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Wang Y, Cheng P. Arming oncolytic viruses with bispecific T cell engagers: The evolution and current status. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166962. [PMID: 37984801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as therapeutically relevant anticancer agents as contemporary immunotherapy gains traction. Furthermore, OVs are an ideal platform for genetic modification to express therapeutic transgenes. Bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) can redirect T cells to tumor cells, resulting in targeted cytotoxicity. BiTEs have demonstrated success in hematological cancers but are rarely used in solid tumors. The drawbacks of BiTEs, including inadequate delivery and on-target-off-tumor activity have limited their efficacy. Combining OVs with BiTEs is a prospective area to investigate. This combined strategy can benefit from the best qualities of both therapies while overcoming the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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2
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Sridaran D, Bradshaw E, DeSelm C, Pachynski R, Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. Prostate cancer immunotherapy: Improving clinical outcomes with a multi-pronged approach. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101199. [PMID: 37738978 PMCID: PMC10591038 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained traction in recent years owing to remarkable tumor clearance in some patients. Despite the notable success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in multiple malignancies, engagement of the immune system for targeted prostate cancer (PCa) therapy is still in its infancy. Multiple factors contribute to limited response, including the heterogeneity of PCa, the cold tumor microenvironment, and a low number of neoantigens. Significant effort is being invested in improving immune-based PCa therapies. This review is a summary of the status of immunotherapy in treating PCa, with a discussion of multiple immune modalities, including vaccines, adoptively transferred T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers, some of which are undergoing clinical trials. In addition, this review also focuses on emerging mechanism-based small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immune modulatory properties that, either as single agents or in combination with other immunotherapies, have the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Sridaran
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elliot Bradshaw
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carl DeSelm
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Russell Pachynski
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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3
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Militaru FC, Militaru V, Crisan N, Bocsan IC, Udrea AA, Catana A, Kutasi E, Militaru MS. Molecular basis and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer: A comprehensive review. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:760-771. [PMID: 37021836 PMCID: PMC10494850 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.8782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in male patients. The incidence increases with age, and it is higher among African Americans. The occurrence of prostate cancer is associated with many risk factors, including genetic and hereditary predisposition. The most common genetic syndromes associated with prostate cancer risk are BRCA-associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and Lynch syndrome. Local-regional therapy, i.e., surgery is beneficial in early-stage prostate cancer management. Advanced and metastatic prostate cancers require systemic therapies, including hormonal inhibition, chemotherapy, and targeted agents. Most prostate cancers can be treated by targeting the androgen-receptor pathway and decreasing androgen production or binding to androgen receptors (AR). Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) usually involves the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and requires targeted therapy. Specific molecular therapy can target mutated cell lines in which DNA defect repair is altered, caused by mutations of BRCA2, partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or the transmembrane protease serine 2-ERG (TMPRSS2-ERG) fusion. Most benefits were demonstrated in cyclin dependent-kinase 12 (CDK12) mutated cell lines when treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) therapy. Therapies targeting p53 and AKT are the subject of ongoing clinical trials. Many genetic defects are listed as diagnostic, prognostic, and clinically actionable markers in prostate cancer. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) is an important oncogenic driver and an early diagnostic and prognostic marker, as well as a therapeutic target in hormone-resistant CRPC. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and available targeted therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Claudia Militaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Medisprof Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Militaru
- Medisprof Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical County Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Crisan
- Department of Urology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Andreea Catana
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute of Oncology I. Chiricuta, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eniko Kutasi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mariela Sanda Militaru
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Li N, Quan A, Li D, Pan J, Ren H, Hoeltzel G, de Val N, Ashworth D, Ni W, Zhou J, Mackay S, Hewitt SM, Cachau R, Ho M. The IgG4 hinge with CD28 transmembrane domain improves V HH-based CAR T cells targeting a membrane-distal epitope of GPC1 in pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1986. [PMID: 37031249 PMCID: PMC10082787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous antigen expression is a key barrier influencing the activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors. Here, we develop CAR T cells targeting glypican-1 (GPC1), an oncofetal antigen expressed in pancreatic cancer. We report the generation of dromedary camel VHH nanobody (D4)-based CAR T cells targeting GPC1 and the optimization of the hinge (H) and transmembrane domain (TM) to improve activity. We find that a structurally rigid IgG4H and CD28TM domain brings the two D4 fragments in proximity, driving CAR dimerization and leading to enhanced T-cell signaling and tumor regression in pancreatic cancer models with low antigen density in female mice. Furthermore, single-cell-based proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of D4-IgG4H-CD28TM CAR T cells reveals specific genes (e.g., HMGB1) associated with high T-cell polyfunctionality. This study demonstrates the potential of VHH-based CAR T for pancreatic cancer therapy and provides an engineering strategy for developing potent CAR T cells targeting membrane-distal epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alex Quan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hua Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gerard Hoeltzel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - Weiming Ni
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Sean Mackay
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raul Cachau
