1
|
Tayachew A, Teka G, Gebeyehu A, Shure W, Biru M, Chekol L, Berkessa T, Tigabu E, Gizachew L, Agune A, Gonta M, Hailemariam A, Gedefaw E, Woldeab A, Alemu A, Getaneh Y, Lisanwork L, Yibeltal K, Abate E, Abayneh A, Wossen M, Hailu M, Workineh F. Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection and associated factors in children aged under five years with severe acute respiratory illness and influenza-like illness in Ethiopia. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:191-196. [PMID: 38356999 PMCID: PMC10864198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Acute respiratory infections because of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) are among the major leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. RSV prevalence and its contributing factors among children aged under 5 years in Ethiopia are not well studied. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of RSV infection in children aged under 5 years using influenza sentinel surveillance sites in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used utilizing influenza-like illness/sever acute respiratory illness surveillance data from January 2021 to December 2022 at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Results In total, 2234 cases were included, with an overall RSV positivity rate of 16.2%. The RSV positivity rate was high in children aged under 1 year (22.8%) and during fall season (24.8%). The RSV positivity rate was significantly associated with ages under 1 year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-4.15) and 1-2 years (AOR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.26-2.73) and the fall season (AOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.38). Conclusion The study revealed that a considerably high RSV positivity rate was detected in children aged under 5 years. The age of children and season have a significant association with RSV positivity rate. Further studies of RSV viral genotype, clinical characteristics, and disease outcome need to be conducted for a better understanding of the virus and disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Tayachew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa
| | - Gizaw Teka
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Gebeyehu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wolde Shure
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Biru
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Eyasu Tigabu
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Admikew Agune
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Gonta
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ergetu Gedefaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Woldeab
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayinalem Alemu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yimam Getaneh
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leuel Lisanwork
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ebba Abate
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mesfin Wossen
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesay Hailu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Özgen-Top Ö, Aysert-Yıldız P, Özger HS, Güzel-Tunçcan Ö. Evaluation of Hospitalized Patients with Community-Acquired Influenza-Like Illness During Two Influenza Seasons. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:323-331. [PMID: 38633854 PMCID: PMC10986686 DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2023.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objective Influenza is among the most important respiratory infections affecting all age groups and can lead to hospitalizations. We aimed to determine the frequency of influenza infections among acute admissions with influenza-like illness (ILI) and evaluate the demographic, clinical findings, and outcomes of patients with influenza. Methods This prospective, active surveillance study was conducted in a university hospital between 2015 and 2017. Patients hospitalized for at least 24 hours in the selected units with community-acquired ILI were screened according to certain influenza-predicting ICD-10 codes. Nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swab samples were taken from patients who were eligible for the study. Patients tested for influenza with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for data. Results Among 440 patients screened according to influenza-related ICD-10 codes, 112 were included. Influenza positivity was detected in 37 of the 112 patients. Clinical findings were similar between influenza positive and negative groups and also between influenza subtypes, excluding sore throat, which was more common in the H1N1 group. Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK) elevations were found to be significantly higher in the influenza-positive group. When influenza-positive patients with and without pneumonia were compared, the rate of vaccination in the same season was higher in patients without pneumonia than in patients with pneumonia (38.8% and 10.5%, respectively; p=0.04). Conclusion Integrating molecular tests detecting both influenza and other respiratory viruses into influenza surveillance programs can increase the efficacy and quality of these programs. The elevation of AST, ALT, and CK in influenza cases can be considered in distinguishing influenza from other ILI cases. Vaccination in the same season can reduce the risk of pneumonia in influenza-positive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Özgen-Top
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Aysert-Yıldız
