1
|
McCarren S, Johnson SD, Theron GL, Coetzee A, Turner R, Midgley J. Flower orientation and corolla length as reproductive barriers in the pollinator-driven divergence of Erica shannonea and Erica ampullacea. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:1083-1090. [PMID: 37676744 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of reproductive barriers can enable reproductive isolation and stable coexistence of plant species. Differing floral traits might play an important role in reproductive isolation imposed by pollinators. Such shifts in pollinator use have been hypothesized to contribute to the radiation of Erica (Ericaceae) in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. The sister species Erica shannonea and Erica ampullacea co-occur and overlap in flowering phenology. Both have unscented long-tubed flowers consistent with adaptations for pollination by long-proboscid flies (LPFs), but differences in flower orientation and corolla tube length are indicative of a shift in pollinator species. We conducted controlled pollination experiments and pollinator observations to determine the breeding system and pollinators of the two species. Both species are self-incompatible and require pollinator visits for seed production, suggesting that pollinators could strongly influence flower evolution. The horizontally orientated flowers of E. shannonea were found to be pollinated by Philoliche rostrata (Tabanidae), which has a long, fixed forward-pointing proboscis, while the vertically upright orientated flowers of E. ampullacea were found to be pollinated by Prosoeca westermanni (Nemestrinidae), which has a shorter proboscis that can swivel downwards. The nemestrinid fly's proboscis is too short to access the nectar in the relative long-tubed flowers of E. shannonea and the tabanid fly's proboscis cannot swivel down to access the upright flowers of E. ampullacea. Consequently, these traits are likely to act as reproductive barriers between the two Erica species and thereby might have contributed to speciation and enable stable coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S McCarren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - G L Theron
- Department of Natural Sciences, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - A Coetzee
- Nelson-Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - R Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Midgley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kriebel R, Rose JP, Bastide P, Jolles D, Reginato M, Sytsma KJ. The evolution of Ericaceae flowers and their pollination syndromes at a global scale. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16220. [PMID: 37551426 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral evolution in large clades is difficult to study not only because of the number of species involved, but also because they often are geographically widespread and include a diversity of outcrossing pollination systems. The cosmopolitan blueberry family (Ericaceae) is one such example, most notably pollinated by bees and multiple clades of nectarivorous birds. METHODS We combined data on floral traits, pollination ecology, and geography with a comprehensive phylogeny to examine the structuring of floral diversity across pollination systems and continents. We focused on ornithophilous systems to test the hypothesis that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by now-extinct hummingbirds. RESULTS Despite some support for floral differentiation at a continental scale, we found a large amount of variability within and among landmasses, due to both phylogenetic conservatism and parallel evolution. We found support for floral differentiation in anther and corolla traits across pollination systems, including among different ornithophilous systems. Corolla traits show inconclusive evidence that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by hummingbirds, while anther traits show stronger evidence. Some major shifts in floral traits are associated with changes in pollination system, but shifts within bee systems are likely also important. CONCLUSIONS Studying the floral evolution of large, morphologically diverse, and widespread clades is feasible. We demonstrate that continent-specific radiations have led to widespread parallel evolution of floral morphology. We show that traits outside of the perianth may hold important clues to the ecological history of lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Paul Bastide
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Jolles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, 17 High Street, Plymouth, New Hampshire, 03264-1594, USA
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McCarren S, Coetzee A, Midgley J. Corolla stickiness prevents nectar robbing in Erica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:963-970. [PMID: 33866459 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Floral stickiness is a rare trait with unknown function, but it is common in the mega-diverse Cape genus Erica (Ericaceae). This study investigated the role of stickiness measured as adhesive strength in Erica as protection against nectar robbing and its correlation with floral traits. We compared the incidence of nectar robbing in flowers of the same species with or without experimentally added stickiness, and amongst communities of co-occurring species with flowers differing in stickiness. Additionally, we tested the relationship between stickiness and pollination syndrome, corolla shape, corolla length and sepal-corolla ratio across the whole genus. Stickiness was correlated with lower floral damage rates within and between species, indicating it functions as an anti-nectar robbing trait. Across the genus Erica, stickiness is most strongly correlated with bird and long-proboscid fly pollination, presumably because of their larger nectar rewards. Stickiness was also correlated with floral traits that are often associated with high risk of being damaged by nectar robbers: narrow-mouthed corollas, long corollas and shorter sepals. These results show that corolla stickiness defends Erica flowers against nectar robbing and thereby potentially improves fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha McCarren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Anina Coetzee
