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Nastasi LF, Buffington ML, Davis CK, Deans AR. Key to the North American tribes and genera of herb, rose, bramble, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae sensu lato). Zookeys 2024; 1196:177-207. [PMID: 38566620 PMCID: PMC10985401 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1196.118460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust keys exist for the family-level groups of Cynipoidea. However, for most regions of the world, keys to genera are not available. To address this gap as it applies to North America, a fully illustrated key is provided to facilitate identification of the tribes and genera of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps known from the region. For each taxon covered, a preliminary diagnosis and an updated overview of taxonomy, biology, distribution, and natural history are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis F. Nastasi
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Science & Industries Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USAThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States of America
| | - Matthew L. Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC, 20013, USASystematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
| | - Charles K. Davis
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Science & Industries Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USAThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States of America
| | - Andrew R. Deans
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Science & Industries Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USAThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States of America
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2
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Cuesta-Porta V, Melika G, Nicholls JA, Stone GN, Pujade-Villar J. Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species. Zootaxa 2023; 5366:1-174. [PMID: 38220731 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5366.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The Nearctic cynipid oak gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, comb. rev., is re-established with 34 species: F. albicomus (Weld, 1952), comb. nov., F. amphorus (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. apiarium (Weld, 1944), comb. nov., F. atrimentum (Kinsey, 1922), comb. nov., F. bakkeri (Lyon, 1984), comb. nov., F. caepula (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. californicum (Beutenmueller, 1911), comb. nov., F. clarkei (Bassett, 1890), comb. nov., F. comatum (Weld, 1952), comb. nov., F. crystallinum (Bassett, 1900), comb. nov., F. cylindratum (Kinsey, 1937), comb. nov., F. discale (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. discularis (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. dumosae (Weld, 1957), comb. nov., F. gigas (Kinsey, 1922), comb. nov., F. izabellae Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov., F. kingi (Bassett, 1900), comb. nov., F. parmula (Bassett, 1900), comb. nov., F. pattersonae (Fullaway, 1911), comb. nov., F. roberti Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov., F. rucklei Melika, Nicholls & Stone, sp. nov., F. scutellum (Weld, 1930), comb. nov., F. serranoae Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta, sp. nov., F. splendens (Weld, 1919), comb. nov., F. stellare (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. stellulum (Burnett, 1974), comb. nov., F. sulfureum (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. syndicorum Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta, sp. nov., F. tecturnarum (Kinsey, 1920), comb. nov., F. tetyanae Melika, sp. nov., F. tibiale Kinsey, 1937, comb. rev., F. tubifaciens (Weld, 1926), comb. nov., F. verutum Kinsey, 1937, comb. rev., and F. vitreum Kinsey, 1937, comb. rev. Most species are known only from the asexual generation; F. clarkei, F. comatum, and F. dumosae are known only from the sexual generation, while both generations are recognised for F. atrimentum, F. crystallinum, F. gigas, F. kingi, and F. pattersonae. Matching of alternate sexual and asexual generations is established for the first time for F. kingi and F. pattersonae (= Andricus pedicellatus (Kinsey, 1922), syn. nov.) based on molecular data (both cytb and ITS2 sequences). Morphological descriptions, re-descriptions, diagnoses, and a key to species are given, as well as data on DNA sequences, biology, phenology, and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cuesta-Porta
- Universitat de Barcelona; Facultat de Biologia; Departament de Biologia Evolutiva; Ecologia i Cincies Ambientals; Avda. Diagonal 645; 08028-Barcelona.
| | - George Melika
- Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory; National Food Chain Safety Office; Budarsi str. 141-145; Budapest 1118.
| | - James A Nicholls
- Australian National Insect Collection; CSIRO; Clunies Ross Street; Acton; ACT 2601.
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; University of Edinburgh; Kings Buildings; West Mains Road; Edinburgh EH9 3JT.
| | - Juli Pujade-Villar
- Universitat de Barcelona; Facultat de Biologia; Departament de Biologia Evolutiva; Ecologia i Cincies Ambientals; Avda. Diagonal 645; 08028-Barcelona.
