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Opong G, Maniple EB, Agabiirwe CN. Lived experiences of refugee women with vaginal fistula in Nakivale and Oruchinga refugee settlements, Isingiro District, Uganda. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:85. [PMID: 38302939 PMCID: PMC10836010 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal fistula (VF) affects 2-3 million women globally, with the majority in Africa. In Uganda, it's 2%, with western Uganda having the highest prevalence. Major predisposing factors for refugee women include health system breakdowns and sexual violence during conflict. VF has severe consequences for women, relatives, and communities. There's limited information on lived experiences among refugee women with VF, and there's a need for quality prevention, treatment, and social reintegration strategies. This study aimed to understand the physical, psychosocial, and economic impacts of VF on refugee women in Nakivale and Oruchinga settlements and their coping mechanisms. METHODS Ten refugee women with VF were interviewed using qualitative study design, utilizing Social-Ecological and Transactional Models for data collection, analysis, and discussion. RESULTS Ten refugee women aged 24-50 years with or who had experienced VF participated in the study. They lived with VF for at least 2-15 years and had multiple stillbirths. Obstetric Fistula (OF) was the leading cause, followed by rape and cancer. Post-fistula, they faced social discrimination, emotional disturbances, survival difficulties, poverty, and lack of support. They struggled with stigma, social isolation, and marital sexual challenges. CONCLUSION Refugee women experience physical, emotional, financial, social, and sexual trauma due to VF. Discrimination and stigmatization from loved ones and society lead to isolation, depression, and suicidal thoughts. Despite successful repair, their social and emotional healing remains a burden for their lives. There is a need to provide a supportive environment for VF survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Opong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Lee KH, Chowdhury AI, Rahman QSU, Cunningham SA, Parveen S, Bari S, El Arifeen S, Gurley ES. Child marriage in rural Bangladesh and impact on obstetric complications and perinatal death: Findings from a health and demographic surveillance system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288746. [PMID: 37467226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancies, a risk factor for obstetric complications and perinatal mortality, are driven by child marriage in many regions of South Asia. We used data collected between 2017-2019 from 56,155 married adolescents and women in a health and demographic surveillance system to present a population-level description of historical trends in child marriage from 1990-2019 as well as epidemiologic associations between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes in Baliakandi, a rural sub-district of Bangladesh. For pregnancies identified between 2017-2019, we used Kaplan-Meier estimates to examine timing of first pregnancies after first marriage and multinomial logistic regression to estimate associations between maternal age and perinatal death. We described the frequency of self-reported obstetric complications at labor and delivery by maternal age. In 1990, 71% of all marriages were to female residents under 18 years of age. This decreased to 57% in 2010, with the largest reduction among females aged 10-12 years (22% to 3%), and to 53% in 2019. Half of all newly married females were pregnant within a year of marriage, including adolescent brides. Although we observed a decline in child marriages since 1990, over half of all marriages in 2019 were to child brides in Baliakandi. In this same population, adolescent pregnancies were more likely to result in obstetric complications (13-15 years: 36%, 16-17 years: 32%, 18-34 years: 23%; χ2 test, p<0.001) and perinatal deaths (13-15 years: stillbirth OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.01-2.42; 16-17 years: early neonatal death OR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.01-2.42) compared to adult pregnancies. Preventing child marriage can improve the health of girls and contribute to Bangladesh's commitment to reducing child mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Han Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Solveig A Cunningham
- Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Sanwarul Bari
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Hotchkiss E, Nalubwama H, Miller S, Ryan N, Barageine J, Byamugisha J, El Ayadi AM. Social support among women with genital fistula in Uganda. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2023; 25:320-335. [PMID: 35200098 PMCID: PMC9399301 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2041098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resulting from prolonged obstructed labour, iatrogenic and traumatic aetiologies, female genital fistula in low-resource settings causes a significant physical and psychosocial burden. Social support is an important mechanism to build resilience to health challenges. This study aimed to understand the role of emotional, informational and tangible social support for Ugandan women affected by fistula. Thirty-three participants who had had fistula surgery 6-24 months prior to the study were recruited from Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Data from in-depth interviews (n = 16) and 4 focus group discussions were analysed thematically using a social support framework. Various individuals were key providers of social support across the different domains. They included family, friends, community organisations, and other women affected by fistula. Social support was critical in helping women cope with fistula, access fistula care, and post-repair recovery. Women relied heavily on tangible and emotional support to meet their physical and psychological needs. Support-enhancing interventions for women and their families, particularly those offering emotional and tangible support, may be a promising strategy for improving the experiences and quality of life of women affected by fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hotchkiss