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, 6530, South Africa
| | - Jeremy Midgley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coetzee A, Seymour CL, Spottiswoode CN. Facilitation and competition shape a geographical mosaic of flower colour polymorphisms. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anina Coetzee
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Colleen L. Seymour
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity InstituteKirstenbosch Research Centre Claremont South Africa
| | - Claire N. Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Science and Innovation‐National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li MJ, Yu HX, Guo XL, He XJ. Out of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and rapid radiation across Eurasia for Allium section Daghestanica (Amaryllidaceae). AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab017. [PMID: 34055281 PMCID: PMC8152445 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The disjunctive distribution (Europe-Caucasus-Asia) and species diversification across Eurasia for the genus Allium sect. Daghestanica has fascinating attractions for researchers aiming to understanding the development and history of modern Eurasia flora. However, no any studies have been carried out to address the evolutionary history of this section. Based on the nrITS and cpDNA fragments (trnL-trnF and rpl32-trnL), the evolutionary history of the third evolutionary line (EL3) of the genus Allium was reconstructed and we further elucidated the evolutionary line of sect. Daghestanica under this background. Our molecular phylogeny recovered two highly supported clades in sect. Daghestanica: the Clade I includes Caucasian-European species and Asian A. maowenense, A. xinlongense and A. carolinianum collected in Qinghai; the Clade II comprises Asian yellowish tepal species, A. chrysanthum, A. chrysocephalum, A. herderianum, A. rude and A. xichuanense. The divergence time estimation and biogeography inference indicated that Asian ancestor located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the adjacent region could have migrated to Caucasus and Europe distributions around the Late Miocene and resulted in further divergence and speciation; Asian ancestor underwent the rapid radiation in the QTP and the adjacent region most likely due to the heterogeneous ecology of the QTP resulted from the orogeneses around 4-3 million years ago (Mya). Our study provides a picture to understand the origin and species diversification across Eurasia for sect. Daghestanica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Huan-Xi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Jin He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tassone EE, Miles LS, Dyer RJ, Rosenberg MS, Cowling RM, Verrelli BC. Evolutionary stability, landscape heterogeneity, and human land-usage shape population genetic connectivity in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1109-1123. [PMID: 33897824 PMCID: PMC8061270 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As human-induced change eliminates natural habitats, it impacts genetic diversity and population connectivity for local biodiversity. The South African Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is the most diverse extratropical area for plant biodiversity, and much of its habitat is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site. There has long been great interest in explaining the underlying factors driving this unique diversity, especially as much of the CFR is endangered by urbanization and other anthropogenic activity. Here, we use a population and landscape genetic analysis of SNP data from the CFR endemic plant Leucadendron salignum or "common sunshine conebush" as a model to address the evolutionary and environmental factors shaping the vast CFR diversity. We found that high population structure, along with relatively deeper and older genealogies, is characteristic of the southwestern CFR, whereas low population structure and more recent lineage coalescence depict the eastern CFR. Population network analyses show genetic connectivity is facilitated in areas of lower elevation and higher seasonal precipitation. These population genetic signatures corroborate CFR species-level patterns consistent with high Pleistocene biome stability and landscape heterogeneity in the southwest, but with coincident instability in the east. Finally, we also find evidence of human land-usage as a significant gene flow barrier, especially in severely threatened lowlands where genetic connectivity has been historically the highest. These results help identify areas where conservation plans can prioritize protecting high genetic diversity threatened by contemporary human activities within this unique cultural UNESCO site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay S. Miles
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Rodney J. Dyer
- Center for Environmental StudiesVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Michael S. Rosenberg
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Richard M. Cowling
- African Centre for Coastal PalaeoscienceBotany DepartmentNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hopper SD, Lambers H, Silveira FAO, Fiedler PL. OCBIL theory examined: reassessing evolution, ecology and conservation in the world’s ancient, climatically buffered and infertile landscapes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OCBIL theory was introduced as a contribution towards understanding the evolution, ecology and conservation of the biological and cultural diversity of old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs), especially in the Southern Hemisphere. The theory addresses some of the most intransigent environmental and cultural trends of our time – the ongoing decline of biodiversity and cultural diversity of First Nations. Here we reflect on OCBILs, the origins of the theory, and its principal hypotheses in biological, anthropological and conservation applications. The discovery that threatened plant species are concentrated in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) on infertile, phosphorous-impoverished uplands within 500 km of the coast formed the foundational framework for OCBIL theory and led to the development of testable hypotheses that a growing literature is addressing. Currently, OCBILs are recognized in 15 Global Biodiversity Hotspots and eight other regions. The SWAFR, Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and South America’s campos rupestres (montane grasslands) are those regions that have most comprehensively been investigated in the context of OCBIL theory. We summarize 12 evolutionary, ecological and cultural hypotheses and ten conservation-management hypotheses being investigated as recent contributions to the OCBIL literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA, Australia
