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Sharif S, Kang J, Sadeghirad B, Rizvi F, Forestell B, Greer A, Hewitt M, Fernando SM, Mehta S, Eltorki M, Siemieniuk R, Duffett M, Bhatt M, Burry L, Perry JJ, Petrosoniak A, Pandharipande P, Welsford M, Rochwerg B. Pharmacological agents for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department and intensive care unit: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:491-506. [PMID: 38185564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of various i.v. pharmacologic agents used for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in the emergency department (ED) and ICU. We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to enable direct and indirect comparisons between available medications. METHODS We searched Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and PubMed from inception to 2 March 2023 for RCTs comparing two or more procedural sedation and analgesia medications in all patients (adults and children >30 days of age) requiring emergent procedures in the ED or ICU. We focused on the outcomes of sedation recovery time, patient satisfaction, and adverse events (AEs). We performed frequentist random-effects model network meta-analysis and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to rate certainty in estimates. RESULTS We included 82 RCTs (8105 patients, 78 conducted in the ED and four in the ICU) of which 52 studies included adults, 23 included children, and seven included both. Compared with midazolam-opioids, recovery time was shorter with propofol (mean difference 16.3 min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4-24.3 fewer minutes; high certainty), and patient satisfaction was better with ketamine-propofol (mean difference 1.5 points, 95% CI 0.3-2.6 points, high certainty). Regarding AEs, compared with midazolam-opioids, respiratory AEs were less frequent with ketamine (relative risk [RR] 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.96; high certainty), gastrointestinal AEs were more common with ketamine-midazolam (RR 3.08, 95% CI 1.15-8.27; high certainty), and neurological AEs were more common with ketamine-propofol (RR 3.68, 95% CI 1.08-12.53; high certainty). CONCLUSION When considering procedural sedation and analgesia in the ED and ICU, compared with midazolam-opioids, sedation recovery time is shorter with propofol, patient satisfaction is better with ketamine-propofol, and respiratory adverse events are less common with ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jasmine Kang
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Behnam Sadeghirad
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fayyaz Rizvi
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Forestell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alisha Greer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Hewitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon M Fernando
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed Eltorki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Reed Siemieniuk
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Duffett
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maala Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Burry
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, Sinai Health System, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Perry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Petrosoniak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pratik Pandharipande
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michelle Welsford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Schiedat F, Fischer J, Aweimer A, Schöne D, El-Battrawy I, Hanefeld C, Mügge A, Kloppe A. Success and safety of deep sedation as a primary anaesthetic approach for transvenous lead extraction: a retrospective analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22964. [PMID: 38151554 PMCID: PMC10752869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a rising number in complications associated with more cardiac electrical devices implanted (CIED). Infection and lead dysfunction are reasons to perform transvenous lead extraction. An ideal anaesthetic approach has not been described yet. Most centres use general anaesthesia, but there is a lack in studies looking into deep sedation (DS) as an anaesthetic approach. We report our retrospective experience for a large number of procedures performed with deep sedation as a primary approach. Extraction procedures performed between 2011 and 2018 in our electrophysiology laboratory have been included retrospectively. We began by applying a bolus injection of piritramide followed by midazolam as primary medication and would add etomidate if necessary. For extraction of leads a stepwise approach with careful traction, locking stylets, dilator sheaths, mechanical rotating sheaths and if needed snares and baskets has been used. A total of 780 leads in 463 patients (age 69.9 ± 12.3, 31.3% female) were extracted. Deep sedation was successful in 97.8% of patients. Piritramide was used as the main analgesic medication (98.5%) and midazolam as the main sedative (94.2%). Additional etomidate was administered in 15.1% of cases. In 2.2% of patients a conversion to general anaesthesia was required as adequate level of DS was not achieved before starting the procedure. Sedation related complications occurred in 1.1% (n = 5) of patients without sequalae. Deep sedation with piritramide, midazolam and if needed additional etomidate is a safe and feasible strategy for transvenous lead extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schiedat
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum of the Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen, Academic Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
