Study protocol to investigate biomolecular muscle profile as predictors of long-term urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Development of a natural rubber latex-based biodevice with mesenchymal stem cells as a potential treatment for skeletal muscle regeneration in gestational diabetes-induced myopathy

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus show a high risk of developing Gestational Diabetes Induced Myopathy (GDiM). GDiM is characterized by significant pelvic floor skeletal muscle atrophy and urinary incontinence. This study aimed to develop a natural rubber latex (NRL) based biodevice with mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSCs) for skeletal muscle regeneration for women with GDiM. NRL showed porosity, roughness, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. MSCs adhesion on the NRL scaffold surface was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy, and zymography. The scaffold's physicochemical and biological properties were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), swelling and degradation studies, hemolytic activity, and antioxidant activity (AA), using Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). MSCs in culture expressed CD90, adhered to plastic, differentiated, and produced fibroblast colonies. A high rate of cell proliferation was seen in MSCs on the NRL scaffold. FTIR analysis confirmed protein structures and polyisoprene in the scaffold. Swelling and degradation showed low water uptake and weight loss. Furthermore, NRL presented a hemolytic rate of 2.90 ± 0.26 % for 24 h, and EPR revealed the scaffold's strong AA. The generated biodevice has potential for muscle regeneration and may be useful as a therapeutic option for skeletal muscle disorders in GDiM or urinary incontinence.

Association between the early or late onset of gestational diabetes mellitus with neonatal adverse outcomes: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The literature has been evolving to standardize gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis and terminology. The significance of timing in diagnosing hyperglycemia during pregnancy is underlined by evidence that women diagnosed at 24 weeks of gestation or earlier are at a higher risk of developing postpartum prediabetes, but its association with adverse outcomes for the newborn is controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between early-onset GDM and adverse outcomes in newborns and neonates, comparing it with the late-onset GDM model.

METHODS

It was a retrospective cohort study conducted at the Perinatal Diabetes Research Center in Assis/SP, affiliated with the Botucatu Medical School-UNESP in Brazil. The group composition was as follows: early-onset participants had fasting glucose levels ≥ 92 mg/dL and < 126 mg/dL before 20 weeks of gestation, while late-onset participants had a negative first-trimester screening and a positive 75g-OGTT at 24-28 weeks. For early-onset GDM, a fasting glucose level of ≥ 92 mg/dL is a recognized threshold associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, while < 126 mg/dL ensures the exclusion of overt diabetes. The criteria for late-onset GDM, involving a negative initial screening and a positive OGTT at 24-28 weeks, align with the standard diagnostic timeframe when insulin resistance typically peaks due to placental hormone secretion. The maternal baseline characteristics included pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and pregnancy weight gain (kg), calculated as the difference between the final pregnancy weight (36 gestational weeks or more) and pre-pregnancy maternal weight, classified according to the pre-pregnancy BMI. Additionally, the perinatal outcomes evaluated in this study included gestational age (GA) at birth, birth weight (BW) categorized according to GA as adequate, large, or small and Apgar scores at the first and 5th minutes.

RESULTS

Eight hundred eighty pregnant women were selected, of whom 203 (23.07%) presented GDM and were eligible from December 2016 to December 2021. Based on the timing onset of GDM, 89 (43.8%) were in the early-onset group, and 114 (56.2%) were in the late-onset group. The fasting plasma glucose values in the first trimester were higher in the early-onset group. The 75-g OGTT values were higher in the late-onset group. The final BMI was higher in the early-onset group. Univariate linear regression was performed to determine the relationship between late-onset and maternal and neonatal outcomes; however, no significant relation was detected.

CONCLUSION

Pregnant women with early-onset GDM showed a higher BMI during pregnancy, but there was no difference between early and late-onset GDM concerning neonatal adverse outcomes.

Clinically significant changes in anal sphincter hiatal area in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and pelvic organ prolapse

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) increases with age and parity. Specifically, the prevalence of POP among women aged 20 to 39 is 9.7%, while it rises to 49% among women over 80 years old. Additionally, as the number of deliveries increases, the prevalence of POP also rises accordingly, with a rate of 12.8% for women with one delivery history, 18.7% for those with two deliveries, and 24.6% for women with three or more deliveries. It causes immense suffering for pregnant women.

