One-year outcome of brain injured patients undergoing early neurological rehabilitation: a prospective observational study

Predictive Modeling of Long-Term Care Needs in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Using Machine Learning

BACKGROUND

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research often focuses on mortality rates or functional recovery, yet the critical need for long-term care among patients dependent on institutional or Respiratory Care Ward (RCW) support remains underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by employing machine learning techniques to develop and validate predictive models that analyze the prognosis of this patient population.

METHOD

Retrospective data from electronic medical records at Chi Mei Medical Center, encompassing 2020 TBI patients admitted to the ICU between January 2016 and December 2021, were collected. A total of 44 features were included, utilizing four machine learning models and various feature combinations based on clinical significance and Spearman correlation coefficients. Predictive performance was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and validated with the DeLong test and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis.

RESULT

Notably, 236 patients (11.68%) were transferred to long-term care centers. XGBoost with 27 features achieved the highest AUC (0.823), followed by Random Forest with 11 features (0.817), and LightGBM with 44 features (0.813). The DeLong test revealed no significant differences among the best predictive models under various feature combinations. SHAP analysis illustrated a similar distribution of feature importance for the top 11 features in XGBoost, with 27 features, and Random Forest with 11 features.

CONCLUSIONS

Random Forest, with an 11-feature combination, provided clinically meaningful predictive capability, offering early insights into long-term care trends for TBI patients. This model supports proactive planning for institutional or RCW resources, addressing a critical yet often overlooked aspect of TBI care.

Predicting outcome in disorders of consciousness: A mega-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Assessing recovery potential in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) is pivotal for guiding clinical and ethical decisions. We conducted a mega-analysis of individual patient data to understand (1) if a time threshold exists, beyond which regaining consciousness is almost impossible, and (2) how recovery varies based on factors such as diagnosis, etiology, age, sex, and neuropsychological status.

METHODS

A systematic literature search revealed a total of 3290 patients. In this sample, we performed a Cox proportional hazards analysis for interval censored data.

RESULTS

We observed a late saturation of probability to regain consciousness in Kaplan-Meier curves, and the annual rate of recovery was remarkably stable, in that approximately 35% of patients regained consciousness per year. Patients in minimally conscious state (MCS) recovered more frequently than patients in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS). No significant difference was observed between the recovery dynamics of MCS subgroups: MCS+ and MCS-. Patients with hypoxic brain lesions showed worse recovery rate than patients with traumatic brain injury and patients with vascular brain lesions, while the latter two categories did not differ from each other. Male patients had moderately better chance to regain consciousness. While younger UWS patients recovered more frequently than older patients, it was not the case in MCS.

INTERPRETATION

Our findings highlight the necessity for neurologists to exercise caution when making negative predictions in individual cases, challenge traditional beliefs regarding recovery timelines, and underscore the importance of conducting detailed and prolonged assessments to better understand recovery prospects in DoC.

Reliability and validation of the Japanese version of the coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R)

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R).

METHODS

Subjects included 59 patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) due to acquired brain injury. To validate test-retest reliability, Evaluator A assessed the CRS-R twice on the same day (A1, A2). To examine inter-rater reliability, Evaluators A (A2) and B (B) assessed the CRS-R without a time interval. To test concurrent validity, Evaluator A (A1) assessed the CRS-R, Japan Coma Scale (JCS), and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) consecutively. To validate diagnostic accuracy, we evaluated the degree of agreement between A1 and A2 and between A2 and B in their diagnosis of DOC by CRS-R.

RESULTS

The test-retest (ρ = 0.92) and inter- (ρ = 0.98) reliability of CRS-R were excellent" and Concurrent validity of CRS-R with JCS (ρ =  -0.82) and GCS (ρ = 0.92) were high. Results of DOC diagnosis were consistent for 48/59 cases (κ = 0.82) for A1 and A2 and for 54/59 cases (κ = 0.92) for A2 and B.

CONLCUSION

The Japanese version of the CRS-R may be as reliable and valid as the original English and other language versions.

Long-term clinical evolution of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness due to severe anoxic brain injury: A meta-analytic study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The prognosis of prolonged (28 days to 3 months post-onset) disorders of consciousness (pDoC) due to anoxic brain injury is uncertain. The present study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of post-anoxic pDoC and identify the possible predictive value of demographic and clinical information.