| | - Julian Fischer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen, Academic Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Assem Aweimer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum of the Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Schöne
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen, Academic Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim El-Battrawy
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum of the Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Institut Für Forschung Und Lehre (IFL), Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Hanefeld
- Department of Cardiology at Katholische Kliniken Bochum of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Mügge
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum of the Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology at Katholische Kliniken Bochum of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Kloppe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen, Academic Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
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Ray L, Geier C, DeWitt KM. Pathophysiology and treatment of adults with arrhythmias in the emergency department, part 1: Atrial arrhythmias. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:1039-1055. [PMID: 37227130 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article, the first in a 2-part review, aims to reinforce current literature on the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias and various evidence-based treatment approaches and clinical considerations in the acute care setting. Part 1 of this series focuses on atrial arrhythmias. SUMMARY Arrhythmias are prevalent throughout the world and a common presenting condition in the emergency department (ED) setting. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and expected to increase in prevalence. Treatment approaches have evolved over time with advances in catheter-directed ablation. Based on historic trials, heart rate control has been the long-standing accepted outpatient treatment modality for AF, but the use of antiarrhythmics is often still indicated for AF in the acute setting, and ED pharmacists should be prepared and poised to help in AF management. Other atrial arrhythmias include atrial flutter (AFL), atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), which warrant distinction due to their unique pathophysiology and because each requires a different approach to utilization of antiarrhythmics. Atrial arrhythmias are typically associated with greater hemodynamic stability than ventricular arrhythmias but still require nuanced management according to patient subset and risk factors. Since antiarrhythmics can also be proarrhythmic, they may destabilize the patient due to adverse effects, many of which are the focus of black-box label warnings that can be overreaching and limit treatment options. Electrical cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias is generally successful and, depending on the setting and/or hemodynamics, often indicated. CONCLUSION Atrial arrhythmias arise from a variety of mechanisms, and appropriate treatment depends on various factors. A firm understanding of physiological and pharmacological concepts serves as a foundation for exploring evidence supporting agents, indications, and adverse effects in order to provide appropriate care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Ray
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Curtis Geier
- San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle M DeWitt
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
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4
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Caldarola P, De Iaco F, Pugliese FR, De Luca L, Fabbri A, Riccio C, Scicchitano P, Vanni S, Di Pasquale G, Gulizia MM, Gabrielli D, Oliva F, Colivicchi F. ANMCO-SIMEU consensus document: appropriate management of atrial fibrillation in the emergency department. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023; 25:D255-D277. [PMID: 37213798 PMCID: PMC10194824 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) accounts for 2% of the total presentations to the emergency department (ED) and represents the most frequent arrhythmic cause for hospitalization. It steadily increases the risk of thromboembolic events and is often associated with several comorbidities that negatively affect patient's quality of life and prognosis. AF has a considerable impact on healthcare resources, making the promotion of an adequate and coordinated management of this arrhythmia necessary in order to avoid clinical complications and to implement the adoption of appropriate technological and pharmacological treatment options. AF management varies across regions and hospitals and there is also heterogeneity in the use of anticoagulation and electric cardioversion, with limited use of direct oral anticoagulants. The ED represents the first access point for early management of patients with AF. The appropriate management of this arrhythmia in the acute setting has a great impact on improving patient's quality of life and outcomes as well as on rationalization of the financial resources related to the clinical course of AF. Therefore, physicians should provide a well-structured clinical and diagnostic pathway for patients with AF who are admitted to the ED. This should be based on a tight and propositional collaboration among several specialists, i.e. the ED physician, cardiologist, internal medicine physician, anesthesiologist. The aim of this ANMCO-SIMEU consensus document is to provide shared recommendations for promoting an integrated, accurate, and up-to-date management of patients with AF admitted to the ED or Cardiology Department, in order to make it homogeneous across the national territory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio De Iaco