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3
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Su CY, Zhu DH, Abe Y, Ide T, Liu Z. The complete mitochondrial genome and gene rearrangements in a gall wasp species, Dryocosmus liui (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15865. [PMID: 37810770 PMCID: PMC10557937 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been widely used in comparative and evolutionary genomics, molecular evolution, phylogenetics, and population genetics, but very limited information is available for the family Cynipidae. In this report, we describe the mitogenome of Dryocosmus liui Pang, Su et Zhu, providing the first complete mitogenomic data for a cynipid gall wasp species. The mitogenome of D. liui is 16,819 bp in length, and contains the typical set of 37 genes. Two control regions were detected, with the second being a perfect inverted repeat of the major portion of the first. Gene rearrangements were found in transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, protein-coding genes (PCGs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, compared with the putative ancestral mitogenome. Similar to two other Cynipidae species with mitogenome data available, D. liui has a novel tRNA gene cluster trnL1-trnI-trnL2-trnW-trnM-trnQ between nad1 and nad2. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of PCGs and rRNA genes with D. liui included obtained topologies identical to previous studies supporting the a relationship of (Cynipoidea , (Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea)) within the monophyletic Proctotrupomorpha and (Cynipidae, Figitidae), Ibaliidae) within the Cynipoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yuan Su
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dao-Hong Zhu
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yoshihisa Abe
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ide
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Biological Sciences Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, United States of America
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4
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Paz VDE, Baos-Picn L, Rosas-Ramos N, Ass JD, Lobato-Vila I, Pujade-Villar J. Description of the first brachypterous Lonchidia species (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae), with a key to European species. Zootaxa 2023; 5325:274-282. [PMID: 38220910 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5325.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The male and female of a new species of Lonchidia Thomson, 1862, L. atypica Pujade-Villar & de Paz sp. nov., are described from the provinces of Salamanca and Cceres (Western Spain). Specimens were collected with a G-Vac suction sampler and pitfall traps from traditional almond and cherry orchards. The diagnostic characters of this species are: deep but short notauli, reaching only the anterior part of the mesoscutum, and brachypterous wings. Both sexes are illustrated and an identification key is proposed herein to differentiate the European species. The possibility that the male of L. clavicornis Thomson, 1862 corresponds to a different species is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vctor DE Paz
- Departamento de Biologa Animal (rea de Zoologa); Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca (Spain).
| | - Laura Baos-Picn
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva; Ecologia i Cincies Ambientals; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona (Spain).
| | - Natalia Rosas-Ramos
- Departamento de Biologa Animal (rea de Zoologa); Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca (Spain).
| | - Josep D Ass
- Departamento de Biologa Animal (rea de Zoologa); Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca (Spain).
| | - Irene Lobato-Vila
- Departamento de Biologa Animal (rea de Zoologa); Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca (Spain); Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio); Universitat de Barcelona (UB). Barcelona (Spain).
| | - Juli Pujade-Villar
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva; Ecologia i Cincies Ambientals; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona (Spain); Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio); Universitat de Barcelona (UB). Barcelona (Spain).
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5
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Polaszek A, Vilhemsen L. Biodiversity of hymenopteran parasitoids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 56:101026. [PMID: 36966863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are the most successful group of insect parasitoids, comprising more than half the known diversity of Hymenoptera and probably most of the unknown diversity. This lifestyle has enabled them to be used as pest control agents conferring substantial economic benefits to global agriculture. Major lineages of parasitoid wasps include Ichneumonoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Proctotrupomorpha, and a number of aculeate families. The parasitoid lifestyle arose only once among basal Hymenoptera, in the common ancestor of the Orussidae and Apocrita some 200+ Ma ago. The ancestral parasitoid wasp was probably an idiobiont on wood-living beetle larvae. From this comparatively simple biology, Hymenoptera radiated into an incredible diversity of hosts and parasitoid lifestyles, including hyperparasitoidism, kleptoparasitoidism, egg parasitoidism, and polyembryony, in several instances co-opting viruses to subdue their hosts. Many lineages evolved beyond the parasitoid niche, becoming secondarily herbivorous or predatory nest provisioners and eventually giving rise to most instances of insect societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Polaszek
- Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Lars Vilhemsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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6