AIM

To evaluate the relationship between the levator ani muscle's hiatus (LH) area and POP in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using perineal ultra-sound.

METHODS

The study cohort comprised 104 patients aged 29.8 ± 3.7 years who sought medical care at our institution between January 2021 and June 2023. All were singleton pregnancies consisting of 75 primiparas and 29 multiparas, with an average parity of 1.7 ± 0.5. According to the POP diagnostic criteria, the 104 subjects were divided into two groups with 52 members each: POP group (patients with GDM combined with POP) and non-POP group (patients with GDM without POP). Perineal ultrasound was used to measure differences in the anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and LH area. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to determine the optimal cutoff values for the LH anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and area for diagnosing POP.

RESULTS

Statistically significant increase in the LH area, anteroposterior diameter, and lateral diameter were observed in the POP group compared with the non-POP group (P < 0.05). Both groups exhibited markedly elevated incidence rates of macrosomia and stress urinary incontinence. For the POP group, the area under the curve (AUC) for the LH area was 0.906 with a 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.824-0.988. The optimal cutoff was 13.54cm², demonstrating a sensitivity of 83.2% and a specificity of 64.4%. The AUC for the anteroposterior diameter reached 0.836 with a 95%CI: 0.729-0.943. The optimal cutoff was 5.53 cm with a sensitivity of 64.2% and a specificity of 73.4%. For the lateral diameter, its AUC was 0.568 with a 95%CI: 0.407-0.729. The optimal cutoff was 4.67 cm, displaying a sensitivity of 65.9% and a specificity of 69.3%. Logistic regression analysis unveiled that age, body weight, number of childbirths, total number of pregnancies, and gestational weight gain constituted the independent risk factors for the cooccurrence of GDM and POP.

CONCLUSION

Three-dimensional perineal ultrasonography of LH size and shape changes can effectively diagnose POP. Age, weight, number of births, number of pregnancies, and weight gain during pregnancy are independent risk factors affecting the cooccurrence of GDM and POP. GDM can increase the LH area in patients, and an enlarged LH leads to an increased incidence of POP.

Placental mitochondrial impairment and its association with maternal metabolic dysfunction

The placenta plays an essential role in pregnancy, leading to proper fetal development and growth. As an organ with multiple physiological functions for both mother and fetus, it is a highly energetic and metabolically demanding tissue. Mitochondrial physiology plays a crucial role in the metabolism of this organ and thus any alteration leading to mitochondrial dysfunction has a severe outcome in the development of the fetus. Pregnancy-related pathological states with a mitochondrial dysfunction outcome include preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. In this review, we address the role of mitochondrial morphology, metabolism and physiology of the placenta during pregnancy, highlighting the roles of the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. We also describe the relationship between preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, gestational diabesity and pre-pregnancy maternal obesity with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Role of dietary food intake patterns, anthropometric measures, and multiple biochemical markers in the development of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess maternal dietary food intake patterns, anthropometric measures, and multiple biochemical markers in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence and to explore whether antedating gestational diabetes mellitus environment affects the pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence development in a cohort of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence.

METHODS

Maternal dietary information and anthropometric measurements were collected. At 24 wk of gestation, with a fasting venipuncture sample, current blood samples for biochemical markers of hormones, vitamins, and minerals were analyzed. The groups were compared in terms of numerical variables using analysis of variance for independent samples followed by multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

Of the 900 pregnant women with complete data, pregnant women in the gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group had higher body mass index during pregnancy, arm circumference, and triceps skinfold than the non-gestational diabetes mellitus continent and non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence groups, characterizing an obesogenic maternal environment. Regarding dietary food intake, significant increases in aromatic amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, dietary fiber, magnesium, zinc, and water were observed in pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group compared with the non-gestational diabetes mellitus continent group. Serum vitamin C was reduced in the gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group compared with the non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group.

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasizes the necessity for a comprehensive strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus women with pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in terms of deviation in maternal adaptation trending toward obesity and maternal micronutrients deficiencies.

