging, racing or draught and captive individuals). A good level of discrimination between the size and shape variables of the bones of the forelimb was found among both subspecies and sexes. Moreover, individuals bred in captivity had smaller bone elements and a thinner and more slender morphology than free-ranging individuals. This demonstrates that the long bones of the forelimb can provide information on changes in feeding and locomotor behaviour prompted by the domestication process, like control and/or reduction of mobility and food of individual reindeer by humans. This also demonstrates that analysis in 3D geometric morphometrics is useful in detecting reindeer incipient domestication markers. Our results can be used by archaeologists to trace the early stages of domestication from fossil reindeer remains, and aid in reconstructing the socio-economic changes of past Arctic populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pelletier
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Kotiaho
- Department of Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Niinimäki
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Salmi
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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20
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Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17231-17238. [PMID: 31405970 PMCID: PMC6717267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901169116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeological evidence indicates that domestic pigs arrived in Europe, alongside farmers from the Near East ∼8,500 y ago, yet mitochondrial genomes of modern European pigs are derived from European wild boars. To address this conundrum, we obtained mitochondrial and nuclear data from modern and ancient Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses indicate that, aside from a coat color gene, most Near Eastern ancestry in the genomes of European domestic pigs disappeared over 3,000 y as a result of interbreeding with local wild boars. This implies that pigs were not domesticated independently in Europe, yet the first 2,500 y of human-mediated selection applied by Near Eastern Neolithic farmers played little role in the development of modern European pigs. Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process.
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21
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Evidence of large genetic influences on dog ownership in the Swedish Twin Registry has implications for understanding domestication and health associations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7554. [PMID: 31101867 PMCID: PMC6525200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs were the first domesticated animal and, according to the archaeological evidence, have had a close relationship with humans for at least 15,000 years. Today, dogs are common pets in our society and have been linked to increased well-being and improved health outcomes in their owners. A dog in the family during childhood is associated with ownership in adult life. The underlying factors behind this association could be related to experiences or to genetic influences. We aimed to investigate the heritability of dog ownership in a large twin sample including all twins in the Swedish Twin Registry born between 1926 and 1996 and alive in 2006. Information about dog ownership was available from 2001 to 2016 from national dog registers. The final data set included 85,542 twins from 50,507 twin pairs with known zygosity, where information on both twins were available in 35,035 pairs. Structural equation modeling was performed to estimate additive genetic effects (the heritability), common/shared environmental, and unique/non-shared environmental effects. We found that additive genetic factors largely contributed to dog ownership, with heritability estimated at 57% for females and 51% for males. An effect of shared environmental factors was only observed in early adulthood. In conclusion, we show a strong genetic contribution to dog ownership in adulthood in a large twin study. We see two main implications of this finding: (1) genetic variation may have contributed to our ability to domesticate dogs and other animals and (2) potential pleiotropic effects of genetic variation affecting dog ownership should be considered in studies examining health impacts of dog ownership.
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Parsons KJ, Son YH, Crespel A, Thambithurai D, Killen S, Harris MP, Albertson RC. Conserved but flexible modularity in the zebrafish skull: implications for craniofacial evolvability. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2671. [PMID: 29669899 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation is the outward manifestation of development and provides fodder for adaptive evolution. Because of this contingency, evolution is often thought to be biased by developmental processes and functional interactions among structures, which are statistically detectable through forms of covariance among traits. This can take the form of substructures of integrated traits, termed modules, which together comprise patterns of variational modularity. While modularity is essential to an understanding of evolutionary potential, biologists currently have little understanding of its genetic basis and its temporal dynamics over generations. To address these open questions, we compared patterns of craniofacial modularity among laboratory strains, defined mutant lines and a wild population of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our findings suggest that relatively simple genetic changes can have profound effects on covariance, without greatly affecting craniofacial shape. Moreover, we show that instead of completely deconstructing the covariance structure among sets of traits, mutations cause shifts among seemingly latent patterns of modularity suggesting that the skull may be predisposed towards a limited number of phenotypes. This new insight may serve to greatly increase the evolvability of a population by providing a range of 'preset' patterns of modularity that can appear readily and allow for rapid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Young H Son
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Amelie Crespel
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shaun Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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23
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Yamada E, Anezaki T, Hongo H. Tooth Outline Shape Analysis of the Ryukyu Wild Boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) and the Japanese Wild Boar (S. s. leucomystax) by Geometric Morphometrics. MAMMAL STUDY 2018. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2017-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Yamada
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Tomoko Anezaki
- Gunma Museum of Natural History, 1674-1 Kamikuroiwa, Tomioka, Gunma 370-2345, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hongo
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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24