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Blaimer BB, Santos BF, Cruaud A, Gates MW, Kula RR, Mikó I, Rasplus JY, Smith DR, Talamas EJ, Brady SG, Buffington ML. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1212. [PMID: 36869077 PMCID: PMC9984522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its diversification is still unknown. We assembled the largest time-calibrated phylogeny of Hymenoptera to date and investigated the origin and possible correlation of particular morphological and behavioral innovations with diversification in the order: the wasp waist of Apocrita; the stinger of Aculeata; parasitoidism, a specialized form of carnivory; and secondary phytophagy, a reversal to plant-feeding. Here, we show that parasitoidism has been the dominant strategy since the Late Triassic in Hymenoptera, but was not an immediate driver of diversification. Instead, transitions to secondary phytophagy (from parasitoidism) had a major influence on diversification rate in Hymenoptera. Support for the stinger and the wasp waist as key innovations remains equivocal, but these traits may have laid the anatomical and behavioral foundations for adaptations more directly associated with diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael W Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert R Kula
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David R Smith
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Ward AKG, Bagley RK, Egan SP, Hood GR, Ott JR, Prior KM, Sheikh SI, Weinersmith KL, Zhang L, Zhang YM, Forbes AA. Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both. Evolution 2022; 76:1849-1867. [PMID: 35819249 PMCID: PMC9541853 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the frequency of shifts to new host plants within diverse clades of specialist herbivorous insects is critically important to understand whether and how host shifts contribute to the origin of species. Oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) comprise a tribe of ∼1000 species of phytophagous insects that induce gall formation on various organs of trees in the family Fagacae-primarily the oaks (genus Quercus; ∼435 sp.). The association of oak gall wasps with oaks is ancient (∼50 my), and most oak species are galled by one or more gall wasp species. Despite the diversity of both gall wasp species and their plant associations, previous phylogenetic work has not identified the strong signal of host plant shifting among oak gall wasps that has been found in other phytophagous insect systems. However, most emphasis has been on the Western Palearctic and not the Nearctic where both oaks and oak gall wasps are considerably more species rich. We collected 86 species of Nearctic oak gall wasps from most of the major clades of Nearctic oaks and sequenced >1000 Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) and flanking sequences to infer wasp phylogenies. We assessed the relationships of Nearctic gall wasps to one another and, by leveraging previously published UCE data, to the Palearctic fauna. We then used phylogenies to infer historical patterns of shifts among host tree species and tree organs. Our results indicate that oak gall wasps have moved between the Palearctic and Nearctic at least four times, that some Palearctic wasp clades have their proximate origin in the Nearctic, and that gall wasps have shifted within and between oak tree sections, subsections, and organs considerably more often than previous data have suggested. Given that host shifts have been demonstrated to drive reproductive isolation between host-associated populations in other phytophagous insects, our analyses of Nearctic gall wasps suggest that host shifts are key drivers of speciation in this clade, especially in hotspots of oak diversity. Although formal assessment of this hypothesis requires further study, two putatively oligophagous gall wasp species in our dataset show signals of host-associated genetic differentiation unconfounded by geographic distance, suggestive of barriers to gene flow associated with the use of alternative host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin K. Bagley
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52245,Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityLimaOhio45804
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas77005
| | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas77005,Department of Biological ScienceWayne State UniversityDetroitMichigan48202
| | - James R. Ott
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTexas78666
| | - Kirsten M. Prior
- Department of Biological SciencesBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNew York13902
| | - Sofia I. Sheikh
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52245,Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
| | | | - Linyi Zhang
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas77005,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Y. Miles Zhang
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA‐ARSc/o National Museum of Natural HistoryWashingtonD.C.20560
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8
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TAVAKOLI MAJID, STONE GRAHAMN, PUJADE-VILLAR JULI, MELIKA GEORGE. New herb gall wasps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa 2022; 5155:301-333. [DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Five new gall wasp species, Aulacidea koeiana Melika, Tavakoli & Stone, sp. nov., A. lorestanica Melika, Tavakoli & Stone, sp. nov., A. piroziae Melika, Stone & Pujade-Villar, sp. nov., Phanacis strigosa Melika, Stone & Tavakoli, sp. nov., P. tavakolii Melika, Stone & Pujade-Villar, sp. nov. are described from Lorestan, Iran. Descriptions, diagnoses, plus information on biology and host associations are given for all new species, and we provide the first description of the male of Isocolus beheni Melika & Karimpour, 2008.
