|
1
|
Mitaishvili E, Feinsod H, David Z, Shpigel J, Fernandez C, Sauane M, de la Parra C. The Molecular Mechanisms behind Advanced Breast Cancer Metabolism: Warburg Effect, OXPHOS, and Calcium. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2024; 29:99. [PMID: 38538285 PMCID: PMC10999756 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2903099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Altered metabolism represents a fundamental difference between cancer cells and normal cells. Cancer cells have a unique ability to reprogram their metabolism by deviating their reliance from primarily oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, in order to support their survival. This metabolic phenotype is referred to as the "Warburg effect" and is associated with an increase in glucose uptake, and a diversion of glycolytic intermediates to alternative pathways that support anabolic processes. These processes include synthesis of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, necessary for the rapidly dividing cancer cells, sustaining their growth, proliferation, and capacity for successful metastasis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, with the poorest patient outcome due to its high rate of metastasis. TNBC is characterized by elevated glycolysis and in certain instances, low OXPHOS. This metabolic dysregulation is linked to chemotherapeutic resistance in TNBC research models and patient samples. There is more than a single mechanism by which this metabolic switch occurs and here, we review the current knowledge of relevant molecular mechanisms involved in advanced breast cancer metabolism, focusing on TNBC. These mechanisms include the Warburg effect, glycolytic adaptations, microRNA regulation, mitochondrial involvement, mitochondrial calcium signaling, and a more recent player in metabolic regulation, JAK/STAT signaling. In addition, we explore some of the drugs and compounds targeting cancer metabolic reprogramming. Research on these mechanisms is highly promising and could ultimately offer new opportunities for the development of innovative therapies to treat advanced breast cancer characterized by dysregulated metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erna Mitaishvili
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hanna Feinsod
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zachary David
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Jessica Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Chelsea Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Moira Sauane
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Columba de la Parra
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Liang S, Bai YM, Zhou B. Identification of key ferroptosis genes and mechanisms associated with breast cancer using bioinformatics, machine learning, and experimental validation. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1781-1795. [PMID: 38244591 PMCID: PMC10866432 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to mine ferroptosis genes associated with breast cancer based on bioinformatics and machine learning, and to perform in vitro functional validation. METHODS Transcriptional and clinical data of breast cancer patients were downloaded from TCGA database and ferroptosis-related genes were obtained from FerrDB database. Significant differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes between breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were selected. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on these differentially expressed genes. Four machine learning algorithms were used to identify key ferroptosis-related genes associated with breast cancer. A multi-factor Cox regression analysis was used to construct a risk score model for the key ferroptosis-related genes. The accuracy of the risk score model was validated using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Finally, cell experiments were conducted to validate the biological functions of the key ferroptosis-related genes in breast cancer cells MCF-7, further confirming the accuracy of the analysis results. RESULTS A total of 52 significantly differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes were identified, which were mainly enriched in cancer pathways, central carbon metabolism in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Three key ferroptosis-related genes (TXNIP, SLC2A1, ATF3) closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of breast cancer were identified using machine learning algorithms. The risk model constructed using these three key ferroptosis-related genes showed that the prognosis of the low-risk group was better than that of the high-risk group (P < 0.001). The ROC curve analysis showed that the prognosis model had good predictive ability. In vitro experiments validated the reliability of the bioinformatics and machine learning screening results. Downregulation of SLC2A1 expression promoted ferroptosis and suppressed tumor cell growth in breast cancer cells (P < 0.01), while overexpression of TXNIP or ATF3 had the same effect (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study identified three key ferroptosis-related genes (TXNIP, SLC2A1, ATF3) associated with breast cancer, which are closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Yan-Ming Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Regional Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Borja-Vergel S, Torres-Carranza D, Pekarek L, Arribas CB, De León-Luis JA, Sánchez-Rojo C, Alvarez-Mon MA, García-Honduvilla N, Buján J, Coca S, Alvarez-Mon M, Saez MA, Guijarro LG. Patients with Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Show a Significant Increase in IRS-4 Expression Compared to Infiltrative Ductal Carcinoma—A Histopathological Study. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58060722. [PMID: 35743985 PMCID: PMC9229273 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) is the first diagnosed type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. In addition, despite the improvement in treatment and survival in these patients, the global prevalence and incidence of this cancer are rising, and its mortality may be different according to the histological subtype. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is less common but entails a poorer prognosis than infiltrative ductal carcinoma (IDC), exhibiting a different clinical and histopathological profile. Deepening study on the molecular profile of both types of cancer may be of great aid to understand the carcinogenesis and progression of BC. In this sense, the aim of the present study was to explore the histological expression of Insulin receptor substrate 4 (IRS-4), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma protein 1 (Rb1) in patients with ILC and IDC. Patients and Methods: Thus, breast tissue samples from 45 patients with ILC and from 45 subjects with IDC were analyzed in our study. Results: Interestingly, we observed that IRS-4, COX-2, Rb1 and Cyclin D1 were overexpressed in patients with ILC in comparison to IDC. Conclusions: These results may indicate a differential molecular profile between both types of tumors, which may explain the clinical differences among ILC and IDC. Further studies are warranted in order to shed light onto the molecular and translational implications of these components, also aiding to develop a possible targeted therapy to improve the clinical management of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Principe de Asturias University Hospital, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.O.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sandra Borja-Vergel
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
| | - Diego Torres-Carranza
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Oncology Service, Guadalajara University Hospital, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Coral Bravo Arribas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (C.B.A.); (J.A.D.L.-L.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. De León-Luis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (C.B.A.); (J.A.D.L.-L.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Rojo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain;
| | - Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Santiago Coca
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Saez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (S.B.-V.); (D.T.-C.); (L.P.); (M.A.A.-M.); (N.G.-H.); (J.B.); (S.C.); (M.A.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.O.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Luis G. Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|