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Mitani AA, Feng X, Kaye EK. Modelling time-varying risk factors of tooth loss: Results from joint model compared with extended Cox regression model. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:110-117. [PMID: 37846605 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To illustrate the use of joint models (JMs) for longitudinal and survival data in estimating risk factors of tooth loss as a function of time-varying endogenous periodontal biomarkers (probing pocket depth [PPD], alveolar bone loss [ABL] and mobility [MOB]). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used data from the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal cohort study of over 30 years of follow-up. We compared the results from the JM with those from the extended Cox regression model which assumes that the time-varying covariates are exogenous. RESULTS Our results showed that PPD is an important risk factor of tooth loss, but each model produced different estimates of the hazard. In the tooth-level analysis, based on the JM, the hazard of tooth loss increased by 4.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.13-8.50) times for a 1-mm increase in maximum PPD, whereas based on the extended Cox model, the hazard of tooth loss increased by 1.60 (95% CI: 1.37-1.87) times. CONCLUSIONS JMs can incorporate time-varying periodontal biomarkers to estimate the hazard of tooth loss. As JMs are not commonly used in oral health research, we provide a comprehensive set of R codes and an example dataset to implement the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A Mitani
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinyang Feng
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth K Kaye
- Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Wagnew F, Alene KA, Kelly M, Gray D. Impacts of body weight change on treatment outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:508. [PMID: 38177234 PMCID: PMC10767082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring body weight during therapy has received insufficient attention in poor resource settings like Ethiopia. We aimed to investigate the association between weight change during therapy and treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in northwest Ethiopia. This retrospective cohort study analysed data from patients with MDR-TB admitted between May 2015 to February 2022 at four treatment facilities in Northwest Ethiopia. We used the joint model (JM) to determine the association between weight change during therapy and treatment outcomes for patients with MDR-TB. A total of 419 patients with MDR-TB were included in the analysis. Of these, 265 (63.3%) were male, and 255 (60.9%) were undernourished. Weight increase over time was associated with a decrease in unsuccessful treatment outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.98). In addition, patients with undernutrition (AHR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.97), HIV (AHR:1.79, 95% CI: 1.04 to 3.06), and clinical complications such as pneumothorax (AHR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.67) were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes. The JM showed a significant inverse association between weight gain and unsuccessful MDR-TB treatment outcomes. Therefore, weight gain may be used as a surrogate marker for good TB treatment response in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil Wagnew
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew Kelly
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Darren Gray
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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3
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Getahun GK, Gezahegn E, Endazenawe G, Shitemaw T, Negash Z, Dessu S. Survival status and risk factors for mortality among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective follow-up study. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2023; 33:100398. [PMID: 37767135 PMCID: PMC10520522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2023.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis continues to be a major health concern around the world. It kills an estimated 1.6 million people each year. The World Health Organization (WHO) removed Ethiopia from its list of thirty countries having a high prevalence of MDR/RR-TB in 2021. As a result, the aim of this study was to assess the current context of survival status and risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2022. Methods An institutional-based retrospective cohort study with 245 patients was undertaken using multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients who were recruited from January 1st, 2018 to December 30th, 2021, in St. Peter's specialized hospital. To find independent predictors of survival status, Cox regression analysis was used. An adjusted hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05 was used to establish association and statistical significance. Results The result of the study revealed that the incidence of mortality in this study was 13.1% (95% CI: 10.3-16.5). Moreover, being male (AOR = 3.7: 95% CI = 1.2, 11.4), old age (AOR = 14: 95% CI = 3.0, 60.4), site of TB (AOR = 0.2: 95% CI = 0.03, 0.6), and presence of comorbidity (AOR = 9.2: 95% CI = 2.4, 35.3), were independent predictors of time to death. Conclusion Generally, the death rate among research participants was high. Moreover, male gender, old age, site of tuberculosis, and presence of other comorbidity were predictors of mortality among MDR-TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Dessu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Ethiopia
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4