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Geiger M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Similar rates of morphological evolution in domesticated and wild pigs and dogs. Front Zool 2018; 15:23. [PMID: 29796043 PMCID: PMC5966889 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether the great morphological disparity of domesticated forms is the result of uniformly higher evolutionary rates compared to the wild populations is debated. We provide new data on changes of skull dimensions within historical time periods in wild and domesticated dogs and pigs to test if domestication might lead to an accelerated tempo of evolution in comparison to the wild conspecifics. Darwins and Haldanes were used to quantify evolutionary rates. Comparisons with evolutionary rates in other species and concerning other characteristics from the literature were conducted. Results Newly gathered and literature data show that most skull dimensions do not change faster in domesticated breeds than in wild populations, although it is well known that there is extensive artificial selection on skull shape in some dog breeds. Evolutionary rates among domesticated forms and traits (e.g., production traits in pigs, and racing speed in some horses and greyhounds) might vary greatly with species and breeding aim. Conclusions Our study shows that evolutionary rates in domestication are not in any event faster than those in the wild, although they are often perceived as such given the vast changes that appear in a relatively short period of time. This may imply that evolution under natural conditions – i.e., without human intervention – is not as slow as previously described, for example by Darwin. On the other hand, our results illustrate how diverse domestication is in tempo, mode, and processes involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-018-0265-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- 1Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.,2Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- 1Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Frantz LAF, Rudzinski A, Nugraha AMS, Evin A, Burton J, Hulme-Beaman A, Linderholm A, Barnett R, Vega R, Irving-Pease EK, Haile J, Allen R, Leus K, Shephard J, Hillyer M, Gillemot S, van den Hurk J, Ogle S, Atofanei C, Thomas MG, Johansson F, Mustari AH, Williams J, Mohamad K, Damayanti CS, Wiryadi ID, Obbles D, Mona S, Day H, Yasin M, Meker S, McGuire JA, Evans BJ, von Rintelen T, Ho SYW, Searle JB, Kitchener AC, Macdonald AA, Shaw DJ, Hall R, Galbusera P, Larson G. Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2017.2566. [PMID: 29643207 PMCID: PMC5904307 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi's three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2–3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1–2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent A F Frantz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK .,The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Anna Rudzinski
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France.,Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - James Burton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.,IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group and Chester Zoo, Cedar House, Caughall Road, Upton by Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Ardern Hulme-Beaman
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.,Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Anna Linderholm
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.,Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA
| | - Ross Barnett
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Vega
- Ecology Research Group, Section of Life Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury CT1 1QU, Kent, UK
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - James Haile
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Richard Allen
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Kristin Leus
- Copenhagen Zoo, IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group-Europe, Roskildevej 38, Postboks 7, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, PO Box 20164, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Shephard
- Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 20-26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium.,Environment and Conservation Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Mia Hillyer
- Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 20-26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium.,Molecular Systematics Unit/Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 20-26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen van den Hurk
- Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 20-26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sharron Ogle
- Edinburgh Medical School: BMTO, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Cristina Atofanei
- Ecology Research Group, Section of Life Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury CT1 1QU, Kent, UK
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Abdul Haris Mustari
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, PO Box 168, Bogor 16001, Indonesia
| | - John Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Southern Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Kusdiantoro Mohamad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis, IPB Campus, Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Chandramaya Siska Damayanti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis, IPB Campus, Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Dagmar Obbles
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephano Mona
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 16 rue Buffon, CP39, 75005 Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Stefan Meker
- Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jimmy A McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ben J Evans
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew C Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, Chambers Street, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.,Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Alastair A Macdonald
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Darren J Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Robert Hall
- SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Peter Galbusera
- Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 20-26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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26
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Böhmer C, Böhmer E. Shape Variation in the Craniomandibular System and Prevalence of Dental Problems in Domestic Rabbits: A Case Study in Evolutionary Veterinary Science. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010005. [PMID: 29056664 PMCID: PMC5606619 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to wild lagomorphs, pet rabbits exhibit a noticeably high frequency of dental problems. Although dietary habits are considered as a major factor contributing to acquired malocclusions, the exact causes and interrelationships are still under debate. In this regard, an important aspect that has not been considered thoroughly to date is the effect of diet-induced phenotypic plasticity in skull morphology. Therefore, we conducted a geometric morphometric analysis on skull radiological images of wild and pet rabbits in order to quantify intraspecific variation in craniomandibular morphology. The statistical analyses reveal a significant morphological differentiation of the craniomandibular system between both groups. Furthermore, the analysis of covariance shows that the force-generating modules (cranium and mandible) vary independently from the force-receiving module (hypselodont teeth) in pet rabbits, which is in contrast to their wild relatives. Our findings suggest that the phenotypic changes in domestic rabbits impact mastication performance and, consequently, oral health. An adequate close-to-nature nutrition throughout the whole life and especially beginning early parallel to weaning (phase of increased phenotypic plasticity) is necessary to ensure a normal strain on the teeth by promoting physiological lateral gliding movements and avoiding direct axial loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Estella Böhmer
- Chirurgische und Gynäkologische Kleintierklinik ,Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr 13, München 80539, Germany.
