Epidemiological status of family-based Helicobacter pylori infection in Yunnan Province, China

Diazinon residues levels in farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala of Kimira-Oluch smallholder farm improvement project, Kenya

Diazinon insecticide, though associated with human health impacts, is popularly used in the production of Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) at the Kimira-Oluch Smallholder Farmers Improvement Project (KOSFIP), Kenya. Diazinon controls insect pests that lower quality and profitability of produce. The preharvest interval of diazinon in kale is 12 days which may not be observed by farmers with inadequate appreciation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). Since the extent of GAPs adoption at KOSFIP has not been evaluated, it remains unclear whether diazinon residues levels in kale of KOSFIP could be a health risk to the consumers. Diazinon residues levels and corresponding health risks in farm-gate kale at KOSFIP were determined. Cross-sectional survey based on snowball sampling identified 40 farms applying diazinon on the vegetable. Triplicate samples were collected from each farm for residue analysis, using the QuEChERS method, and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Standard normal distribution function f(z) revealed [Formula: see text]78% of farm-gate samples had detectable residual diazinon levels and 70% were above the Codex MRL of 0.05 mg/kg. Continued application of diazinon on kale at KOSFIP is exposing consumers to short-term health risks. Efforts must be intensified to ensure GAP are adopted. The estimated farm-gate samples with health risk indices for children and adults (HRIc and HRIA) >1.0 were 64% and 26%, respectively. The residual levels are therefore potential health risks to both children and adults. Farm-gate residual levels and resultant partial HRI were comparatively higher than findings of most previous studies. Inappropriate label PHI and malpractices against GAP may be responsible for high residual levels. There should be regular surveillance and trainings of farmers on GAP for sustainable production of kale in the Lake Victoria region. Use of diazinon on kale should be discouraged and intensive routine pesticide residue screening be enhanced for conventional vegetable produce.