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Departmento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Peggy L Fiedler
- Natural Reserve System, University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kandziora M, Sklenář P, Kolář F, Schmickl R. How to Tackle Phylogenetic Discordance in Recent and Rapidly Radiating Groups? Developing a Workflow Using Loricaria (Asteraceae) as an Example. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765719. [PMID: 35069621 PMCID: PMC8777076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in phylogenetics and -genomics is to resolve young rapidly radiating groups. The fast succession of species increases the probability of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), and different topologies of the gene trees are expected, leading to gene tree discordance, i.e., not all gene trees represent the species tree. Phylogenetic discordance is common in phylogenomic datasets, and apart from ILS, additional sources include hybridization, whole-genome duplication, and methodological artifacts. Despite a high degree of gene tree discordance, species trees are often well supported and the sources of discordance are not further addressed in phylogenomic studies, which can eventually lead to incorrect phylogenetic hypotheses, especially in rapidly radiating groups. We chose the high-Andean Asteraceae genus Loricaria to shed light on the potential sources of phylogenetic discordance and generated a phylogenetic hypothesis. By accounting for paralogy during gene tree inference, we generated a species tree based on hundreds of nuclear loci, using Hyb-Seq, and a plastome phylogeny obtained from off-target reads during target enrichment. We observed a high degree of gene tree discordance, which we found implausible at first sight, because the genus did not show evidence of hybridization in previous studies. We used various phylogenomic analyses (trees and networks) as well as the D-statistics to test for ILS and hybridization, which we developed into a workflow on how to tackle phylogenetic discordance in recent radiations. We found strong evidence for ILS and hybridization within the genus Loricaria. Low genetic differentiation was evident between species located in different Andean cordilleras, which could be indicative of substantial introgression between populations, promoted during Pleistocene glaciations, when alpine habitats shifted creating opportunities for secondary contact and hybridization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kandziora
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Martha Kandziora,
| | - Petr Sklenář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Roswitha Schmickl
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Andrino CO, Barbosa-Silva RG, Lovo J, Viana PL, Moro MF, Zappi DC. Iron islands in the Amazon: investigating plant beta diversity of canga outcrops. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 165:1-25. [PMID: 33192143 PMCID: PMC7642173 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.165.54819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The world's largest mineral iron province, Serra dos Carajás, is home to an open vegetation known as canga, found on top of isolated outcrops rising out of the Amazon rainforest. Over one thousand vascular plants species have been recorded in these canga sites, including 38 edaphic endemics. A new survey adds to our investigation of biogeographic relationships between sixteen canga outcrops and the effect of the distance between site pairs on the number of shared species, regional species turnover and species distribution patterns. Plant collecting expeditions to the westernmost site, the Serra de Campos of São Félix do Xingu (SFX), were carried out followed by the identification of all collected specimens and the creation of a species database, built to perform biogeographical analyses. Floristic relationships among the sites were investigated regarding their similarity, using multivariate analyses. The correlation between canga areas and species richness was tested, as well as the geographical distance between pairs of outcrops and their shared species. Vascular plants at SFX total 254 species including 17 edaphic endemics. All canga sites are grouped with 25% of minimum similarity, and the SFX falls within a large subgroup of outcrops. The total species number shared between site pairs does not change significantly with geographical distance but is positively correlated with the area of each outcrop. Meanwhile, shared endemic species numbers between site pairs decline when geographical distance increases, possibly imposed by the barrier of the rainforest. Our data suggest higher shared similarity between the largest and species-richest sites as opposed to geographically nearby sites, and provide useful insight for drafting conservation and compensation measures for canga locations. The size of the canga outcrops is associated to higher floristic diversity but connectivity among islands also plays a role in their similarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Oliveira Andrino
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, BrazilInstituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação Botânica, Belém, Pará, BrazilMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Rafael Gomes Barbosa-Silva
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, BrazilInstituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação Botânica, Belém, Pará, BrazilMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Juliana Lovo