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Selçuk Özger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Güzel-Tunçcan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelly ME, Gharpure R, Shivji S, Matonya M, Moshi S, Mwafulango A, Mwalongo V, Mghamba J, Simba A, Balajee SA, Gatei W, Mponela M, Saguti G, Whistler T, Moremi N, Mmbaga V. Etiologies of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections in Tanzania, 2017-2019. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0000906. [PMID: 36962965 PMCID: PMC10021583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, Tanzania expanded sentinel surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) to include testing for non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRVs) and additional respiratory pathogens at 9 sentinel sites. During 2017-2019, respiratory specimens from 2730 cases underwent expanded testing: 2475 specimens (90.7%) were tested using a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-developed assay covering 7 NIRVs (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], rhinovirus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus 1, 2, and 3) and influenza A and B viruses. Additionally, 255 specimens (9.3%) were tested using the Fast-Track Diagnostics Respiratory Pathogens 33 (FTD-33) kit which covered the mentioned viruses and additional viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Influenza viruses were identified in 7.5% of all specimens; however, use of the CDC assay and FTD-33 kit increased the number of specimens with a pathogen identified to 61.8% and 91.5%, respectively. Among the 9 common viruses between the CDC assay and FTD-33 kit, the most identified pathogens were RSV (22.9%), rhinovirus (21.8%), and adenovirus (14.0%); multi-pathogen co-detections were common. Odds of hospitalization (SARI vs. ILI) varied by sex, age, geographic zone, year of diagnosis, and pathogen identified; hospitalized illnesses were most common among children under the age of 5 years. The greatest number of specimens were submitted for testing during December-April, coinciding with rainy seasons in Tanzania, and several viral pathogens demonstrated seasonal variation (RSV, human metapneumovirus, influenza A and B, and parainfluenza viruses). This study demonstrates that expanding an existing influenza platform to include additional respiratory pathogens can provide valuable insight into the etiology, incidence, severity, and geographic/temporal patterns of respiratory illness. Continued respiratory surveillance in Tanzania, and globally, can provide valuable data, particularly in the context of emerging respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, and guide public health interventions to reduce the burden of respiratory illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhika Gharpure
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Shivji
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Azma Simba
- Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - S. Arunmozhi Balajee
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wangeci Gatei
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marcelina Mponela
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Grace Saguti
- World Health Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Toni Whistler
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hasan S, Webby RJ, Iqbal M, Rashid HB, Ahmad MUD, Nazir J, DeBeauchamp J, Sadiq S, Chaudhry M. Sentinel surveillance for influenza A viruses in Lahore District Pakistan in flu season 2015-2016. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 34991508 PMCID: PMC8734537 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-07021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) remains an important global public health threat with limited epidemiological information available from low-and-middle-income countries. The major objective of this study was to describe the proportions, temporal and spatial distribution, and demographic and clinical characteristics of IAV positive patients with influenza like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods Prospective surveillance was established in a sentinel hospital from October 2015 to May 2016. All eligible outpatients and inpatients with ILI or SARI were enrolled in the study. Nasal and/or throat swabs were collected along with clinico-epidemiological data. Samples were tested by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) to identify IAV and subtype. The descriptive analysis of data was done in R software. Results Out of 311 enrolled patients, 284 (91.3%) were ILI and 27 (8.7%) were SARI cases. A distinct peak of ILI and SARI activity was observed in February. Fifty individuals (16%) were positive for IAV with peak positivity observed in December. Of 50 IAV, 15 were seasonal H3N2, 14 were H1N1pdm09 and 21 were unable to be typed. The majority of IAV positive cases (98%) presented with current or history of fever, 88% reported cough and 82% reported sore throat. The most common comorbidities in IAV positive cases were hepatitis C (4%), obesity (4%) and tuberculosis (6%). The highest incidence of patients reporting to the hospital was seen three days post symptoms onset (66/311) with 14 of these (14/66) positive for IAV. Conclusion Distinct trends of ILI, SARI and IAV positive cases were observed which can be used to inform public health interventions (vaccinations, hand and respiratory hygiene) at appropriate times among high-risk groups. We suggest sampling from both ILI and SARI patients in routine surveillance as recommended by WHO. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-07021-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Hasan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Richard J Webby
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Bin Rashid