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, A.O. Martini, Via Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, 84 - 10141 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Francesco Rocco Pugliese
- U.O.C. Medicina e Chirurgia d'Accettazione e d'Urgenza, Ospedale Sandro Pertini, Via dei Monti Tiburtini, 385 - 00157 Roma, Italy
| | - Leonardo De Luca
- U.O.C. di Cardiologia, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, Cir.ne Gianicolense, 87 - 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza-118, Azienda USL della Romagna, Via Carlo Forlanini, 34 - 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Carmine Riccio
- U.O.S.D. Follow up del Paziente Post-Acuto, Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, A.O.R.N. Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano, Via Ferdinando Palasciano, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pietro Scicchitano
- U.O. Cardiologia-UTIC, Ospedale "F. Perinei", SS96 - 70022 Altamura (BA), Italy
| | - Simone Vanni
- S.O.C. Medicina d'Urgenza, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Empoli (FI) e Direttore Area Formazione, Dipartimento di Emergenza e Area Critica, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Viale Giovanni Boccaccio, 16/20, 50053 Empoli FI, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Pasquale
- Direzione Generale Cura della Persona, Salute e Welfare, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Viale Aldo Moro, 21 - 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Massimo Gulizia
- U.O.C. Cardiologia, Ospedale Garibaldi-Nesima, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e Alta Specializzazione "Garibaldi", Piazza Santa Maria di Gesù, 5 - 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Gabrielli
- U.O.C. di Cardiologia, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, Cir.ne Gianicolense, 87 - 00152 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione per il Tuo cuore - Heart Care Foundation, Via Alfonso la Marmora, 36- 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Oliva
- Cardiologia 1-Emodinamica, Dipartimento Cardiotoracovascolare "A. De Gasperis", ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore, 3 - 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- U.O.C. Cardiologia Clinica e Riabilitativa, Presidio Ospedaliero San Filippo Neri - ASL Roma 1, Via Giovanni Martinotti, 20 - 00135 Roma, Italy
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Poorsattar SP, Kumar N, Jelly CA, Bodmer NJ, Tang JE, Lefevre R, Essandoh MK, Dalia A, Vanneman MW, Bardia A. The Year in Electrophysiology: Selected Highlights From 2022. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2023:S1053-0770(23)00194-5. [PMID: 37080842 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
This special article is the fifth in an annual series for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors would like to thank the Editor-in-Chief, Dr Kaplan, the Associate Editor-in-Chief, Dr Augoustides, and the editorial board for the opportunity to author this series, which summarizes the key research papers in the electrophysiology (EP) field relevant to cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesiologists. These articles are shaping perioperative EP procedures and practices, such as pulsed-field ablation, cryoablation for first-line treatment for atrial fibrillation, advancements in conduction system pacing, safety issues related to smartphones and cardiac implantable electronic devices, and alterations in EP workflow as the world emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic. Special emphasis is placed on the implications of these advancements for the anesthetic care of patients undergoing EP procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P Poorsattar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nicolas Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christina A Jelly
- Department of Anesthesiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Natalie J Bodmer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan E Tang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Ryan Lefevre
- Department of Anesthesiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael K Essandoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Adam Dalia
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Department of Critical Care, Anesthesia, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew W Vanneman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amit Bardia
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Department of Critical Care, Anesthesia, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Beaty EH, Fernando RJ, Jacobs ML, Winter GG, Bulla C, Singleton MJ, Patel NJ, Bradford NS, Bhave PD, Royster RL. Comparison of Bolus Dosing of Methohexital and Propofol in Elective Direct Current Cardioversion. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026198. [PMID: 36129031 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Methohexital and propofol can both be used as sedation for direct current cardioversion (DCCV). However, there are limited data comparing these medications in this setting. We hypothesized that patients receiving methohexital for elective DCCV would be sedated more quickly, recover from sedation faster, and experience less adverse effects. Methods and Results This was a prospective, blinded randomized controlled trial conducted at a single academic medical center. