Investigating the genetic architecture of disease resilience in pigs by genome-wide association studies of complete blood count traits collected from a natural disease challenge model

Elucidation of novel SNPs affecting immune response to classical swine fever vaccination in pigs using immunogenomics approach

The host genetic makeup plays a significant role in causing the within-breed variation among individuals after vaccination. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the genetic basis of differential immune response between high and low responder Landlly (Landrace X Ghurrah) piglets vis-à-vis CSF vaccination. For the purpose, E2 antibody response against CSF vaccination was estimated in sampled animals on the day of vaccination and 21-day post-vaccination as a measure of humoral immune response. Double-digestion restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing was undertaken on 96 randomly chosen Landlly piglets using Illumina HiSeq platform. SNP markers were called using standard methodology. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was undertaken in PLINK program to identify the informative SNP markers significantly associated with differential immune response. The results revealed significant SNPs associated with E2 antibody response against CSF vaccination. The genome-wide informative SNPs for the humoral immune response against CSF vaccination were located on SSC10, SSC17, SSC9, SSC2, SSC3 and SSC6. The overlapping and flanking genes (500Kb upstream and downstream) of significant SNPs were CYB5R1, PCMTD2, WT1, IL9R, CD101, TMEM64, TLR6, PIGG, ADIPOR1, PRSS37, EIF3M, and DNAJC24. Functional enrichment and annotation analysis were undertaken for these genes in order to gain maximum insights into the association of these genes with immune system functionality in pigs. The genetic makeup was associated with differential immune response against CSF vaccination in Landlly piglets while the identified informative SNPs may be used as suitable markers for determining variation in host immune response against CSF vaccination in pigs.

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Frataxin Proteoforms in Whole Blood as Biomarkers of the Genetic Disease Friedreich's Ataxia

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused primarily by expanded GAA repeats in intron 1 of both alleles of the FXN gene, which causes transcriptional silencing and reduced expression of frataxin mRNA and protein. FRDA is characterized by slowly progressive ataxia and cardiomyopathy. Symptoms generally appear during adolescence, and patients slowly progress to wheelchair dependency usually in the late teens or early twenties with death on average in the 4th decade. There are two known mature proteoforms of frataxin. Mitochondrial frataxin (frataxin-M) is a 130-amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 14,268 Da, and there is an alternatively spliced N-terminally acetylated 135-amino acid form (frataxin-E) with a molecular weight of 14,953 Da found in erythrocytes. There is reduced expression of frataxin in the heart and brain, but frataxin is not secreted into the systemic circulation, so it cannot be analyzed in serum or plasma. Blood is a readily accessible biofluid that contains numerous different cell types that express frataxin. We have found that pig blood can serve as an excellent surrogate matrix to validate an assay for frataxin proteoforms because pig frataxin is lost during the immunoprecipitation step used to isolate human frataxin. Frataxin-M is expressed in blood cells that contain mitochondria, whereas extra-mitochondrial frataxin-E is found in erythrocytes. This means that the analysis of frataxin in whole blood provides information on the concentration of both proteoforms without having to isolate the individual cell types. In the current study, we observed that the distributions of frataxin levels for a sample of 25 healthy controls and 50 FRDA patients were completely separated from each other, suggesting 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity for distinguishing healthy controls from FRDA cases, a very unusual finding for a biomarker assay. Additionally, frataxin levels were significantly correlated with the GAA repeat length and age of onset with higher correlations for extra-mitochondrial frataxin-E than those for mitochondrial frataxin-M. These findings auger well for using frataxin levels measured by the validated stable isotope dilution ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry assay to monitor therapeutic interventions and the natural history of FRDA. Our study also illustrates the utility of using whole blood for protein disease biomarker discovery and validation.

Assessment of Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters for Healthy Commercial Pigs in China

Hematologic and biochemical data are useful for indicating disease diagnosis and growth performance in swine. However, the assessment of these parameters in healthy commercial pigs is rare in China. Thus, blood samples were collected from 107 nursery pigs and 87 sows and were analyzed for 25 hematologic and 14 biochemical variables. After the rejection of the outliers and the detection of the data distribution, the correlations between the blood parameters were analyzed and the hematologic/biochemical RIs were preliminarily established using the 95% percentile RI. Correlation analysis showed that albumin was the hub parameter among the blood parameters investigated, and genes overlapping with key correlated variables were discovered. Most of the hematologic and biochemical parameters were significantly different between nursery pigs and sows. The 95% RIs of white blood cells and red blood cells were 7.18–24.52 × 109/L and 5.62–7.84 × 1012/L, respectively, for nursery pigs, but 9.34–23.84 × 109/L and 4.98–8.29 × 1012/L for sows. The 95% RIs of total protein and albumin were 43.16–61.23 g/dL and 19.35–37.86 g/dL, respectively, for nursery pigs, but 64.96–88.68 g/dL and 31.91–43.28 g/dL for sows. In conclusion, our study highlights the variability in blood parameters between nursery pigs and sows and provides fundamental data for the health monitoring of commercial pigs in China.

Identification of candidate genes associated with bacterial and viral infections in wild boars hunted in Tuscany (Italy)

Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population rapidly increased in many areas in Europe, including Italy, where Tuscany is considered particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and they can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70 k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.