- Department of Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Pathobiology, Riphah Veterinary College, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nazir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Virology Laboratory, Treidlia Biovet, Seven Hills, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shakera Sadiq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Chaudhry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ademas A, Adane M, Keleb A, Berihun G, Lingerew M, Sisay T, Hassen S, Getachew M, Tesfaw G, Getaneh Feleke D, Addisu E, Berhanu L, Abebe M, Gizeyatu A, Abate H, Derso A. COVID-19 Prevention Practices and Associated Factors among Diabetes and HIV/AIDS Clients in South-Wollo Zone, Ethiopia: A Health Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:2079-2086. [PMID: 34376988 PMCID: PMC8349531 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s325207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) is affecting many people. Chronic patients are highly vulnerable to contracting an infection. Most people recover within a week, but chronic patients can face severe illness or death. The increasing of cases, complications, and mortality demands compulsory preventive measures. Therefore, this study was designed to identify major preventive practices and associated factors. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed from November to December 2020 among diabetics and HIV/AIDS follow-up clients in Dessie referral hospital. Data were entered into EpiData manager 4.6.0 version and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0 for data cleaning and analysis. Logistic regression analysis was done and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for determining the strength of association. Results Data were collected from 426 participants with a mean age of 46.54 years. The overall poor prevention practice rate of COVID-19 among diabetic and HIV/AIDS follow-up clients was 68.8% 95% CI (64.6–72.8%). Factors significantly associated with poor prevention practice were femaleness (AOR; 1.61; 95% CI; 1.03–2.51), illiterate [AOR; 2.59; 95% CI; 1.33–5.09]), family size greater than four (AOR; 2.06; 95% CI; 1.32–3.23), absence of health professional in the household (AOR; 1.79; 95% CI; 1.13–2.84), not having health insurance (AOR; 1.85; 95% CI; 1.18–2.89) and urban residence (AOR; 0.38; 95% CI; 0.18–0.79). Conclusion The overall proportion of prevention practice towards COVID-19 among diabetic and HIV/AIDS follow-up clients was poor. Illiteracy, having a family size greater than four, not having health professionals in the household, not having health insurance and urban residency were associated with poor prevention practices. Therefore, continuous health educations about good preventive behavioral practice should be enhanced by the health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayechew Ademas
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Metadel Adane
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Keleb
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Gete Berihun
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mistir Lingerew
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Sisay
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Seada Hassen
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Getachew
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Tesfaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Dejen Getaneh Feleke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Elsabeth Addisu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Leykun Berhanu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Masresha Abebe
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Adinew Gizeyatu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Habtemariam Abate
- Department of Environmental Health Regulatory Directorate, Addis Ababa Food Medicines and Health Care Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atimen Derso
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lanyero B, Edea ZA, Musa EO, Watare SH, Mandalia ML, Livinus MC, Ebrahim FK, Girmay A, Bategereza AK, Abayneh A, Sambo BH, Abate E. Readiness and early response to COVID-19: achievements, challenges and lessons learnt in Ethiopia. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005581. [PMID: 34112648 PMCID: PMC8193696 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Declaration of the novel coronavirus disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern necessitated countries to get ready to respond. Here, we describe key achievements, challenges and lessons learnt during the readiness and early response to COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Readiness activities commenced as early as January 2020 with the activation of a national Public Health Emergency Operations Centre and COVID-19 Incident Management System (IMS) by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. The COVID-19 IMS conducted rapid risk assessments, developed scenario-based contingency plans, national COVID-19 guidelines and facilitated the enhancement of early warning and monitoring mechanisms. Early activation of a coordination mechanism and strengthening of detection and response capacities contributed to getting the country ready on time and mounting an effective early response. High-level political leadership and commitment led to focused efforts in coordination of response interventions. Health screening, mandatory 14-day quarantine and testing established for all international travellers arriving into the country slowed down the influx of travellers. The International Health Regulations (IHR) capacities in the country served as a good foundation for timely readiness and response. Leveraging on existing IHR capacities in the country built prior to COVID-19 helped slow down the importation and mitigated uncontrolled spread of the disease in the country. Challenges experienced included late operationalisation of a multisectoral coordination platform, shortage of personal protective equipment resulting from global disruption of importation and the huge influx of over 10 000 returnees from different COVID-19-affected countries over a short period of time with resultant constrain on response resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Lanyero
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Assefa Edea
- Early Warning and Information System Management Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emmanuel Onuche Musa
- WHE Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Shambel Habebe Watare
- Public Health Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mayur Lalji Mandalia