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Xu G, Hu X, Lian Y, Li X. Diabetes mellitus affects the treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:813. [PMID: 37986146 PMCID: PMC10662654 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are major public health problems threatening global health. TB patients with DM have a higher bacterial burden and affect the absorption and metabolism for anti-TB drugs. Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) with DM make control TB more difficult. METHODS This study was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Cochrance Library for literature published in English until July 2022. Papers were limited to those reporting the association between DM and treatment outcomes among DR-TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients. The strength of association was presented as odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the fixed-effects or random-effects models. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD: 42,022,350,214. RESULTS A total of twenty-five studies involving 16,905 DR-TB participants were included in the meta-analysis, of which 10,124 (59.89%) participants were MDR-TB patients, and 1,952 (11.54%) had DM history. In DR-TB patients, the pooled OR was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.24-1.96) for unsuccessful outcomes, 0.64 (95% CI: 0.44-0.94) for cured treatment outcomes, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.46-0.86) for completed treatment outcomes, and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03-1.58) for treatment failure. Among MDR-TB patients, the pooled OR was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.20-2.04) for unsuccessful treatment outcomes, 0.55 (95% CI: 0.35-0.87) for cured treatment outcomes, 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46-0.93) for treatment completed treatment outcomes and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08-1.75) for treatment failure. CONCLUSION DM is a risk factor for adverse outcomes of DR-TB or MDR-TB patients. Controlling hyperglycemia may contribute to the favorite prognosis of TB. Our findings support the importance for diagnosing DM in DR-TB /MDR-TB, and it is needed to control glucose and therapeutic monitoring during the treatment of DR-TB /MDR-TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health Administration College, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, 69 Huang-shanling Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211800, China.
- Department of Hygiene, Luhe District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Meteorological Road, Luhe District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211500, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health Administration College, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, 69 Huang-shanling Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211800, China
| | - Yanshu Lian
- Department of Health Management and Medical Nutrition, Public Health Administration College, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, 69 Huang-shanling Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211800, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health Administration College, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, 69 Huang-shanling Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211800, China
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5
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Nijiati M, Guo L, Tuersun A, Damola M, Abulizi A, Dong J, Xia L, Hong K, Zou X. Deep learning on longitudinal CT scans: automated prediction of treatment outcomes in hospitalized tuberculosis patients. iScience 2023; 26:108326. [PMID: 37965132 PMCID: PMC10641748 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Three deep learning (DL)-based prediction models (PMs) using longitudinal CT images were developed to predict tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. The internal dataset consists of 493 bacteriologically confirmed TB patients who completed the anti-tuberculosis treatment with three-time CT scans, including a pretreatment CT scan and two follow-up CT scans. PM1 was trained using only pretreatment CT scans, and PM2 and PM3 were developed by adding follow-up scans. An independent testing was performed on external dataset comprising 86 TB patients. The area under the curve for classifying success and drug-resistant (DR)-TB was improved on both internal (0.609 vs. 0.625 vs. 0.815) and external (0.627 vs. 0.705 vs. 0.735) dataset by adding follow-up scans. The accuracy and F1-score also showed an increasing tendency in the external test. Regular follow-up CT scans can aid in the treatment prediction, and special attention should be given to early intensive phase of treatment to identify high-risk DR-TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayidili Nijiati
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Shenzhen Zhiying Medical Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Abudouresuli Tuersun
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
| | - Maihemitijiang Damola
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
| | | | - Jiake Dong
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
| | - Li Xia
- Shenzhen Zhiying Medical Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunlei Hong
- Shenzhen Zhiying Medical Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The First People’s Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
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6
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Khan U, Lotia-Farrukh I, Akhtar A, Khowaja SN, Khan S, Madhani F, Parekh A, Adnan S, Ahmed S, Chaudhry M, Hussain H, Habib A, Butt S, Siddiqui MR, Ijaz R, Jamal S, Khan AB, Keshavjee S, Khan AJ, Salahuddin N, Khan PY. Re-Evaluating the Merits of Decentralisation as a Core Strategy for Effective Delivery of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Care in Pakistan. Health Policy Plan 2022; 37:979-989. [PMID: 35527232 PMCID: PMC9384034 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Decentralized, person-centred models of care delivery for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) continue to be under-resourced in high-burden TB countries. The implementation of such models—made increasingly urgent by the COVID-19 pandemic—are key to addressing gaps in DR-TB care. We abstracted data of rifampicin-resistant (RR)/multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients initiated on treatment at 11 facilities between 2010 and 2017 in Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. We analysed trends in treatment outcomes relating to programme expansion to peri-urban and rural areas and estimated driving distance from patient residence to treatment facility. Among the 5586 RR/MDR-TB patients in the analysis, overall treatment success decreased from 82% to 66% between 2010 and 2017, as the programme expanded. The adjusted risk ratio for unfavourable outcomes was 1.013 (95% confidence interval 1.005–1.021) for every 20 km of driving distance. Our analysis suggests that expanding DR-TB care to centralized hubs added to increased unfavourable outcomes for people accessing care in peri-urban and rural districts. We propose that as enrolments increase, expanding DR-TB services close to or within affected communities is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Khan
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahwaz Akhtar
- Indus Hospital and Health Network, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saira N Khowaja
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Asra Parekh
