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Yoshida Y, Yokoi T, Hara K, Watanabe H, Yamaguchi H, Bagarinao E, Masuda M, Kato T, Ogura A, Ohdake R, Kawabata K, Katsuno M, Kato K, Naganawa S, Okamura N, Yanai K, Sobue G. <Editors' Choice> Pattern of THK 5351 retention in normal aging involves core regions of resting state networks associated with higher cognitive function. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2023; 85:758-771. [PMID: 38155624 PMCID: PMC10751491 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.85.4.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to elucidate the distribution pattern of the positron emission tomography probe [18F]THK 5351, a marker for astrogliosis and tau accumulation, in healthy aging. We also assessed the relationship between THK5351 retention and resting state networks. We enrolled 62 healthy participants in this study. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging/positron emission tomography scanning consisting of T1-weighted images, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, Pittsburgh Compound-B and THK positron emission tomography. The preprocessed THK images were entered into a scaled subprofile modeling/principal component analysis to extract THK distribution patterns. Using the most significant THK pattern, we generated regions of interest, and performed seed-based functional connectivity analyses. We also evaluated the functional connectivity overlap ratio to identify regions with high between-network connectivity. The most significant THK distributions were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral putamen. The seed regions of interest in the medial prefrontal cortex had a functional connectivity map that significantly overlapped with regions of the dorsal default mode network. The seed regions of interest in the putamen showed strong overlap with the basal ganglia and anterior salience networks. The functional connectivity overlap ratio also showed that three peak regions had the characteristics of connector hubs. We have identified an age-related spatial distribution of THK in the medial prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia in normal aging. Interestingly, the distribution's peaks are located in regions of connector hubs that are strongly connected to large-scale resting state networks associated with higher cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hara
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Watanabe
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Michihito Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Kato
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Ogura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Reiko Ohdake
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kawabata
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kato
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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2
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Loftus JR, Puri S, Meyers SP. Multimodality imaging of neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on multiparametric magnetic resonance and molecular imaging. Insights Imaging 2023; 14:8. [PMID: 36645560 PMCID: PMC9842851 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases afflict a large number of persons worldwide, with the prevalence and incidence of dementia rapidly increasing. Despite their prevalence, clinical diagnosis of dementia syndromes remains imperfect with limited specificity. Conventional structural-based imaging techniques also lack the accuracy necessary for confident diagnosis. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and molecular imaging provide the promise of improving specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease as well as therapeutic monitoring of monoclonal antibody therapy. This educational review will briefly focus on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathologic findings of common and uncommon neurodegenerative diseases. Imaging features of each disease spanning from conventional magnetic resonance sequences to advanced multiparametric methods such as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and arterial spin labeling imaging will be described in detail. Additionally, the review will explore the findings of each diagnosis on molecular imaging including single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography with a variety of clinically used and experimental radiotracers. The literature and clinical cases provided demonstrate the power of advanced magnetic resonance imaging and molecular techniques in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and areas of future and ongoing research. With the advent of combined positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scanners, hybrid protocols utilizing both techniques are an attractive option for improving the evaluation of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ryan Loftus
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Savita Puri
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Steven P. Meyers
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
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3
