Scleritis and anterior uveitis may herald the development of an epibulbar tumor in patients with extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease: a case report

Choroidal Mass in a Patient with Undiagnosed Pulmonary Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis

BACKGROUND

Langerhan cell histiocytosis (LCH), although not a common cause, should be kept in the differential diagnosis for a patient that presents with a choroidal mass.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 28-year-old female presented with a 4-day history of vision loss and associated pain in her right eye.

EXAMINATION AND INVESTIGATIONS

A dilated fundus examination revealed a deep subretinal, orange, mottled lesion with associated serous retinal detachment. Ultrasonography demonstrated a solid mass at the posterior pole. Fluorescein angiography revealed corresponding, small, punctate, hyperfluorescent areas with leakage and pooling in the late phase outlining the subretinal fluid. Optical coherence tomography confirmed the choroidal elevation and subretinal fluid. In addition to starting oral steroids for addressing the patient's acute symptoms, a metastatic workup was ordered due to the lesion's appearance. Diagnosis: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed nodular lesions and subsequent lung biopsy was S-100 and CD1a positive, diagnostic of Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (LCH).

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

The patient was treated with six cycles of vinblastine and prednisolone therapy followed with a subsequent taper of steroids. Complete resolution of signs and symptoms was noted.

DISCUSSION

A review of all reported cases of ophthalmic LCH with or without choroidal involvement was conducted. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches described in these reportshave been summarized in the current manuscript. This case highlights the importance of pursuing a systemic workup in patients with uveal mass lesions. LCH should be considered in the differential of every choroidal mass.

Ocular findings in patients with histiocytosis and association with clinical and molecular features

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Ocular manifestations of histiocytosis and their genetic underpinnings are poorly characterised. This study characterises ocular sites of histiocytosis, notate genetic alterations and correlates to histiocytosis clinical features including subtype and sites of disease.

METHODS

Prospective registry-based study of predominantly adult histiocytosis patients at a single-institution tertiary referral centre. 180 eyes of 90 patients (46 males, 44 females) with histiocytosis (Erdheim-Chester disease 34, Rosai-Dorfman 20, xanthogranuloma 7, mixed histiocytosis 13, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) 15, ALK-positive histiocytosis 1). Ocular findings were categorised by the structure involved. Histiocytosis subtype, sites of disease and genetic status were correlated to ocular findings.

RESULTS

Ocular disease was present in more than half the histiocytosis patient cohort and occurred with other disease sites. Ocular findings were statistically significantly different across histiocytic subtypes with LCH subtypes having the lowest proportion of ocular findings (7%) and all other subtypes having rates of ocular findings which were five times that of patients with LCH (p=0.0009). Of patients with ocular findings, 41% of patients reported ocular symptoms and were significantly more in the group with ocular disease present versus those patients without ocular involvement. The presence of ocular findings was not statistically different by BRAFV600E, MAP2K1 or RAS isoform mutational status.

CONCLUSIONS

Ocular disease is a common feature of histiocytosis with significant visual symptomatology and occurrence in tandem with multisystem sites. Ocular findings vary by histiocytic subtype. The mutational profile of the cohort reflects known mutations in this clinical population, with no specific driver mutation associated with ocular disease.

Bilateral Ocular Rosai-Dorfman Disease Presenting as Diffuse Anterior Scleritis with Multiple Enlarging Epibulbar Masses

PURPOSE

To report a unique case of extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) presenting as bilateral scleritis, which progressed to multifocal epibulbar masses.

METHODS

Retrospective chart review.

RESULTS

A 35-year-old Asian man presented with progressive pain and redness in both eyes for 4 months. Examination revealed bilateral diffuse scleral congestion and areas of scleral thinning. The cornea and anterior chamber of each eye were unremarkable. Despite oral corticosteroid and immunosuppressive treatment, scleritis progressed to multifocal epibulbar masses. Tissue biopsy specimens revealed foamy macrophages with histiocytes staining positive for CD68 and S100, confirming a diagnosis of RDD. Systemic evaluation was unremarkable for lymphadenopathy or extranodal involvement. The patient was started on systemic chemotherapy and at last follow up after 1 year, all epibulbar lesions were completely resolved.

CONCLUSIONS

Rosai-Dorfman disease can present as bilateral scleritis initially and develop epibulbar masses without any systemic involvement. Biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis can aid in the diagnosis.

Ocular Involvement in the Histiocytoses: A Literature Review with an Illustrative Case Series

Purpose: To describe and illustrate recent reclassification and clinical descriptions of the histiocytoses, diagnosis and management, and effects on the eye and adnexaePatients and methods: Literature review with an illustrative case series of seven patients with histiocytosis and ophthalmic involvement from a single tertiary centre.Results: Skin lesions with signs including eyelid mass, orbital bone destruction, bizarre keratic precipitates, limbal or iris mass, haemorrhagic anterior uveitis, subretinal lesions of uncertain etiology, ischaemic retinopathy, optic neuropathy, and apparent steroid-resistant inflammations should be comprehensively investigated.Conclusions: Ophthalmic involvement in histiocytosis is rare. Clinical manifestations vary from limited single-organ disease to lethal systemic infiltration or malignancy. Radiology may identify lesions for biopsy. Histology with appropriate markers is essential. Oncology advice may be required.