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hadija Nalubwama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Suellen Miller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nessa Ryan
- Global Health Program, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Justus Barageine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josaphat Byamugisha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison M El Ayadi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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Long-Term Effects of Obstetric Fistula on the Overall Quality of Life among Survivors Who Had Undergone Obstetric Fistula Repair, Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: A Community-Based Study. Rehabil Res Pract 2022; 2022:6703409. [PMID: 35178255 PMCID: PMC8846977 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6703409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Childbirth is a special time in the lives of women and families at large. It can also be a time of great tragedy. International reports show that, annually, more than 500,000 women die from pregnancy and childbirth complications globally. For every woman who dies in childbirth, majorities remain alive, but scarred by permanent disabilities. Obstetric fistula is, without a doubt, the most severe of pregnancy-related disabilities. Objective. This research is aimed at assessing the long-term effects of obstetric fistula on the overall quality of life among fistula survivors in central Gondar zone. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women who had undergone obstetric fistula repair, 1-4 years after the surgery, in the central Gondar zone. The participants were reached through appointments that were made by the researchers using census approach after having the participants’ contact lists (specific residence and cell phone numbers), and research interviews have taken place at the respondents’ home or residence using an adapted and validated tool. Data entry and analysis were done using Epi Info version 7 and SPSS version 20, respectively. Results. A total of 182 fistula survivors were interviewed giving a 94.8% response rate. This study indicated that 84.1% (95% CI: 78.8, 89.4) of respondents had a poor overall quality of life. Maternal age (>30 years) (
, 95% CI: 2.6, 12.3), marital status (divorced survivors) (
, 95% CI: 1.3, 8.5), and urinary incontinence (
, 95% CI: 2.4, 11.2) were positive predictors for poor overall quality of life. The majority of fistula survivors, 82.4%, were stigmatized which could make reintegration into the community challenging for them. Healthcare providers have to implement counseling to women for social reintegration and the possibility of gainful societal activities after repairing.
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El Ayadi AM, Painter CE, Delamou A, Barr-Walker J, Korn A, Obore S, Byamugisha J, Barageine JK. Rehabilitation and reintegration programming adjunct to female genital fistula surgery: A systematic scoping review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 148 Suppl 1:42-58. [PMID: 31943181 PMCID: PMC7003948 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female genital fistula is associated with significant physical, psychological, and economic consequences; however, a knowledge and practice gap exists around services adjunct to fistula surgery. OBJECTIVES To examine rehabilitation and reintegration services provided adjunct to genital fistula surgery, map existing programming and outcomes, and identify areas for additional research. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the published and grey literature from January 2000 to June 2019. Two reviewers screened articles and extracted data using standardized methods. SELECTION CRITERIA Research and programmatic articles describing service provision in addition to female genital fistula surgery were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Of 3047 published articles and 2623 unpublished documents identified, 26 and 55, respectively, were analyzed. MAIN RESULTS Programming identified included combinations of health education, physical therapy, social support, psychosocial counseling, and economic empowerment, largely in sub-Saharan Africa. Improvements were noted in physical and psychosocial health. CONCLUSIONS Existing literature supports holistic fistula care through adjunct reintegration programming. Improving the evidence base requires implementing robust study designs, increasing reporting detail, and standardizing outcomes across studies. Increased financing for holistic fistula care is critical for developing and supporting programming to ensure positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M El Ayadi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Painter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urogynecology Division, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Delamou
- Department of Public Health, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jill Barr-Walker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,ZSFG Library, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abner Korn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Obore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josaphat Byamugisha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justus K Barageine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Uganda
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