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9
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Novel Gene Rearrangements in the Mitochondrial Genomes of Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050914. [PMID: 35627299 PMCID: PMC9140913 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynipoidea is a medium-sized superfamily of Hymenoptera with diverse lifestyles. In this study, 16 mitochondrial genomes were newly sequenced, 11 of which were the first obtained mitochondrial genomes in the family Liopteridae and four subfamilies (Anacharitinae, Aspicerinae, Figitinae, and Parnipinae) of Figitidae. All of the newly sequenced mitogenomes have unique rearrangement types within Cynipoidea, whereas some gene patterns are conserved in several groups. nad5-nad4-nad4L-nad6-cytb was remotely inverted and two rRNA genes were translocated to nad3 downstream in Ibaliidae and three subfamilies (Anacharitinae, Eucoilinae, and Parnipinae within Figitidae); two rRNA genes in Aspicerinae, Figitinae, and Liopteridae were remotely inverted to the cytb-nad1 junction; rrnL-rrnS was translocated to the cytb-nad1 junction in Cynipidae. Phylogenetic inference suggested that Figitidae was a polyphyletic group, while the Ibaliidae nested deep within Cynipoidea and was a sister-group to the Figitidae. These results will improve our understanding of the gene rearrangement of the mitogenomes and the phylogenetic relationships in the Cynipoidea.
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10
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Lobato-Vila I, Bae J, Roca-Cusachs M, Kang M, Jung S, Melika G, Pénzes Z, Pujade-Villar J. Global phylogeny of the inquilinous gall wasp tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae): first insights and establishment of a new cynipid tribe. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous phylogenetic studies of the tribe Synergini were focused on Palaearctic material, in which the genus Synergus was recovered as monophyletic, despite evidence of non-monophyly when global sampling is considered. A global molecular phylogeny of Synergini, including sequenced material from Nearctic and Neotropical realms, is presented herein for the first time. We assembled DNA data for 120 specimens: 104 representing all genera belonging to Synergini, except for the rare monospecific genus Agastoroxenia (ingroup), and 16 belonging to five other tribes of Cynipidae (outgroup). We obtained sequences for four genes: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (Cytb), 28S region D2 (28S D2) and 28S region D3 (28S D3). The evaluated analyses support the non-monophyly of both Saphonecrus and Synergus (with Nearctic and Neotropical Synergus resolved into three clades separated from the Palaearctic species), as well as the monophyly of the rest of the genera in Synergini. Furthermore, the results suggest that neither Saphonecrus s.s. nor Synergus s.s. are present in the New World. The future challenges to separate the clades of Saphonecrus and Synergus into new taxa are discussed. Lastly, Rhoophilus was shown to belong to a new tribe, Rhoophilini trib. nov., on the basis of molecular, morphological and biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lobato-Vila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (BEECA), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jongmin Bae
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Marcos Roca-Cusachs
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (BEECA), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minjoon Kang
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - George Melika
- Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pénzes
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Juli Pujade-Villar
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (BEECA), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Gil‐Tapetado D, Durán‐Montes P, García‐París M, López‐Estrada EK, Sánchez‐Vialas A, Jiménez‐Ruiz Y, Gómez JF, Nieves‐Aldrey JL. Host specialization is ancestral in
Torymus
(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) cynipid gall parasitoids. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gil‐Tapetado
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Durán‐Montes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose F. Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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12
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Samacá-Sáenz E, Santos BF, José Martínez J, Egan SP, Shaw SR, Hanson PE, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Ultraconserved elements-based systematics reveals evolutionary patterns of host-plant family shifts and phytophagy within the predominantly parasitoid braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107319. [PMID: 34563693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytophagy has promoted species diversification in many insect groups, including Hymenoptera, one of the most diverse animal orders on Earth. In the predominantly parasitoid family Braconidae, an association with insect-induced, plant galls in angiosperms have been reported in three subfamilies, but in particular in the Doryctinae, where it has been recorded to occur in species of ten genera. Allorhogas Gahan is the most species-rich of these genera, with its species having different phytophagous strategies. Here we conducted a comprehensive phylogenomic study for the doryctine gall-associated genera, with an emphasis on Allorhogas, using ultraconserved elements (UCEs). Based on this estimate of phylogeny we: (1) evaluated their taxonomic composition, (2) estimated the timing of origin of the gall-associated clade and divergence of its main subclades, and (3) performed ancestral state reconstruction analyses for life history traits related to their host-plant association. Our phylogenetic hypothesis confirmed Allorhogas as polyphyletic, with most of its members being nested in a main clade composed of various subclades, each comprising species with a particular host-plant family and herbivorous feeding habit. The origin of gall-association was estimated to have occurred during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, with a subsequent diversification of subclades during the middle to late Miocene and Pliocene. Overlap in divergence timing appears to occur between some taxa and their host-associated plant lineages. Evolution of the feeding strategies in the group shows "inquilinism-feeding" as the likely ancestral state, with gall-formation in different plant organs and seed predation having independently evolved on multiple occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Samacá-Sáenz