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sana Adnan
- Indus Hospital and Health Network, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saman Ahmed
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Chaudhry
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Hamidah Hussain
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ali Habib
- Interactive Health Solutions, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Butt
- Indus Hospital and Health Network, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad R Siddiqui
- Provincial TB Program, Sindh, Pakistan
- Institute of Chest Diseases, Kotri, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Raafia Ijaz
- Indus Hospital and Health Network, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saba Jamal
- Indus Hospital and Health Network, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Abdul B Khan
- Indus Hospital and Health Network, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Salmaan Keshavjee
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aamir J Khan
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Palwasha Y Khan
- Interactive Research and Development, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Soeroto AY, Nurhayati RD, Purwiga A, Lestari BW, Pratiwi C, Santoso P, Kulsum ID, Suryadinata H, Ferdian F. Factors associated with treatment outcome of MDR/RR-TB patients treated with shorter injectable based regimen in West Java Indonesia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263304. [PMID: 35089981 PMCID: PMC8797248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Multi drug or rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) is a major burden to TB prevention and eradication globally. Since 2016, WHO guidelines have included options for treating MDR/RR-TB with a standard regimen of 9 to 11 months duration (the ’shorter regimen’) rather than an individual regimen of at least 20 months. This regimen has been introduced in Indonesia since September 2017. Therefore, we aimed to determine the success rate and factors associated with the treatment outcome of shorter injectable based regimen in West Java province, Indonesia. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of MDR/RR-TB patients aged over 18 years old who received the shorter injectable based regimen between September 2017 and December 2020. We defined successful outcomes as the combined proportion of patients who were cured or had complete treatment. While, unsuccessful outcomes were defined as the combined proportion of patients who died from any causes, failure, and loss to follow-up (LTFU). Results A total of 315 patients were included in this study. The success rate was 64.5%. Multivariate analysis showed male gender (aRR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.34) increased the chance of successful outcome, while malnutrition (aRR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.89), history of previous TB treatment (aRR = 0.80%CI 0.68 to 0.94), and time of culture conversion >2 months (aRR = 0.72 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.87) decreased the chance of successful outcome. Conclusion History of previous TB treatment, time of culture conversion >2 months, and malnutrition were independent factors that decrease the chance for success rate, while male gender increase the likelihood for success rate of patients treated by the shorter injectable based regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Yuwono Soeroto
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Raden Desy Nurhayati
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rotinsulu Pulmonary Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Aga Purwiga
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bony Wiem Lestari
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, TB-HIV Research Center, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Chica Pratiwi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cimacan Hospital, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Prayudi Santoso
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Iceu Dimas Kulsum
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hendarsyah Suryadinata
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ferdy Ferdian
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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8
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Teferi MY, El-Khatib Z, Boltena MT, Andualem AT, Asamoah BO, Biru M, Adane HT. Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Predictors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10678. [PMID: 34682420 PMCID: PMC8536006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to summarize and estimate the TB treatment success rate and factors associated with unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes in Africa. Potentially eligible primary studies were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. The risk of bias and quality of studies was assessed using The Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) appraisal criteria, while heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Publication bias was checked using the funnel plot and egger's test. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, numbered CRD42019136986. A total of 26 eligible studies were considered. The overall pooled estimate of TB treatment success rate was found to be 79.0% (95% CI: 76-82%), ranging from 53% (95% CI: 47-58%) in Nigeria to 92% (95% CI: 90-93%) in Ethiopia. The majority of unsuccessful outcomes were attributed to 48% (95% CI: 40-57%) death and 47% (95% CI: 39-55%) of defaulter rate. HIV co-infection and retreatment were significantly associated with an increased risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes compared to HIV negative and newly diagnosed TB patients with RR of 1.53 (95% CI: 1.36-1.71) and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.14-1.94), respectively. TB treatment success rate was 79% below the WHO defined threshold of 85% with significant variation across countries. Countries need to explore contextual underlining factors and more effort is required in providing TB preventive treatment, improve case screening and linkage for TB treatment among HIV high-risk groups and use confirmatory TB diagnostic modality. Countries in Africa need to strengthen counseling and follow-up, socio-economic support for patients at high risk of loss to follow-up and poor treatment success is also crucial for successful TB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melese Yeshambaw Teferi
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (M.T.B.); (A.T.A.); (M.B.); (H.T.A.)