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27
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Geiger M, Gendron K, Willmitzer F, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Unaltered sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity in domestic dogs compared to the wolf. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:16. [PMID: 27555921 PMCID: PMC4994403 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesised that domestication altered the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity of dogs when compared to their wolf ancestor. To test this we investigated a comprehensive sample of domestic dogs. METHODS We documented the timing of completed eruption of permanent dentition into occlusion (dental maturity) and the timing of growth plate closure at the proximal humerus (skeletal maturity) in ontogenetic series of wolves and 15 domestic dog breeds. Data for 137 domestic dog and 64 wolf individuals were collected based on radiographs and examination of macerated bones. RESULTS Our analyses show that domestic dogs exhibit a similar sequence of dental and skeletal maturity as the ancestral wolf. Although the absolute change of the age at attainment of sexual maturity is great in domestic dogs as compared to the wolf, the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity is not altered as extensively, contradicting one previous hypothesis. Moreover, our data suggest that the chondrodystrophic dachshund attains skeletal maturity earlier than the non-chondrodystrophic breeds examined here. CONCLUSIONS Domestic dogs are more wolf-like in terms of the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturation than previously hypothesised. This implies that the domestication process and/or breed formation did not have a major impact on this sequence, although the absolute values of life history variables do have a greater range of variation than in the wild wolf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karine Gendron
- Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Willmitzer
- Departement für Kleintiere, Bildgebende Diagnostik, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Social Complexification and Pig (Sus scrofa) Husbandry in Ancient China: A Combined Geometric Morphometric and Isotopic Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158523. [PMID: 27384523 PMCID: PMC4934769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs have played a major role in the economic, social and symbolic systems of China since the Early Neolithic more than 8,000 years ago. However, the interaction between the history of pig domestication and transformations in Chinese society since then, have not been fully explored. In this paper, we investigated the co-evolution from the earliest farming communities through to the new political and economic models of state-like societies, up to the Chinese Empire, using 5,000 years of archaeological records from the Xiawanggang (XWG) and Xinzhai (XZ) sites (Henan Province). To trace the changes of pig populations against husbandry practices, we combined the geometric morphometric analysis of dental traits with a study of the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from bone collagen. The domestication process intensified during the Neolithic Yangshao, prompted by greater selective pressure and/or better herd control against wild introgression. After that, pig farming, in XWG, relied on local livestock and a gradual change of husbandry practices overtime. This was characterized by a gentle increase in millet foddering and animal protein intake, until a complete change over to household management during the Han dynasty. The only rupture in this steady trend of husbandry occurred during the Longshan period, with the appearance of small sized and idiosyncratic pigs with specific feeding practices (relying on millet and household scraps). From three exploratory hypothesis, we explored the possibility of anti-elite pig production in XWG during the Longshan period, as a means to resist incorporation into a new economic model promoting intensified domestic production. This exploratory hypothesis is the most suitable to our dataset; however, numerous areas need to be explored further in order to adequately document the role of pigs in the rise of China’s complex societies.