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Juan José Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, L6300CLB, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Scott R Shaw
- University of Wyoming Insect Museum, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | - Paul E Hanson
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Gokhman VE. Chromosomes of three gall wasps of the tribe Aylacini (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:171-178. [PMID: 34131479 PMCID: PMC8195943 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i2.66781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomes of two species of the tribe Aylacini (Cynipidae), Isocolus jaceae (Schenck, 1863) and I. scabiosae (Giraud, 1859) (both have 2n = 18) were studied for the first time. In addition, 2n = 20 is confirmed in a member of the same tribe, Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834). All chromosomes of these gall wasps are biarmed; however, they gradually decrease in size in the case of A. hieracii, whereas a pair of large metacentrics is characteristic of karyotypes of both Isocolus Förster, 1869 species. Chromosomes of the two latter gall wasps are either metacentric or submetacentric, but elements with lower centromeric indices prevail in the karyotype of A. hieracii. Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)/DAPI staining revealed single CMA3-positive bands on a particular pair of chromosomes of all species, and these bands apparently refer to the nucleolus organizing regions (NORs). However, localization of CMA3-positive bands differs substantially between the studied members of Isocolus and Aulacidea Ashmead, 1897. Together with normal haploid and diploid mitotic divisions, several metaphase plates with 2n = 17 containing a peculiar dicentric chromosome were found in a single male specimen of I. scabiosae; this appears to be the first report of an obvious dicentric in the order Hymenoptera in general. Certain aspects of the chromosome diversity and karyotype evolution within the family Cynipidae and the tribe Aylacini in particular are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Gokhman
- Botanical Garden, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, RussiaMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
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Blaimer BB, Gotzek D, Brady SG, Buffington ML. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:155. [PMID: 33228574 PMCID: PMC7686688 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoidism, a specialized life strategy in which a parasite eventually kills its host, is frequently found within the insect order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants and bees). A parasitoid lifestyle is one of two dominant life strategies within the hymenopteran superfamily Cynipoidea, with the other being an unusual plant-feeding behavior known as galling. Less commonly, cynipoid wasps exhibit inquilinism, a strategy where some species have adapted to usurp other species' galls instead of inducing their own. Using a phylogenomic data set of ultraconserved elements from nearly all lineages of Cynipoidea, we here generate a robust phylogenetic framework and timescale to understand cynipoid systematics and the evolution of these life histories. RESULTS Our reconstructed evolutionary history for Cynipoidea differs considerably from previous hypotheses. Rooting our analyses with non-cynipoid outgroups, the Paraulacini, a group of inquilines, emerged as sister-group to the rest of Cynipoidea, rendering the gall wasp family Cynipidae paraphyletic. The families Ibaliidae and Liopteridae, long considered archaic and early-branching parasitoid lineages, were found nested well within the Cynipoidea as sister-group to the parasitoid Figitidae. Cynipoidea originated in the early Jurassic around 190 Ma. Either inquilinism or parasitoidism is suggested as the ancestral and dominant strategy throughout the early evolution of cynipoids, depending on whether a simple (three states: parasitoidism, inquilinism and galling) or more complex (seven states: parasitoidism, inquilinism and galling split by host use) model is employed. CONCLUSIONS Our study has significant impact on understanding cynipoid evolution and highlights the importance of adequate outgroup sampling. We discuss the evolutionary timescale of the superfamily in relation to their insect hosts and host plants, and outline how phytophagous galling behavior may have evolved from entomophagous, parasitoid cynipoids. Our study has established the framework for further physiological and comparative genomic work between gall-making, inquiline and parasitoid lineages, which could also have significant implications for the evolution of diverse life histories in other Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Dietrich Gotzek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, C/O NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
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