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Minyahil Tadesse Boltena
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (M.T.B.); (A.T.A.); (M.B.); (H.T.A.)
| | - Azeb Tarekegn Andualem
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (M.T.B.); (A.T.A.); (M.B.); (H.T.A.)
| | - Benedict Oppong Asamoah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Mulatu Biru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (M.T.B.); (A.T.A.); (M.B.); (H.T.A.)
| | - Hawult Taye Adane
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (M.T.B.); (A.T.A.); (M.B.); (H.T.A.)
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Tola H, Holakouie-Naieni K, Mansournia MA, Yaseri M, Gamtesa DF, Tesfaye E, Mahamed Z, Sisay MM. National treatment outcome and predictors of death and treatment failure in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a 10-year retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040862. [PMID: 34376436 PMCID: PMC8356165 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Treatment success rate in patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is low, but predictors of treatment failure and death have been under-reported. Thus, we aimed to determine the national proportion of treatment success rate in the past 10 years and factors that predict treatment failure and death in patients with MDR-TB in Ethiopia. SETTING A retrospective cohort study with a 10-years follow-up period was conducted in 42 MDR-TB treatment-initiating centres in Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3395 adult patients with MDR-TB who had final treatment outcome and who were treated under national TB programme were included. Data were collected from clinical charts, registration books and laboratory reports. Competing risk survival analysis model with robust standard errors (SE) was used to determine the predictors of treatment failure and death. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Treatment outcome was a primary outcome whereas predictors of treatment failure and death were a secondary outcome. RESULTS The proportion of treatment success was 75.7%, death rate was 12.8%, treatment failure was 1.7% and lost to follow-up was 9.7%. The significant predictors of death were older age (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=1.03; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.05; p<0.001), HIV infection (AHR=2.0; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.4; p<0.001) and presence of any grade of anaemia (AHR=1.7; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.0; p<0.001). Unlike the predictors of death, all variables included into multivariable model were not significantly associated with treatment failure. CONCLUSION In the past 10 years, although MDR-TB treatment success in Ethiopia has been consistently favourable, the proportion of patients who died is still considerable. Death could be attributed to advanced age, HIV infection and anaemia. Prospective cohort studies are necessary to further explore the potentially modifiable predictors of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habteyes Tola
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
- TB/HIV Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - K Holakouie-Naieni
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Dinka Fikadu Gamtesa
- TB/HIV Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tesfaye
- TB/HIV Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zemedu Mahamed
- TB/HIV Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Million Molla Sisay
- Research and Evidence Generation Directorate,Saint Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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10
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Cheng Q, Xie L, Wang L, Lu M, Li Q, Wu Y, Huang Y, Jia Q, Zhao G. Incidence Density and Predictors of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Individuals With Previous Tuberculosis History: A 15-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2021; 9:644347. [PMID: 34123987 PMCID: PMC8193499 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.644347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, too little attention has been paid to monitoring and estimating the risk of incident multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among individuals with a previous tuberculosis history (PTBH). The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for MDR-TB in those individuals. Methods: Between 2005 and 2020, a large, retrospective, population-based cohort study was performed in Hangzhou, China. A multivariable Cox regression model was used to evaluate