- Liaison Office to the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martin Chibueze Livinus
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Faiqa Kassim Ebrahim
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Girmay
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aggrey Kaijuka Bategereza
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Abayneh
- Public Health Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Boureima Hama Sambo
- World Health Organization Representative to Ethiopia, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebba Abate
- Director General office, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lai X, Rong H, Ma X, Hou Z, Li S, Jing R, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Wang J, Feng H, Peng Z, Feng L, Fang H. The Economic Burden of Influenza-Like Illness among Children, Chronic Disease Patients, and the Elderly in China: A National Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126277. [PMID: 34200619 PMCID: PMC8296061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: The disease burden of seasonal influenza is substantial in China, while there is still a lack of nationwide economic burden estimates. This study aims to examine influenza-like illness (ILI) prevalence, healthcare-seeking behaviors, economic impact of ILI, and its influencing factors among three priority groups during the 2018–19 influenza season. Methods: From August to October 2019, 6668 children’s caregivers, 1735 chronic disease patients, and 3849 elderly people were recruited from 10 provinces in China to participate in an on-site survey. The economic burden of ILI consisted of direct (medical or non-medical) and indirect burdens, and a two-part model was adopted to predict the influencing factors of total economic burden. Results: There were 45.73% children, 16.77% chronic disease patients, and 12.70% elderly people reporting ILI, and most participants chose outpatient service or over-the-counter (OTC) medication after ILI. The average economic burden was CNY 1647 (USD 237.2) for children, CNY 951 (USD 136.9) for chronic disease patients, and CNY 1796 (USD 258.6) for the elderly. Two-part regression showed that age, gender, whether the only child in the family, region, and household income were important predictors of ILI economic burden among children, while age, region, place of residence, basic health insurance, and household income were significant predictors of ILI economic burden among chronic disease patients and the elderly. Conclusions: A large economic burden of ILI was highlighted, especially among the elderly with less income and larger medical burdens, as well as children, with higher prevalence and higher self-payment ratio. It is important to adopt targeted interventions for high-risk groups, and this study can help national-level decision-making on the introduction of influenza vaccination as a public health project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Lai
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Hongguo Rong
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
- Institute for Excellence in Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhiyuan Hou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Shunping Li
- School of Health Care Management, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rize Jing
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Haijun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Yun Lyu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Jiahao Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Huangyufei Feng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.L.); (R.J.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (H.F.)
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (H.F.); Tel.: +86-10-6525-6093 (L.F.); +86-10-8280-5702 (H.F.)
| | - Hai Fang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.R.); (X.M.)
- Peking University Health Science Center—Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Center for Vaccine Economics, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (H.F.); Tel.: +86-10-6525-6093 (L.F.); +86-10-8280-5702 (H.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weldetsadik AY, Riedel F. Respiratory syncytial virus in severe lower respiratory infections in previously healthy young Ethiopian infants. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:201. [PMID: 33910510 PMCID: PMC8080344 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in infants. However, the burden of RSV is unknown in Ethiopia. We aimed to determine the prevalence, seasonality and predictors of RSV infection in young infants with ALRI for the first time in Ethiopia. METHODS We performed RSV immuno-chromatographic assay from nasopharyngeal swabs of infants, 29 days to 6 months of age. We included the first 10 eligible infants in each month from June 2018 to May 2019 admitted in a tertiary pediatric center. Clinical, laboratory and imaging data were also collected, and chi-square test and regression were used to assess associated factors with RSV infection. RESULTS Among a total of 117 study children, 65% were male and mean age was 3 months. Bronchiolitis was the commonest diagnosis (49%). RSV was isolated from 26 subjects (22.2%) of all ALRI, 37% of bronchiolitis and 11% of pneumonia patients. Although RSV infection occurred year round, highest rate extended from June to November. No clinical or laboratory parameter predicted RSV infection and only rainy season (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 10.46 [95%. C.I. 1.95, 56.18]) was independent predictor of RSV infection. CONCLUSIONS RSV was isolated in a fifth of young infants with severe ALRI, mostly in the rainy season. Diagnosis of RSV infection in our setting require specific tests as no clinical parameter predicted RSV infection. Since RSV caused less than a quarter of ALRI in our setting, the other causes should be looked for in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Riedel
- Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|