METHOD

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The rates of mortality, any improvement in clinical diagnosis, and recovery of full consciousness at least 6 months after severe anoxic brain injury were evaluated. A cross-sectional approach searched for differences in baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors, patients improved versus not improved, and patients who recovered full consciousness versus not recovered.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven studies were identified. The pooled rates of mortality, any clinical improvement and recovery of full consciousness were 26%, 26% and 17%, respectively. Younger age, baseline diagnosis of minimally conscious state versus vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, higher Coma Recovery Scale Revised total score, and earlier admission to intensive rehabilitation units were associated with a significantly higher likelihood of survival and clinical improvement. These same variables, except time of admission to rehabilitation, were also associated with recovery of full consciousness.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with anoxic pDoC might improve over time up to full recovery of consciousness and some clinical characteristics can help predict clinical improvement. These new insights could support clinicians and caregivers in the decision-making on patient management.

Outcomes of Neurorehabilitation Among Patients With Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness

BACKGROUND

 The impact of neurorehabilitation on patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) is not well known. We assessed the range of motion (ROM), muscle girth and power, level of consciousness, development of musculoskeletal deformity, and superficial sensation.

METHODS

 A retrospective observational record-based study was done, which included the data of patients diagnosed with PDOC admitted at Thumbay Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Hospital, Ajman, UAE, between 2020 and 2022. Data on the "range of motion", "muscle girth and power", "level of consciousness", "development of musculoskeletal deformity", and "superficial sensation" were collected and analyzed. The SPSS software version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for analysis. The chi-square test was used to assess association, and the t-test was used to test the mean difference.

RESULTS

 We assessed the data of 21 patients with PDOC. The superficial sensation was found to have increased significantly (p<0.025). There was a decrease in the proportion of patients with musculoskeletal deformities during the follow-up period. The ROM, muscle girth, and muscle power were also preserved without significant deterioration. However, the level of consciousness measured by the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) showed no improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research showed that neurorehabilitation significantly improves superficial sensation and prevents the development of musculoskeletal deformities. However, the mean level of consciousness remained the same. There was also no decrease in ROM. Both muscle girth and power were preserved over two years.

The aging mind: A complex challenge for research and practice

Cognitive decline as part of mental ageing is typically assessed with standardized tests; below-average performance in such tests is used as an indicator for pathological cognitive aging. In addition, morphological and functional changes in the brain are used as parameters for age-related pathological decline in cognitive abilities. However, there is no simple link between the trajectories of changes in cognition and morphological or functional changes in the brain. Furthermore, below-average test performance does not necessarily mean a significant impairment in everyday activities. It therefore appears crucial to record individual everyday tasks and their cognitive (and other) requirements in functional terms. This would also allow reliable assessment of the ecological validity of existing and insufficient cognitive skills. Understanding and dealing with the phenomena and consequences of mental aging does of course not only depend on cognition. Motivation and emotions as well personal meaning of life and life satisfaction play an equally important role. This means, however, that cognition represents only one, albeit important, aspect of mental aging. Furthermore, creating and development of proper assessment tools for functional cognition is important. In this contribution we would like to discuss some aspects that we consider relevant for a holistic view of the aging mind and promote a strengthening of a multidisciplinary approach with close cooperation between all basic and applied sciences involved in aging research, a quick translation of the research results into practice, and a close cooperation between all disciplines and professions who advise and support older people.

Validity of the Early Functional Ability scale (EFA) among critically ill patients undergoing early neurological rehabilitation

Background

A reliable assessment of the functional abilities of patients after severe brain damage is crucial for valid prognostication and treatment decisions, but most clinical scales are of limited use among this specific group of patients.

Aim

The present study investigates the usefulness of the Early Functional Ability (EFA) scale, which determines the functional abilities of severely impaired patients.

Methods

Critically ill patients consecutively admitted to early neurological rehabilitation were screened for eligibility. We assessed the correlation between the EFA scale and (i) the Early Rehabilitation Barthel Index (ERBI), and (ii) the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). The 1-year outcome on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-extended (GOSE) was used to examine the predictive validity. Demographical and medical variables were entered into univariate and multivariate binary regression models to identify independent predictors of 1-year outcome.

Results

Two hundred fifty-seven patients (168 men) with a median age of 62 years (IQR = 51–75) were enrolled. The correlation of the EFA scale with the CRS-R was high but low with the ERBI upon admission. Multivariate regression analysis yielded the vegetative subscale of the EFA scale as the only independent predictor for the 1-year outcome of patients admitted to early neurological rehabilitation.

Conclusions

This study shows a high correlation of the EFA scale with the CRS-R but a weak correlation with the ERBI in patients with low functional abilities. With improving patient abilities, these correlations were partly reversed. Thus, the EFA scale is a useful tool to assess the functional abilities and the prognosis of critically ill patients adequately and may be more feasible than other scales.