Erratum to: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor mediated tyrosine 845 phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in the presence of monoclonal antibody cetuximab

Development of resistance to FGFR inhibition in urothelial carcinoma via multiple pathways in vitro

Alterations of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are common in bladder and other cancers and result in disrupted signalling via several pathways. Therapeutics that target FGFRs have now entered the clinic, but, in common with many cancer therapies, resistance develops in most cases. To model this, we derived resistant sublines of two FGFR-driven bladder cancer cell lines by long-term culture with the FGFR inhibitor PD173074 and explored mechanisms using expression profiling and whole-exome sequencing. We identified several resistance-associated molecular profiles. These included HRAS mutation in one case and reversible mechanisms resembling a drug-tolerant persister phenotype in others. Upregulated IGF1R expression in one resistant derivative was associated with sensitivity to linsitinib and a profile with upregulation of a YAP/TAZ signature to sensitivity to the YAP inhibitor CA3 in another. However, upregulation of other potential therapeutic targets was not indicative of sensitivity. Overall, the heterogeneity in resistance mechanisms and commonality of the persister state present a considerable challenge for personalised therapy. Nevertheless, the reversibility of resistance may indicate a benefit from treatment interruptions or retreatment following disease relapse in some patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Multi-Omics Data Analysis Uncovers Molecular Networks and Gene Regulators for Metabolic Biomarkers

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)/insulin resistance (IR) axis is the major metabolic hormonal pathway mediating the biologic mechanism of several complex human diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cancers. The genomewide association study (GWAS)-based approach has neither fully characterized the phenotype variation nor provided a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory biologic mechanisms. We applied systematic genomics to integrate our previous GWAS data for IGF-I and IR with multi-omics datasets, e.g., whole-blood expression quantitative loci, molecular pathways, and gene network, to capture the full range of genetic functionalities associated with IGF-I/IR and key drivers (KDs) in gene-regulatory networks. We identified both shared (e.g., T2DM, lipid metabolism, and estimated glomerular filtration signaling) and IR-specific (e.g., mechanistic target of rapamycin, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, and erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 signaling) molecular biologic processes of IGF-I/IR axis regulation. Next, by using tissue-specific gene–gene interaction networks, we identified both well-established (e.g., IRS1 and IGF1R) and novel (e.g., AKT1, HRAS, and JAK1) KDs in the IGF-I/IR-associated subnetworks. Our results, if validated in additional genomic studies, may provide robust, comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of IGF-I/IR regulation and highlight potential novel genetic targets as preventive and therapeutic strategies for the associated diseases, e.g., T2DM and cancers.