Neuro-Urology and Biobanking: An Integrated Approach for Advancing Research and Improving Patient Care

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. The utilization of high-throughput technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and gene expression profiling, enables researchers to explore the molecular landscape of these conditions in an unprecedented manner. The development of specific and reliable biomarkers resulting from these efforts may help in early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective monitoring of neuro-urological conditions, leading to improved patient care and management. Furthermore, these biomarkers could potentially facilitate the monitoring of novel therapies currently under investigation in neuro-urological clinical trials. This comprehensive review explores the synergistic integration of neuro-urology and biobanking, with particular emphasis on the translation of biobanking approaches in molecular research in neuro-urology. We discuss the advantages of biobanking in neuro-urological studies, the types of specimens collected and their applications in translational research. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of standardization and quality assurance when collecting samples and discuss challenges that may compromise sample quality and impose limitations on their subsequent utilization. Finally, we give recommendations for sampling in multicenter studies, examine sustainability issues associated with biobanking, and provide future directions for this dynamic field.

The role of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pelvic floor 3D-ultrasound assessment during pregnancy predicting urinary incontinence: a prospective cohort study

Postpartum urinary incontinence may have a severe impact on women's health. Despite pregnancy and parturition being the most recognized risk factors, methods to identify new pregnant predictor risk factors are needed. Our study investigated the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, clinical and pelvic floor 3D-ultrasound markers in pregnant women as predictors for 6-18 months of urinary incontinence. This prospective cohort study included nulliparous pregnant women submitted to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus screening in the second trimester. Pelvic floor 3D Ultrasound was performed at the second and third trimesters of gestation to evaluate the pelvic floor muscles and functions. Clinical data, the ICIQ-SF, and ISI questionnaires for urinary incontinence were applied in the third trimester and 6-18 months postpartum. Univariate analysis (P < .20) to extract risk factors variables and multivariate logistic regression analysis (P < .05) to obtain the adjusted relative ratio for urinary incontinence were performed. A total of 93 participants concluded the follow-up. Using the variables obtained by univariate analysis and after adjustments for potential confounders, multivariate analysis revealed that Gestational Diabetes Mellitus exposure was a solid and independent risk factor for 6-18 months of urinary incontinence (Adjusted RR 8.08; 95%CI 1.17-55.87; P:0.034). In addition, a higher Hiatal area observed in distension maneuver from the second to third trimester was negatively associated (Adjusted RR 0.96; 95%CI 0.93-0.99; P:0.023). In conclusion, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus was positively associated with 6-18 months of urinary incontinence, and higher Hiatal area distension was negatively associated.

Integration of nutrigenomics, melatonin, serotonin and inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem and has been associated with the development of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. The interaction is related to hyperglycemia, and inflammatory and hormonal patterns, which favor functional alterations in different organs and systems. Several genes associated with human diseases have been identified and partially characterized. Most of these genes are known to cause monogenic diseases. However, about 3 % of diseases do not fit the monogenic theory due to the complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors, as in chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The nutritional, immunological, and hormonal patterns associated with changes in maternal metabolism may influence and contribute to greater susceptibility to urinary tract disorders. However, early systematic reviews have not yielded consistent findings for these associations. This literature review summarizes important new findings from integrating nutrigenomics, hormones, and cytokines in women with Gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. Changes in maternal metabolism due to hyperglycemia can generate an inflammatory environment with increased inflammatory cytokines. This environment modulated by inflammation can alter tryptophan uptake through food and thus influence the production of serotonin and melatonin. As these hormones seem to have protective effects against smooth muscle dysfunction and to restore the impaired contractility of the detrusor muscle, it is assumed that these changes may favor the onset of urinary incontinence specific to pregnancy.