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, BrazilInstituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação Botânica, Belém, Pará, BrazilMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Pedro Lage Viana
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação Botânica, Belém, Pará, BrazilMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Marcelo Freire Moro
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar (Labomar), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilUniversidade Federal do CearáFortalezaBrazil
| | - Daniela Cristina Zappi
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, BrazilInstituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação Botânica, Belém, Pará, BrazilMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Talavera G, Kaliszewska ZA, Heath A, Pierce NE. Recent diversification of Chrysoritis butterflies in the South African Cape (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106817. [PMID: 32289447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although best known for its extraordinary radiations of endemic plant species, the South African fynbos is home to a great diversity of phytophagous insects, including butterflies in the genus Chrysoritis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). These butterflies are remarkably uniform morphologically; nevertheless, they comprise 43 currently accepted species and 68 currently valid taxonomic names. While many species have highly restricted, dot-like distributions, others are widespread. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic and biogeographic history underlying their diversification by analyzing molecular markers from 406 representatives of all described species throughout their respective ranges. We recover monophyletic clades for both C. chrysaor and C. thysbe species-groups, and identify a set of lineages that fall between them. The estimated age of divergence for the genus is 32 Mya, and we document significantly rapid diversification of the thysbe species-group in the Pleistocene (~2 Mya). Using ancestral geographic range reconstruction, we show that West Fynbos is the most likely region of origin for the radiation of the thysbe species-group. The colonization of this region occurred 9 Mya and appears to have been followed by a long period of relative stasis before a recent increase in diversification. Thus, the thysbe radiation does not appear to have resulted from the colonization of new biogeographic areas. Rather, the impact of species interactions (with ants and plants), the appearance of key innovations, and/or the opening of new ecological niche space in the region might explain the sudden burst of speciation that occurred in this group 2 Mya. The biogeographic model suggests two different diversification processes with few historical cross-colonisations, one in eastern South Africa for the C. chrysaor group and the other in western South Africa for the remaining taxa. Distributional range assessments and ecological niche models for each species show important niche overlap, and in a few cases, complete overlap. However, these shared traits are not explained by phylogenetic history. Chrysoritis taxa frequently fly in sympatry and gene tree reticulation appears to be widespread at the species level, suggesting that several episodes of range shifts might have led to secondary sympatries, allowing limited gene flow that challenges species delimitation efforts. In addition, the unusually high diversification rate for the thysbe clade of 1.35 [0.91-1.81] lineages per million years also suggests the possibility of taxonomic oversplitting. The phylogeny presented here provides a framework for a taxonomic revision of the genus. We highlight cases of potential synonymy both in allopatry and sympatry, and stress the importance of dedicated studies to assess potential pre- and post-zygotic barriers giving rise to species delimitations of the thysbe group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Talavera
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Zofia A Kaliszewska
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Alan Heath
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reich D, Berger A, von Balthazar M, Chartier M, Sherafati M, Schönenberger J, Manafzadeh S, Staedler YM. Modularity and evolution of flower shape: the role of function, development, and spandrels in Erica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:267-280. [PMID: 31765023 PMCID: PMC7065081 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowers have been hypothesized to contain either modules of attraction and reproduction, functional modules (pollination-effecting parts) or developmental modules (organ-specific). Do pollination specialization and syndromes influence floral modularity? In order to test these hypotheses and answer this question, we focused on the genus Erica: we gathered 3D data from flowers of 19 species with diverse syndromes via computed tomography, and for the first time tested the above-mentioned hypotheses via 3D geometric morphometrics. To provide an evolutionary framework for our results, we tested the evolutionary mode of floral shape, size and integration under the syndromes regime, and - for the first time - reconstructed the high-dimensional floral shape of their most recent common ancestor. We demonstrate that the modularity of the 3D shape of generalist flowers depends on development and that of specialists is linked to function: modules of pollen deposition and receipt in bird syndrome, and access-restriction to the floral reward in long-proboscid fly syndrome. Only size and shape principal component 1 showed multiple-optima selection, suggesting that they were co-opted during evolution to adapt flowers to novel pollinators. Whole floral shape followed an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (selection-driven) evolutionary model, and differentiated relatively late. Flower shape modularity thus crucially depends on pollinator specialization and syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Reich