- Integrated Data Science Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Cheng F, Hansson VC, Georgolopoulos G, Mani K. Attenuation of cancer proliferation by suppression of glypican-1 and its pleiotropic effects in neoplastic behavior. Oncotarget 2023; 14:219-235. [PMID: 36944188 PMCID: PMC10030152 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypicans (GPC1-6) are associated with tumorigenic processes and their involvement in neoplastic behavior has been discussed in different cancer types. Here, a cancer-wide GPC expression study, using clinical cancer patient data in The Cancer Genome Atlas, reveals net upregulation of GPC1 and GPC2 in primary solid tumors, whereas GPC3, GPC5 and GPC6 display lowered expression pattern compared to normal tissues. Focusing on GPC1, survival analyses of the clinical cancer patient data reveal statistically significant correlation between high expression of GPC1 and poor prognosis in 10 particular cancer types i.e., bladder urothelial carcinoma, brain lower grade glioma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma and uveal melanoma. In vitro studies targeting GPC1 expression by CRISPR/Cas9 or siRNA or treatment with an anti-GPC1 antibody resulted in attenuation of proliferation of cancer cells from bladder carcinoma, glioma and hepatocellular carcinoma patients (T24, U87 and HepG2 cells). Further, overexpression of GPC1 exhibited a significant and negative correlation between GPC1 expression and proliferation of T24 cells. Attempt to reveal the mechanism through which downregulation of GPC1 leads to attenuation of tumor growth using systematic Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicate that suppression of GPC1 results in ECM-mediated inhibition of specific pro-cancer signaling pathways involving TGF-β and p38 MAPK. Identified differential expression and pleiotropic effects of GPCs in specific cancer types emphasize their potential of as novel diagnostic tools and prognostic factors and open doors for future GPC targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, Biomedical Center A13, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor Chérouvrier Hansson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, Biomedical Center A13, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Katrin Mani
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, Biomedical Center A13, Lund, Sweden
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Metastatic Prostate Cancer-A Review of Current Treatment Options and Promising New Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020461. [PMID: 36672410 PMCID: PMC9856730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) alone has been the standard of care for many years in men with metastatic prostate cancer. Due to the limited survival under this monotherapy, many new treatment options have been developed in the last few years. Regarding hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, combination therapies of two or three agents of ADT, androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) and chemotherapy have been established and led to a significant benefit in overall survival. Additionally, in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, there are many new therapeutic approaches. Chemotherapy alone has been the standard of care in this situation. In the last years, some new therapeutic options have been developed, which led to an improved survival after progression under chemotherapy. These therapies include ARSI, PARP inhibitors and Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy. The use of a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) in this setting is a new promising therapeutic approach, which has not been established as standard of care yet. The role of immunotherapy in prostate cancer is still under investigation. Overall, many new treatment options make prostate cancer therapy a challenging and promising field.
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Immunotherapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer-Light at the End of the Tunnel? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052569. [PMID: 35269712 PMCID: PMC8910587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic treatment approaches are now an integral part of the treatment of many solid tumors. However, attempts to integrate immunotherapy into the treatment of prostate cancer have been disappointing so far. This is due to a highly immunosuppressive, “cold” tumor microenvironment, which is characterized, for example, by the absence of cytotoxic T cells, an increased number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells or regulatory T cells, a decreased number of tumor antigens, or a defect in antigen presentation. The consequence is a reduced efficacy of many established immunotherapeutic treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors. However, a growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumor–immune system interactions raises hopes that immunotherapeutic strategies can be optimized in the future. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current status and future directions of immunotherapy development in prostate cancer. Background information on immune response and tumor microenvironment will help to better understand current therapeutic strategies under preclinical and clinical development.
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Ghosh S, Huda P, Fletcher N, Campbell D, Thurecht KJ, Walsh B. Clinical development of an anti-GPC-1 antibody for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:603-613. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2033204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI)-Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pie Huda
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI)-Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI)-Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI)-Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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T Cell Bispecific Antibodies: An Antibody-Based Delivery System for Inducing Antitumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111172. [PMID: 34832954 PMCID: PMC8619951 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a breakthrough immunotherapy, T cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a promising antibody therapy for various kinds of cancer. In general, T-BsAbs have dual-binding specificity to a tumor-associated antigen and a CD3 subunit forming a complex with the TCR. This enables T-BsAbs to crosslink tumor cells and T cells, inducing T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell death. Unlike immune checkpoint inhibitors, which release the brake of the immune system, T-BsAbs serve as an accelerator of T cells by stimulating their immune response via CD3 engagement. Therefore, they can actively redirect host immunity toward tumors, including T cell recruitment from the periphery to the tumor site and immunological synapse formation between tumor cells and T cells. Although the low immunogenicity of solid tumors increases the challenge of cancer immunotherapy, T-BsAbs capable of immune redirection can greatly benefit patients with such tumors. To investigate the detailed relationship between T-BsAbs delivery and their T cell redirection activity, it is necessary to determine how T-BsAbs deliver antitumor immunity to the tumor site and bring about tumor cell death. This review article discusses T-BsAb properties, specifically their pharmacokinetics, redirection of anticancer immunity, and local mechanism of action within tumor tissues, and discuss further challenges to expediting T-BsAb development.
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Pan J, Ho M. Role of glypican-1 in regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C846-C858. [PMID: 34550795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00290.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC1) is one of the six glypican family members in humans. It is composed of a core protein with three heparan sulfate chains and attached to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor. GPC1 modulates various signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factors (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) through specific interactions with pathway ligands and receptors. The impact of these interactions on signaling pathways, activating or inhibitory, is dependent upon specific GPC1 domain interaction with pathway components, as well as cell surface context. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structure of GPC1, as well as its role in regulating multiple signaling pathways. We focus on the functions of GPC1 in cancer cells and how new insights into these signaling processes can inform its translational potential as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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