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18F-THK5351 positron emission tomography imaging for Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. J Neurol Sci 2022; 441:120379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chun MY, Lee J, Jeong JH, Roh JH, Oh SJ, Oh M, Oh JS, Kim JS, Moon SH, Woo SY, Kim YJ, Choe YS, Kim HJ, Na DL, Jang H, Seo SW. 18F-THK5351 PET Positivity and Longitudinal Changes in Cognitive Function in β-Amyloid-Negative Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:259-264. [PMID: 35184428 PMCID: PMC8860937 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroinflammation is considered an important pathway associated with several diseases that result in cognitive decline. 18F-THK5351 positron emission tomography (PET) signals might indicate the presence of neuroinflammation, as well as Alzheimer's disease-type tau aggregates. β-amyloid (Aβ)-negative (Aβ-) amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) may be associated with non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Accordingly, we investigated associations between 18F-THK5351 PET positivity and cognitive decline among Aβ- aMCI patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included 25 amyloid PET negative aMCI patients who underwent a minimum of two follow-up neuropsychological evaluations, including clinical dementia rating-sum of boxes (CDR-SOB). The patients were classified into two groups: 18F-THK5351-positive and -negative groups. The present study used a linear mixed effects model to estimate the effects of 18F-THK5351 PET positivity on cognitive prognosis among Aβ- aMCI patients. RESULTS Among the 25 Aβ- aMCI patients, 10 (40.0%) were 18F-THK5351 positive. The patients in the 18F-THK5351-positive group were older than those in the 18F-THK5351-negative group (77.4±2.2 years vs. 70.0±5.5 years; p<0.001). There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the proportion of apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers. Interestingly, however, the CDR-SOB scores of the 18F-THK5351-positive group deteriorated at a faster rate than those of the 18F-THK5351-negative group (B=0.003, p=0.033). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that increased 18F-THK5351 uptake might be a useful predictor of poor prognosis among Aβ- aMCI patients, which might be associated with increased neuroinflammation (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02656498).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Chun
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Myongji St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Roh
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minyoung Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungsu S Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Woo
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Sim Choe
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Harada R, Furumoto S, Kudo Y, Yanai K, Villemagne VL, Okamura N. Imaging of Reactive Astrogliosis by Positron Emission Tomography. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:807435. [PMID: 35210989 PMCID: PMC8862631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.807435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are neuropathologically characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis, and the deposition of misfolded proteins such as β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In postmortem AD brains, reactive astrocytes and activated microglia are observed surrounding Aβ plaques and tau tangles. These activated glial cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which may contribute to neurodegeneration. Therefore, in vivo imaging of glial response by positron emission tomography (PET) combined with Aβ and tau PET would provide new insights to better understand the disease process, as well as aid in the differential diagnosis, and monitoring glial response disease-specific therapeutics. There are two promising targets proposed for imaging reactive astrogliosis: monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) and imidazoline2 binding site (I2BS), which are predominantly expressed in the mitochondrial membranes of astrocytes and are upregulated in various neurodegenerative conditions. PET tracers targeting these two MAO-B and I2BS have been evaluated in humans. [18F]THK-5351, which was originally designed to target tau aggregates in AD, showed high affinity for MAO-B and clearly visualized reactive astrocytes in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, the lack of selectivity of [18F]THK-5351 binding to both MAO-B and tau, severely limits its clinical utility as a biomarker. Recently, [18F]SMBT-1 was developed as a selective and reversible MAO-B PET tracer via compound optimization of [18F]THK-5351. In this review, we summarize the strategy underlying molecular imaging of reactive astrogliosis and clinical studies using MAO-B and I2BS PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryuichi Harada,
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of New Therapeutics Innovation for Alzheimer’s and Dementia, Institute of Development and Aging, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Nobuyuki Okamura,
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6