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Evolutionary and Systematic BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Andreas Berger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Evolutionary and Systematic BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Maria von Balthazar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Mahboubeh Sherafati
- Department of Plant BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehran14115‐154Iran
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| | - Sara Manafzadeh
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchDivision of Structural and Functional BotanyUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14Vienna1030Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vasconcelos TNC, Alcantara S, Andrino CO, Forest F, Reginato M, Simon MF, Pirani JR. Fast diversification through a mosaic of evolutionary histories characterizes the endemic flora of ancient Neotropical mountains. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192933. [PMID: 32183631 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountains are among the most biodiverse areas on the globe. In young mountain ranges, exceptional plant species richness is often associated with recent and rapid radiations linked to the mountain uplift itself. In ancient mountains, however, orogeny vastly precedes the evolution of vascular plants, so species richness has been explained by species accumulation during long periods of low extinction rates. Here we evaluate these assumptions by analysing plant diversification dynamics in the campo rupestre, an ecosystem associated with pre-Cambrian mountaintops and highlands of eastern South America, areas where plant species richness and endemism are among the highest in the world. Analyses of 15 angiosperm clades show that radiations of endemics exhibit fastest rates of diversification during the last 5 Myr, a climatically unstable period. However, results from ancestral range estimations using different models disagree on the age of the earliest in situ speciation events and point to a complex floristic assembly. There is a general trend for higher diversification rates associated with these areas, but endemism may also increase or reduce extinction rates, depending on the group. Montane habitats, regardless of their geological age, may lead to boosts in speciation rates by accelerating population isolation in archipelago-like systems, circumstances that can also result in higher extinction rates and fast species turnover, misleading the age estimates of endemic lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais N C Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Suzana Alcantara
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Plantas Vasculares, Departmento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-090, Brazil
| | - Caroline O Andrino
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.,Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Nazaré, Belém, PA 66055-090, Brazil
| | - Félix Forest
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil
| | - José R Pirani
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Santen M, Linder HP. The assembly of the Cape flora is consistent with an edaphic rather than climatic filter. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 142:106645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
14
|
Pirie MD, Kandziora M, Nürk NM, Le Maitre NC, Mugrabi de Kuppler A, Gehrke B, Oliver EGH, Bellstedt DU. Leaps and bounds: geographical and ecological distance constrained the colonisation of the Afrotemperate by Erica. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:222. [PMID: 31805850 PMCID: PMC6896773 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coincidence of long distance dispersal (LDD) and biome shift is assumed to be the result of a multifaceted interplay between geographical distance and ecological suitability of source and sink areas. Here, we test the influence of these factors on the dispersal history of the flowering plant genus Erica (Ericaceae) across the Afrotemperate. We quantify similarity of Erica climate niches per biogeographic area using direct observations of species, and test various colonisation scenarios while estimating ancestral areas for the Erica clade using parametric biogeographic model testing. Results We infer that the overall dispersal history of Erica across the Afrotemperate is the result of infrequent colonisation limited by geographic proximity and niche similarity. However, the Drakensberg Mountains represent a colonisation sink, rather than acting as a “stepping stone” between more distant and ecologically dissimilar Cape and Tropical African regions. Strikingly, the most dramatic examples of species radiations in Erica were the result of single unique dispersals over longer distances between ecologically dissimilar areas, contradicting the rule of phylogenetic biome conservatism. Conclusions These results highlight the roles of geographical and ecological distance in limiting LDD, but also the importance of rare biome shifts, in which a unique dispersal event fuels evolutionary radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Pirie
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. .,Current address: University Museum, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martha Kandziora
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Nicolai M Nürk
- Department of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicholas C Le Maitre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Department of Plant Science, University of the Free State, QwaQwa, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ana Mugrabi de Kuppler
- INRES Pflanzenzüchtung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Berit Gehrke
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,Current address: University Museum, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Edward G H Oliver