Transcriptomic Profiling of Rectus Abdominis Muscle in Women with Gestational Diabetes-Induced Myopathy: Characterization of Pathophysiology and Potential Muscle Biomarkers of Pregnancy-Specific Urinary Incontinence

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is recognized as a "window of opportunity" for the future prediction of such complications as type 2 diabetes mellitus and pelvic floor muscle disorders, including urinary incontinence and genitourinary dysfunction. Translational studies have reported that pelvic floor muscle disorders are due to a GDM-induced-myopathy (GDiM) of the pelvic floor muscle and rectus abdominis muscle (RAM). We now describe the transcriptome profiling of the RAM obtained by Cesarean section from GDM and non-GDM women with and without pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence (PSUI). We identified 650 genes in total, and the differentially expressed genes were defined by comparing three control groups to the GDM with PSUI group (GDiM). Enrichment analysis showed that GDM with PSUI was associated with decreased gene expression related to muscle structure and muscle protein synthesis, the reduced ability of muscle fibers to ameliorate muscle damage, and the altered the maintenance and generation of energy through glycogenesis. Potential genetic muscle biomarkers were validated by RT-PCR, and their relationship to the pathophysiology of the disease was verified. These findings help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of GDiM and will promote the development of innovative interventions to prevent and treat complications such as post-GDM urinary incontinence.

Viability of ex-vivo myography as a diagnostic tool for rectus abdominis muscle electrical activity collected at Cesarean section within a diamater cohort study

Background

Ex-vivo myography enables the assessment of muscle electrical activity response. This study explored the viability of determining the physiological responses in muscles without tendon, as rectus abdominis muscle (RAM), through ex-vivo myography to assess its potential as a diagnostic tool.

Results

All tested RAM samples (five different samples) show patterns of electrical activity. A positive response was observed in 100% of the programmed stimulation. RAM 3 showed greater weight (0.47 g), length (1.66 cm), and width (0.77 cm) compared to RAM 1, RAM 2, RAM 4 and RAM 5 with more sustained electrical activity over time, a higher percentage of fatigue was analyzed at half the time of the electrical activity. The order of electrical activity (Mn) was RAM 3 > RAM 5 > RAM 1 > RAM 4 > RAM 2. No electrical activity was recorded in the Sham group.

Conclusions

This study shows that it is feasible to assess the physiological responses of striated muscle without tendon as RAM, obtained at C-section, under ex vivo myography. These results could be recorded, properly analyzed, and demonstrated its potential as a diagnostic tool for rectus abdominis muscle electrical activity.

Reversal of diabetic-induced myopathy by swimming exercise in pregnant rats: a translational intervention study

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) plus rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) myopathy predicts long-term urinary incontinence (UI). Atrophic and stiff RAM are characteristics of diabetes-induced myopathy (DiM) in pregnant rats. This study aimed to determine whether swimming exercise (SE) has a therapeutic effect in mild hyperglycemic pregnant rats model. We hypothesized that SE training might help to reverse RAM DiM. Mild hyperglycemic pregnant rats model was obtained by a unique subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg streptozotocin (diabetic group) or citrate buffer (non-diabetic group) on the first day of life in Wistar female newborns. At 90 days of life, the rats are mated and randomly allocated to remain sedentary or subjected to a SE protocol. The SE protocol started at gestational day 0 and consisted of 60 min/day for 6 days/week in a period of 20 days in a swim tunnel. On day 21, rats were sacrificed, and RAM was collected and studied by picrosirius red, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. The SE protocol increased the fiber area and diameter, and the slow-twitch and fast-twitch fiber area and diameter in the diabetic exercised group, a finding was also seen in control sedentary animals. There was a decreased type I collagen but not type III collagen area and showed a similar type I/type III ratio compared with the control sedentary group. In conclusion, SE during pregnancy reversed the RAM DiM in pregnant rats. These findings may be a potential protocol to consider in patients with RAM damage caused by GDM.

Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction at 3D transperineal ultrasound in maternal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study during pregnancy

AIM

This study aimed to assess, for the first time, the dynamic morphometry of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) using three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound (3D-TPUS) and its progression at two-time points of gestation between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and whether the PFM dysfunction is connected to GDM.

METHODS

The study comprised 83 consecutive pregnant women with (n = 38) and without (n = 45) GDM screened at 24-30 and 38-40 weeks of gestation. 3D-TPUS and a mobility test were used to quantify PFM dynamic morphometry during maximum contraction and the Valsalva maneuver.