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive either methohexital (0.5 mg/kg) or propofol (0.8 mg/kg) as a bolus for elective DCCV. The times from bolus of the medication to achieving a Ramsay Sedation Scale score of 5 to 6, first shock, eyes opening on command, and when the patient could state their age and name were obtained. The need for additional medication dosing, airway intervention, vital signs, and medication side effects were also recorded. Seventy patients who were randomized to receive methohexital (n=37) or propofol (n=33) were included for analysis. The average doses of methohexital and propofol were 0.51 mg/kg and 0.84 mg/kg, respectively. There were no significant differences between methohexital and propofol in the time from end of injection to loss of conscious (1.4±1.8 versus 1.1±0.5 minutes; P=0.33) or the time to first shock (1.7±1.9 versus 1.4±0.5 minutes; P=0.31). Time intervals were significantly lower for methohexital compared with propofol in the time to eyes opening on command (5.1±2.5 versus 7.8±3.7 minutes; P=0.0005) as well as at the time to the ability to answer simple questions of age and name (6.0±2.6 versus 8.6±4.0 minutes; P=0.001). The methohexital group experienced less hypotension (8.1% versus 42.4%; P<0.001) and less hypoxemia (0.0% versus 15.2%; P=0.005), had lower need for jaw thrust/chin lift (16.2% versus 42.4%; P=0.015), and had less pain on injection compared with propofol using the visual analog scale (7.2±9.7 versus 22.4±28.1; P=0.003). Conclusions In this model of fixed bolus dosing, methohexital was associated with faster recovery, more stable hemodynamics, and less hypoxemia after elective DCCV compared with propofol. It can be considered as a preferred agent for sedation for DCCV. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct; Unique identifier: NCT04187196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah H Beaty
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
| | - Rohesh J Fernando
- Department of Anesthesiology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
| | | | - Gillian G Winter
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
| | - Catalina Bulla
- Hospital Medicine Cleveland Clinic Florida, Indian River Hospital Vero Beach FL
| | | | - Neel J Patel
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
| | - Natalie S Bradford
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
| | - Prashant D Bhave
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
| | - Roger L Royster
- Department of Anesthesiology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem NC
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7
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Vanneman M, Kothari P, Bodmer NJ, Convissar D, Desai GA, Kumar N, Iyer MH, Neuburger PJ, Essandoh MK, Cronin B, Dalia AA. The Year in Electrophysiology: Selected Highlights from 2021. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:1526-1539. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Palmisano P, Ziacchi M, Angeletti A, Guerra F, Forleo GB, Bertini M, Notarstefano P, Accogli M, Lavalle C, Bisignani G, Landolina M, Zanotto G, D’Onofrio A, Ricci RP, De Ponti R, Boriani G. The Practice of Deep Sedation in Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing Laboratories: Results of an Italian Survey Promoted by the AIAC (Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiac Pacing). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215035. [PMID: 34768557 PMCID: PMC8584354 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this survey, which was open to all Italian cardiologists involved in arrhythmia, was to assess common practice regarding sedation and analgesia in interventional electrophysiology procedures in Italy. The survey consisted of 28 questions regarding the approach to sedation used for elective direct-current cardioversion (DCC), subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation, and transvenous lead extraction procedures. A total of 105 cardiologists from 92 Italian centres took part in the survey. The rate of centres where DCC, S-ICD implantation, AF ablation, VT ablation and lead extraction procedures were performed without anaesthesiologic assistance was 60.9%, 23.6%, 51.2%, 37.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. When these procedures were performed without anaesthesiologic assistance, the drugs (in addition to local anaesthetics) commonly administered were benzodiazepines (from 64.3% to 79.6%), opioids (from 74.4% to 88.1%), and general anaesthetics (from 7.1% to 30.4%). Twenty-three (21.9%) of the 105 cardiologists declared that they routinely administered propofol, without the supervision of an anaesthesiologist, in at least one of the above-mentioned procedures. In current Italian clinical practice, there is a lack of uniformity in the sedation/analgesia approach used in interventional electrophysiology procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Palmisano
- Cardiology Unit, “Card. G. Panico” Hospital, 73039 Tricase, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Ziacchi
- Institute of Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Institute of Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Federico Guerra
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Matteo Bertini
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Ferrara “Arcispedale S. Anna”, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy;
| | | | - Michele Accogli
- Cardiology Unit, “Card. G. Panico” Hospital, 73039 Tricase, Italy;
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Bisignani
- Cardiology Division, Castrovillari Hospital, ASP Cosenza, 87012 Castrovillari, Italy;
| | | | - Gabriele Zanotto
- Department of Cardiology, Mater Salutis Hospital, 37045 Legnago, Verona, Italy;
| | - Antonio D’Onofrio
- Departmental Unit of Electrophysiology, Evaluation and Treatment of Arrhythmias, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Roberto De Ponti
- Department of Heart and Vessels, Ospedale Di Circolo-University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Cardiology Division, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Di Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy;
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