Clinical assessment and molecular mechanism of the upregulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in myocardial infarction

Effects of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and toll like receptor 2 (TLR 2) gene polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients

Introduction

In this retrospective study, it was aimed to evaluate effects of Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR 2) gene polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients.

Methods

A total of 108 acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients (ANBP) were retrospectively subjected to the study. Gender, age, number of attacks, hospitalization duration, amylase, lipase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), leukocyte, C-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Atlanta score, ultrasonography (USG), Computer Tomography (CT) and patient outcome differences between TLR 4 Rs4986790, TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 groups were evaluated.

Results

According to TLR 4 Rs4986790 groups, females were significantly common in AA sequence (AA) group with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Leukocyte mean of AG sequence (AG) group was significantly higher than of AA group (p<0.05). All parameter differences between TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 groups were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). there was a statistically significant correlation between TLR 4 Rs4986790 and gender (r=0.265; p<0.01), Leukocyte (r=0.200; p<0.05) and Pseudocyst (r=0.203; p<0.05). TLR 4 Rs4986790 gene polymorphism had significant effect on leukocyte level in acute non-biliary pancreatitis patients (OR: -0.1.900; p<0.05). Predictive value of leukocyte for TLR 4 Rs4986790 was statistically significant (Area Under Curve: 0.624; p<0.05). For 7.65 leukocyte cut off value, sensitivity for AA gene polymorphism was 84.2% and specificity was 40.5.

Conclusion

Although the clinical and outcome parameters of ANBP patients in terms of TLR 4 Rs4986791 and TLR 2 do not show significant differences, research findings point to the diagnostic value of patients' leukocyte parameters in determining TLR-4 Rs4986790 ploimorphism groups.

LncRNA CCRR Attenuates Postmyocardial Infarction Inflammatory Response by Inhibiting the TLR Signalling Pathway

BACKGROUND

Timely and proper suppression of inflammation can effectively reduce myocardial injury and promote the postmyocardial infarction (post-MI) wound-healing process. We have previously found that cardiac conduction regulatory RNA (CCRR), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcribed by the gene located on chromosome 9, with abundant expression in the heart, elicits antiarrhythmic effects in heart failure, and this is a continuing study on the role of CCRR in MI.

METHODS

CCRR was overexpressed in CCRR transgenic mice or after injection of adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV-9). MI surgery was performed, and cardiac function was assessed in vivo by echocardiography, followed by histologic analyses. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the effects of CCRR on macrophages, cardiomyocytes, and cardiomyocytes cocultured with macrophages. Through microarray analysis and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and other related techniques were also employed to study the effects of CCRR on Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4.

RESULTS

We found that CCRR level was significantly decreased with increases in proinflammatory cytokines and activation of the TLR signalling pathway in the heart of the 3-day MI mice. CCRR overexpression downregulated TLR2 and TLR4 in MI and effectively inhibited the inflammatory responses in primary cardiomyocytes and macrophages cultured under hypoxic conditions. Downregulation of CCRR induced excessive inflammatory responses by activating the TLR signalling pathway. CCRR acted by suppressing TLR2 and TLR4 to inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory factors to reduce infarct size, thereby improving cardiac function.

CONCLUSIONS

CCRR protected cardiomyocytes against MI injury by suppressing inflammatory response through targeting the TLR signalling pathway.

The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes

Myocardial infarction is a major contributor to CVD-related mortality. T2DM is a risk factor for MI. Stress activates the HPA axis, SNS, and endogenous OPS. These POMC derivatives increase the blood glucose and cardiovascular response by inhibiting the PI3K/AkT insulin signaling pathway and increasing cardiac contraction. Opioids regulate the effect of the HPA axis and SNS and they are cardioprotective. The chronic activation of the stress response may lead to insulin resistance, cardiac dysfunction, and MI. Stress and T2DM, therefore, increase the risk of MI. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes. Studies have shown that prediabetes is associated with an increased risk of MI because of inflammation, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension. The HPA axis is reported to be dysregulated in prediabetes. However, the SNS and the OPS have not been explored during prediabetes. The effect of prediabetes on POMC derivatives has yet to be fully explored and understood. The impact of stress and prediabetes on the cardiovascular response needs to be investigated. This study sought to review the potential impact of prediabetes on the POMC derivatives and pathways that could lead to MI.

Candidate SNP Markers Significantly Altering the Affinity of TATA-Binding Protein for the Promoters of Human Hub Genes for Atherogenesis, Atherosclerosis and Atheroprotection

Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease in which focal lesions in arteries promote the build-up of lipoproteins and cholesterol they are transporting. The development of atheroma (atherogenesis) narrows blood vessels, reduces the blood supply and leads to cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death, which has been especially boosted since the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a variety of contributors to atherosclerosis, including lifestyle factors and genetic predisposition. Antioxidant diets and recreational exercises act as atheroprotectors and can retard atherogenesis. The search for molecular markers of atherogenesis and atheroprotection for predictive, preventive and personalized medicine appears to be the most promising direction for the study of atherosclerosis. In this work, we have analyzed 1068 human genes associated with atherogenesis, atherosclerosis and atheroprotection. The hub genes regulating these processes have been found to be the most ancient. In silico analysis of all 5112 SNPs in their promoters has revealed 330 candidate SNP markers, which statistically significantly change the affinity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) for these promoters. These molecular markers have made us confident that natural selection acts against underexpression of the hub genes for atherogenesis, atherosclerosis and atheroprotection. At the same time, upregulation of the one for atheroprotection promotes human health.