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Dirk U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Le Maitre NC, Pirie MD, Bellstedt DU. Floral Color, Anthocyanin Synthesis Gene Expression and Control in Cape Erica Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1565. [PMID: 31850039 PMCID: PMC6892755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is a biodiversity hotspot, recognized globally for its unusually high levels of endemism. The origins of this biodiversity are a long-standing topic of research. The largest "Cape clade," Erica, radiated dramatically in the CFR, its ca. 690 species arising within 10-15 Ma. Notable between- and within-species flower color variation in Erica may have contributed to the origins of species diversity through its impact on pollinator efficiency and specificity. Methods: We investigate the expression and function of the genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that controls floral color in 12 Erica species groups using RT-qPCR and UPLC-MS/MS. Results: Shifts from ancestral pink- or red- to white- and/or yellow flowers were associated with independent losses of single pathway gene expression, abrogation of the entire pathway due to loss of the expression of a transcription factor or loss of function mutations in pathway genes. Discussion: Striking floral color shifts are prevalent amongst the numerous species of Cape Erica. These results show independent origins of a palette of mutations leading to such shifts, revealing the diverse genetic basis for potentially rapid evolution of a speciation-relevant trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Le Maitre
- Bellstedt Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michael David Pirie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- University Museum, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dirk U. Bellstedt
- Bellstedt Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Le Maitre NC, Pirie MD, Bellstedt DU. An approach to determining anthocyanin synthesis enzyme gene expression in an evolutionary context: an example from Erica plukenetii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:121-130. [PMID: 31008513 PMCID: PMC6676384 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral colour in angiosperms can be controlled by variations in the expression of the genes of the anthocyanin pathway. Floral colour shifts influence pollinator specificity. Multiple shifts in floral colour occurred in the diversification of the genus Erica (Ericaceae), from plesiomorphic pink to, for example, red or white flowers. Variation in anthocyanin gene expression and its effects on floral colour in the red-, pink- and white-flowered Erica plukenetii species complex was investigated. METHODS Next generation sequencing, reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR were used to quantify anthocyanin gene expression. KEY RESULTS Non-homologous mutations causing loss of expression of single genes were found, indicating that the cause was likely to be mutations in transcription factor binding sites upstream of the 5'-untranslated region of the genes, and this was confirmed by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Independent evolution and subsequent loss of expression of anthocyanin genes may have influenced diversification in the E. plukenetii species complex. The approach developed here should find more general application in studies on the role of floral colour shifts in diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Le Maitre
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
- University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - M D Pirie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- University Museum, University of Bergen, Postboks, Bergen, Norway
| | - D U Bellstedt
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
- For correspondence. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Skeels A, Cardillo M. Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phases in the radiation of
Hakea
and the drivers of diversity in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems. Evolution 2019; 73:1392-1410. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Skeels
- Macroevolution and Macroecology Group Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra 0200 Australia
| | - Marcel Cardillo
- Macroevolution and Macroecology Group Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra 0200 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang P, Yao H, Gilbert KJ, Lu Q, Hao Y, Zhang Z, Wang N. Glaciation-based isolation contributed to speciation in a Palearctic alpine biodiversity hotspot: Evidence from endemic species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 129:315-324. [PMID: 30218774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Organisms are unevenly distributed on earth and the evolutionary drivers of that have puzzled ecologists and evolutionary biologists for over a century. Even though many studies have focused on the mechanisms of unevenly distributed fauna and flora, there remains much to learn about the evolutionary drivers behind biodiversity hotspots. In the Tibetan Plateau and Hengduan Mountains, a biodiversity hotspot in the Palearctic realm, alpine uplift cannot be the driver for recent speciation (<two million years ago), researchers broadly refer to climatic oscillations driven biodiversity, however, the specific individual roles of glaciation and inter-glaciation periods in promoting biodiversity is unclear. The current study focuses on investigating whether recent speciation between two close-related avian species (White eared pheasant, Crossoptilon crossoptilon and Tibetan eared pheasant, C. harmani) was driven by glaciation-based isolation or by dispersal during inter-glaciation. To answer this question, we combined Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing technology to estimate population structure, phylogeny, divergence time, demographic history and potential historical distributions for C. crossoptilon and C. harmani, which are endemic to China. We found that the divergence time between these two species and within C. crossoptilon are both during glaciation periods. During glaciation periods, both C. harmani and C. crossoptilon experienced isolated distributions and extreme bottlenecks. The results of this study suggest that glaciation-based isolation contributed to recent speciation in the Tibetan Plateau and Hengduan Mountains, and sheds light on our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that contributed to the formation of Palearctic alpine biodiversity hotspots and unevenly distributed species richness pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hongyan Yao