RESULTS

When compared to the control group, GDM women had no significant variations in all levator hiatal dimensions at 24-30 weeks of gestation. Meanwhile, women with GDM experienced an increase in levator hiatal area (LHa) (p < 0.000) during PFM contraction and enlargement in LHa (p < 0.001) during Valsalva maneuver (p = 0.010) at 38-40 weeks of gestation. As a result, the mobility index among GDM women had a lower value (p = 0.000). The dynamic morphometry development of PFM in GDM women at two stages during pregnancy revealed a substantial decrease (p = 0.000) in all LHa dimensions of contraction, distension, and mobility.

CONCLUSIONS

Using 3D-TPUS, we found that GDM women had a specific pattern of PFM functional changes in the third trimester of pregnancy. These initial findings revealed alterations in PFM functionality, such as decreased contractility, distensibility, or mobility. This dysfunctional PFM could contribute to the long-term development of pelvic floor dysfunction years after a GDM pregnancy.

Pro-angiogenic approach for skeletal muscle regeneration

The angiogenesis process is a phenomenon in which numerous molecules participate in the stimulation of the new vessels' formation from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis is a crucial step in tissue regeneration and recovery of organ and tissue function. Muscle diseases affect millions of people worldwide overcome the ability of skeletal muscle to self-repair. Pro-angiogenic therapies are key in skeletal muscle regeneration where both myogenesis and angiogenesis occur. These therapies have been based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), exosomes, microRNAs (miRs) and delivery of biological factors. The use of different calls of biomaterials is another approach, including ceramics, composites, and polymers. Natural polymers are use due its bioactivity and biocompatibility in addition to its use as scaffolds and in drug delivery systems. One of these polymers is the natural rubber latex (NRL) which is biocompatible, bioactive, versatile, low-costing, and capable of promoting tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. In this review, the advances in the field of pro-angiogenic therapies are discussed.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in the fetoplacental unit in gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease of pregnancy that is associated with d-glucose intolerance and foeto-placental vascular dysfunction. GMD causes mitochondrial dysfunction in the placental endothelium and trophoblast. Additionally, GDM is associated with reduced placental oxidative phosphorylation due to diminished activity of the mitochondrial F₀F₁-ATP synthase (complex V). This phenomenon may result from a higher generation of reactive superoxide anion and nitric oxide. Placental mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy work in concert to maintain cell homeostasis and are vital mechanisms securing the efficient generation of ATP, whose demand is higher in pregnancy, ensuring foetal growth and development. Additional factors disturbing placental ATP synthase activity in GDM include pre-gestational maternal obesity or overweight, intracellular pH, miRNAs, fatty acid oxidation, and foetal (and 'placental') sex. GDM is also associated with maternal and foetal hyperinsulinaemia, altered circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin, and the accumulation of extracellular adenosine. Here, we reviewed the potential interplay between these molecules or metabolic conditions on the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the foeto-placental unit in GDM pregnancies.

Deleterious effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on the characteristics of the rectus abdominis muscle associated with pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence

AIMS

To evaluate the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the structural characteristics of the rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) and its indirect effects on pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence (PSUI).

METHODS

A total of 92 pregnant women were divided into four groups, according to their clinical conditions: non-GDM continent, non-GDM associated PSUI, GDM continent and GDM associated PSUI. The muscle morphometry (histochemistry and immunohistochemistry) for the fiber types and collagen fiber distribution, the ultrastructural analysis (transmission electron microscopy), the protein expression of fiber types and calcium signaling (Western blotting), and the content of types I and III collagen fiber (ELISA) in RAM collected at delivery were assessed.

RESULTS

The GDM groups presented a significantly increased number of slow fibers and slow-twitch oxidative fiber expression; decreased fiber area, number of fast fibers, and area of collagen; an increase in central nuclei; ultrastructural alterations with focal lesion areas such as myeloid structures, sarcomere disorganization, and mitochondrial alteration. The PSUI groups presented a considerable decrease in types I and III collagen contents and the localization of collagen fiber.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data reveal that GDM causes morphological, biochemical and physiological changes in the RAM, and this might predispose women to PSUI.