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Harada R, Hayakawa Y, Ezura M, Lerdsirisuk P, Du Y, Ishikawa Y, Iwata R, Shidahara M, Ishiki A, Kikuchi A, Arai H, Kudo Y, Yanai K, Furumoto S, Okamura N. 18F-SMBT-1: A Selective and Reversible PET Tracer for Monoamine Oxidase-B Imaging. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:253-258. [PMID: 32646880 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.244400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) is one of the promising targets for the imaging of astrogliosis in the human brain. A novel selective and reversible MAO-B tracer, (S)-(2-methylpyrid-5-yl)-6-[(3-18F-fluoro-2-hydroxy)propoxy]quinoline (18F-SMBT-1), was successfully developed via lead optimization from the first-generation tau PET tracer 18F-THK-5351. Methods: SMBT-1 was radiolabeled with 18F using the corresponding precursor. The binding affinity of radiolabeled compounds to MAO-B was assessed using saturation and competitive binding assays. The binding selectivity of 18F-SMBT-1 to MAO-B was evaluated by autoradiography of frozen human brain tissues. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism were assessed in normal mice after intravenous administration of 18F-SMBT-1. A 14-d toxicity study after the intravenous administration of 18F-SMBT-1 was performed using rats and mice. Results: In vitro binding assays demonstrated a high binding affinity of 18F-SMBT-1 to MAO-B (dissociation constant, 3.7 nM). In contrast, it showed low binding affinity to MAO-A and protein aggregates such as amyloid-β and tau fibrils. Autoradiographic analysis showed higher amounts of 18F-SMBT-1 binding in the Alzheimer disease brain sections than in the control brain sections. 18F-SMBT-1 binding was completely displaced with the reversible MAO-B inhibitor lazabemide, demonstrating the high selectivity of 18F-SMBT-1 for MAO-B. Furthermore, 18F-SMBT-1 showed a high uptake by brain, rapid washout, and no radiolabeled metabolites in the brain of normal mice. 18F-SMBT-1 showed no significant binding to various receptors, ion channels, or transporters, and no toxic effects related to its administration were observed in mice and rats. Conclusion: 18F-SMBT-1 is a promising and selective MAO-B PET tracer candidate, which would be useful for quantitative monitoring of astrogliosis in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan .,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hayakawa
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michinori Ezura
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yiqing Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishikawa
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ren Iwata
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miho Shidahara
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Aiko Ishiki
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Hammes J, Bischof GN, Bohn KP, Onur Ö, Schneider A, Fliessbach K, Hönig MC, Jessen F, Neumaier B, Drzezga A, van Eimeren T. One-Stop Shop: 18F-Flortaucipir PET Differentiates Amyloid-Positive and -Negative Forms of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:240-246. [PMID: 32620704 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.244061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein aggregations are a hallmark of amyloid-associated Alzheimer disease and some forms of non-amyloid-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In recent years, several tracers for in vivo tau imaging have been under evaluation. This study investigated the ability of 18F-flortaucipir PET not only to assess tau positivity but also to differentiate between amyloid-positive and -negative forms of neurodegeneration on the basis of different 18F-flortaucipir PET signatures. Methods: The 18F-flortaucipir PET data of 35 patients with amyloid-positive neurodegeneration, 19 patients with amyloid-negative neurodegeneration, and 17 healthy controls were included in a data-driven scaled subprofile model (SSM)/principal-component analysis (PCA) identifying spatial covariance patterns. SSM/PCA pattern expression strengths were tested for their ability to predict amyloid status in a receiver-operating-characteristic analysis and validated with a leave-one-out approach. Results: Pattern expression strengths predicted amyloid status with a sensitivity of 0.94 and a specificity of 0.83. A support vector machine classification based on pattern expression strengths in 2 different SSM/PCA components yielded a prediction accuracy of 98%. Anatomically, prediction performance was driven by parietooccipital gray matter in amyloid-positive patients versus predominant white matter binding in amyloid-negative patients. Conclusion: SSM/PCA-derived binding patterns of 18F-flortaucipir differentiate between amyloid-positive and -negative neurodegenerative diseases with high accuracy. 18F-flortaucipir PET alone may convey additional information equivalent to that from amyloid PET. Together with a perfusion-weighted early-phase acquisition (18F-FDG PET-equivalent), a single scan potentially contains comprehensive information on amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) status as required by recent biomarker classification algorithms (A/T/N).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Hammes
- Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Radiologische Allianz, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gérard N Bischof
- Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl P Bohn
- Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Özgür Onur
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Fliessbach
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Merle C Hönig
- Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Molecular Organization of the Brain (INM-2), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and Cologne, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany, and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and Cologne, Germany.,Molecular Organization of the Brain (INM-2), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and Cologne, Germany
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