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Kadeem J Gilbert
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Qi Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Betts A, Gray C, Zelek M, MacLean RC, King KC. High parasite diversity accelerates host adaptation and diversification. Science 2018; 360:907-911. [PMID: 29798882 PMCID: PMC7612933 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Host-parasite species pairs are known to coevolve, but how multiple parasites coevolve with their host is unclear. By using experimental coevolution of a host bacterium and its viral parasites, we revealed that diverse parasite communities accelerated host evolution and altered coevolutionary dynamics to enhance host resistance and decrease parasite infectivity. Increases in parasite diversity drove shifts in the mode of selection from fluctuating (Red Queen) dynamics to predominately directional (arms race) dynamics. Arms race dynamics were characterized by selective sweeps of generalist resistance mutations in the genes for the host bacterium's cell surface lipopolysaccharide (a bacteriophage receptor), which caused faster molecular evolution within host populations and greater genetic divergence among populations. These results indicate that exposure to multiple parasites influences the rate and type of host-parasite coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Betts
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - C Gray
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - M Zelek
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - R C MacLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - K C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 122:59-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
Cowling RM, Gallien L, Richardson DM, Ojeda F. What predicts the richness of seeder and resprouter species in fire-prone Cape fynbos: Rainfall reliability or vegetation density? AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Cowling
- African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience; Nelson Mandela University; PO Box 77000 Port Elizabeth 6032 South Africa
| | - Laure Gallien
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - David M. Richardson
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Fernando Ojeda
- Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO; Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bouchenak-Khelladi Y, Linder HP. Frequent and parallel habitat transitions as driver of unbounded radiations in the Cape flora. Evolution 2017; 71:2548-2561. [PMID: 28884804 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The enormous species richness in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of Southern Africa is the result of numerous radiations, but the temporal progression and possible mechanisms of these radiations are still poorly understood. Here, we explore the macroevolutionary dynamics of the Restionaceae, which include 340 species that are found in all vegetation types in the Cape flora and are ecologically dominant in fynbos. Using an almost complete (i.e., 98%) species-level time calibrated phylogeny and models of diversification dynamics, we show that species diversification is constant through the Cenozoic, with no evidence of an acceleration with the onset of the modern winter-wet climate, or a recent density-dependent slowdown. Contrary to expectation, species inhabiting the oldest (montane) and most extensive (drylands) habitats did not undergo higher diversification rates than species in the younger (lowlands) and more restricted (wetland) habitats. We show that the rate of habitat transitions is more closely related to the speciation rate than to time, and that more than a quarter of all speciation events are associated with habitat transitions. This suggests that the unbounded Restionaceae diversification resulted from numerous, parallel, habitat shifts, rather than persistence in a habitat stimulating speciation. We speculate that this could be one of the mechanisms resulting in the hyperdiverse Cape flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, CH 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, CH 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kadlec M, Bellstedt DU, Le Maitre NC, Pirie MD. Targeted NGS for species level phylogenomics: "made to measure" or "one size fits all"? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3569. [PMID: 28761782 PMCID: PMC5530999 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted high-throughput sequencing using hybrid-enrichment offers a promising source of data for inferring multiple, meaningfully resolved, independent gene trees suitable to address challenging phylogenetic problems in species complexes and rapid radiations. The targets in question can either be adopted directly from more or less universal tools, or custom made for particular clades at considerably greater effort. We applied custom made scripts to select sets of homologous sequence markers from transcriptome and WGS data for use in the flowering plant genus Erica (Ericaceae). We compared the resulting targets to those that would be selected both using different available tools (Hyb-Seq; MarkerMiner), and when optimising for broader clades of more distantly related taxa (Ericales; eudicots). Approaches comparing more divergent genomes (including MarkerMiner, irrespective of input data) delivered fewer and shorter potential markers than those targeted for Erica. The latter may nevertheless be effective for sequence capture across the wider family Ericaceae. We tested the targets delivered by our scripts by obtaining an empirical dataset. The resulting sequence variation was lower than that of standard nuclear ribosomal markers (that in Erica fail to deliver a well resolved gene tree), confirming the importance of maximising the lengths of individual markers. We conclude that rather than searching for "one size fits all" universal markers, we should improve and make more accessible the tools necessary for developing "made to measure" ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Kadlec
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk U. Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Michael D. Pirie