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29
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Sánchez-Villagra MR, Geiger M, Schneider RA. The taming of the neural crest: a developmental perspective on the origins of morphological covariation in domesticated mammals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160107. [PMID: 27429770 PMCID: PMC4929905 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies on domestication are blooming, but the developmental bases for the generation of domestication traits and breed diversity remain largely unexplored. Some phenotypic patterns of human neurocristopathies are suggestive of those reported for domesticated mammals and disrupting neural crest developmental programmes have been argued to be the source of traits deemed the 'domestication syndrome'. These character changes span multiple organ systems and morphological structures. But an in-depth examination within the phylogenetic framework of mammals including domesticated forms reveals that the distribution of such traits is not universal, with canids being the only group showing a large set of predicted features. Modularity of traits tied to phylogeny characterizes domesticated mammals: through selective breeding, individual behavioural and morphological traits can be reordered, truncated, augmented or deleted. Similarly, mammalian evolution on islands has resulted in suites of phenotypic changes like those of some domesticated forms. Many domesticated mammals can serve as valuable models for conducting comparative studies on the evolutionary developmental biology of the neural crest, given that series of their embryos are readily available and that their phylogenetic histories and genomes are well characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Street 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard A. Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Californiaat San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Jones S. Anthropological Archaeology in 2015: Entanglements, Reflection, Reevaluation, and Archaeology beyond Disciplinary Boundaries. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Jones
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Philosophy; Northern Kentucky University; Highland Heights KY 41099
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31
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Vai S, Vilaça ST, Romandini M, Benazzo A, Visentini P, Modolo M, Bertolini M, MacQueen P, Austin J, Cooper A, Caramelli D, Lari M, Bertorelle G. The Biarzo case in northern Italy: is the temporal dynamic of swine mitochondrial DNA lineages in Europe related to domestication? Sci Rep 2015; 5:16514. [PMID: 26549464 PMCID: PMC4637886 DOI: 10.1038/srep16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically-based reconstructions of the history of pig domestication in Europe are based on two major pillars: 1) the temporal changes of mitochondrial DNA lineages are related to domestication; 2) Near Eastern haplotypes which appeared and then disappeared in some sites across Europe are genetic markers of the first Near Eastern domestic pigs. We typed a small but informative fragment of the mitochondrial DNA in 23 Sus scrofa samples from a site in north eastern Italy (Biarzo shelter) which provides a continuous record across a ≈6,000 year time frame from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic. We additionally carried out several radiocarbon dating. We found that a rapid mitochondrial DNA turnover occurred during the Mesolithic, suggesting that substantial changes in the composition of pig mitochondrial lineages can occur naturally across few millennia independently of domestication processes. Moreover, so-called Near Eastern haplotypes were present here at least two millennia before the arrival of Neolithic package in the same area. Consequently, we recommend a re-evaluation of the previous idea that Neolithic farmers introduced pigs domesticated in the Near East, and that Mesolithic communities acquired domestic pigs via cultural exchanges, to include the possibility of a more parsimonious hypothesis of local domestication in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vai
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sibelle Torres Vilaça
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Romandini
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Benazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Marta Modolo
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Bertolini
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy MacQueen
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeremy Austin
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Caramelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bertorelle
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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32
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Evin A, Dobney K, Schafberg R, Owen J, Vidarsdottir US, Larson G, Cucchi T. Phenotype and animal domestication: A study of dental variation between domestic, wild, captive, hybrid and insular Sus scrofa. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 25648385 PMCID: PMC4328033 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying the phenotypic responses to domestication remains a long-standing and important question for researchers studying its early history. The great diversity in domestic animals and plants that exists today bears testament to the profound changes that domestication has induced in their ancestral wild forms over the last millennia. Domestication is a complex evolutionary process in which wild organisms are moved to new anthropogenic environments. Although modern genetics are significantly improving our understanding of domestication and breed formation, little is still known about the associated morphological changes linked to the process itself. In order to explore phenotypic variation induced by different levels of human control, we analysed the diversity of dental size, shape and allometry in modern free-living and captive wild, wild x domestic hybrid, domestic and insular Sus scrofa populations. Results We show that domestication has created completely new dental phenotypes not found in wild boar (although the amount of variation amongst domestic pigs does not exceed that found in the wild). Wild boar tooth shape also appears to be biogeographically structured, likely the result of post-glacial recolonisation history. Furthermore, distinct dental phenotypes were also observed among domestic breeds, probably the result of differing types and intensity of past and present husbandry practices. Captivity also appears to impact tooth shape. Wild x domestic hybrids possess second molars that are strictly intermediate in shape between wild boar and domestic pigs (third molars, however, showing greater shape similarity with wild boar) while their size is more similar to domestic pigs. The dental phenotypes of insular Sus scrofa populations found on Corsica and Sardinia today (originally introduced by Neolithic settlers to the islands) can be explained either by feralization of the original introduced domestic swine or that the founding population maintained a wild boar phenotype through time. Conclusions Domestication has driven significant phenotypic diversification in Sus scrofa. Captivity (environmental control), hybridization (genome admixture), and introduction to islands all correspond to differing levels of human control and may be considered different stages of the domestication process. The relatively well-known genetic evolutionary history of pigs shows a similar complexity at the phenotypic level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0269-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allowen Evin
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, UK. .,CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique : Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Renate Schafberg
- Group Animal Breeding, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IANS), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str, 11 D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Joseph Owen
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, UK. .,Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Education Bulding 9635, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A, Canada. .,Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Greger Larson
- Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Thomas Cucchi
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, UK. .,CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique : Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
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