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Berger A. Two new combinations, lectotypifications and a new name for Costa Rican Palicourea s.l. PHYTOKEYS 2017; 80:53-63. [PMID: 28781558 PMCID: PMC5543270 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.80.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Species of the complex and diverse genera Psychotria and Palicourea are common but little-known elements in many tropical forest ecosystems. DNA-phylogenetic studies and a re-evaluation of morphological characters have recently shown that species of Psychotria subg. Heteropsychotria are nested within Palicourea s.l., which was traditionally separated by exhibiting a bird-pollinated (vs. insect-pollinated) pollination syndrome. In order to render both genera monophyletic groups, species of subg. Heteropsychotria need to be transferred to Palicourea s.l. For Central American species, most of the necessary combinations have already been made. In the course of ongoing research on the phytochemical characterization of species and clades of Costa Rican Palicourea s.l., the nomenclature of Mesoamerican species was revised. As a result, two new combinations and a new name are proposed here: Palicourea horquetensis (Dwyer & Hayden) A. C. Berger & C. M. Taylor is based on Rudgea horquetensis Dwyer & Hayden, Palicourea tonduzii (K. Krause) A. C. Berger is based on Cephaelis tonduzii K. Kraus and Palicourea longiinvolucrata A. C. Berger replaces Psychotria hispidula Standl. In addition, two lectotypes are designated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Berger
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prunier R, Akman M, Kremer CT, Aitken N, Chuah A, Borevitz J, Holsinger KE. Isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to population differentiation in Protea repens (Proteaceae L.), a widespread South African species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:674-684. [PMID: 28500229 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa is renowned for its botanical diversity, but the evolutionary origins of this diversity remain controversial. Both neutral and adaptive processes have been implicated in driving diversification, but population-level studies of plants in the CFR are rare. Here, we investigate the limits to gene flow and potential environmental drivers of selection in Protea repens L. (Proteaceae L.), a widespread CFR species. METHODS We sampled 19 populations across the range of P. repens and used genotyping by sequencing to identify 2066 polymorphic loci in 663 individuals. We used a Bayesian FST outlier analysis to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marking genomic regions that may be under selection; we used those SNPs to identify potential drivers of selection and excluded them from analyses of gene flow and genetic structure. RESULTS A pattern of isolation by distance suggested limited gene flow between nearby populations. The populations of P. repens fell naturally into two or three groupings, which corresponded to an east-west split. Differences in rainfall seasonality contributed to diversification in highly divergent loci, as do barriers to gene flow that have been identified in other species. CONCLUSIONS The strong pattern of isolation by distance is in contrast to the findings in the only other widespread species in the CFR that has been similarly studied, while the effects of rainfall seasonality are consistent with well-known patterns. Assessing the generality of these results will require investigations of other CFR species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Prunier
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, 190 White Street, Danbury, Connecticut 06810, USA
| | - Melis Akman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, 387 N. Quad Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Colin T Kremer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106, USA
| | - Nicola Aitken
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Justin Borevitz
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kent E Holsinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, U-3043, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Kadlec M, Bellstedt DU, Le Maitre NC, Pirie MD. Targeted NGS for species level phylogenomics: "made to measure" or "one size fits all"? PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28761782 DOI: 10.7717/peerj3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted high-throughput sequencing using hybrid-enrichment offers a promising source of data for inferring multiple, meaningfully resolved, independent gene trees suitable to address challenging phylogenetic problems in species complexes and rapid radiations. The targets in question can either be adopted directly from more or less universal tools, or custom made for particular clades at considerably greater effort. We applied custom made scripts to select sets of homologous sequence markers from transcriptome and WGS data for use in the flowering plant genus Erica (Ericaceae). We compared the resulting targets to those that would be selected both using different available tools (Hyb-Seq; MarkerMiner), and when optimising for broader clades of more distantly related taxa (Ericales; eudicots). Approaches comparing more divergent genomes (including MarkerMiner, irrespective of input data) delivered fewer and shorter potential markers than those targeted for Erica. The latter may nevertheless be effective for sequence capture across the wider family Ericaceae. We tested the targets delivered by our scripts by obtaining an empirical dataset. The resulting sequence variation was lower than that of standard nuclear ribosomal markers (that in Erica fail to deliver a well resolved gene tree), confirming the importance of maximising the lengths of individual markers. We conclude that rather than searching for "one size fits all" universal markers, we should improve and make more accessible the tools necessary for developing "made to measure" ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Kadlec
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nicholas C Le Maitre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michael D Pirie
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|