independent predictors of incident MDR-TB among individuals with PTBH. Results: The incidence density of MDR-TB was 22.6 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence level and an interval of 20.9–24.3) for individuals with PTBH. The incidence of MDR-TB increased significantly in individuals who • were under 60 years old. • were male. • had a history of direct contact. • came from low-income families. • worked in high-risk occupations. • lived in rural areas. • had a retreatment TB history. • had an unfavorable outcome in their previous treatment (P < 0.05). In addition, we found that the following factors were significantly linked to the MDR-TB risk among individuals with PTBH (P < 0.05): • sociodemographic factors such as the 21–30 and 31–40 year age groups, or a history of direct contact. • clinical factors like passive modes of TB case finding (PMTCF), human immunodeficiency virus infection, unfavorable treatment outcomes, retreated TB history, non-standardized treatment regimens of retreatment TB patients, and duration of pulmonary cavities (DPC). • microbiological factors, such as duration of positive sputum culture. We also found that the 21–30 year age group, low family income, and PMTCF were significantly linked to incident MDR-TB only in males with PTBH, whilst the 41–50 year age group, extended treatment course, and DPC were significantly associated with female MDR-TB only. Conclusion: The incidence of MDR-TB was high, with a higher rate among subjects with a history of direct contact and unfavorable treatment outcomes. There was a gender difference in the incidence density and risk factors of MDR-TB among individuals with PTBH. Long-term monitoring and gender-specific risk-factor modifications should be given to individuals with PTBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Cheng
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Li
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinyan Huang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjun Jia
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Baluku JB, Nakazibwe B, Naloka J, Nabwana M, Mwanja S, Mulwana R, Sempiira M, Nassozi S, Babirye F, Namugenyi C, Ntambi S, Namiiro S, Bongomin F, Katuramu R, Andia-Biraro I, Worodria W. Treatment outcomes of drug resistant tuberculosis patients with multiple poor prognostic indicators in Uganda: A countrywide 5-year retrospective study. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021; 23:100221. [PMID: 33553682 PMCID: PMC7856462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbid conditions and adverse drug events are associated with poor treatment outcomes among patients with drug resistant tuberculosis (DR - TB). This study aimed at determining the treatment outcomes of DR - TB patients with poor prognostic indicators in Uganda. METHODS We reviewed treatment records of DR - TB patients from 16 treatment sites in Uganda. Eligible patients had confirmed DR - TB, a treatment outcome in 2014-2019 and at least one of 15 pre-defined poor prognostic indicators at treatment initiation or during therapy. The pre-defined poor prognostic indicators were HIV co-infection, diabetes, heart failure, malignancy, psychiatric illness/symptoms, severe anaemia, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, low body mass index, elevated creatinine, hepatic dysfunction, hearing loss, resistance to fluoroquinolones and/or second-line aminoglycosides, previous exposure to second-line drugs (SLDs), and pregnancy. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes were treatment success, mortality, loss to follow up, and treatment failure as defined by the World Health Organisation. We used logistic and cox proportional hazards regression analysis to determine predictors of treatment success and mortality, respectively. RESULTS Of 1122 DR - TB patients, 709 (63.2%) were male and the median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 36.0 (28.0-45.0) years. A total of 925 (82.4%) had ≥2 poor prognostic indicators. Treatment success and mortality occurred among 806 (71.8%) and 207 (18.4%) patients whereas treatment loss-to-follow-up and failure were observed among 96 (8.6%) and 13 (1.2%) patients, respectively. Mild (OR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.39-0.84, p = 0.004), moderate (OR: 0.18, 95% CI 0.12-0.26, p < 0.001) and severe anaemia (OR: 0.09, 95% CI 0.05-0.17, p < 0.001) and previous exposure to SLDs (OR: 0.19, 95% CI 0.08-0.48, p < 0.001) predicted lower odds of treatment success while the number of poor prognostic indicators (HR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.30-2.01, p < 0.001), for every additional poor prognostic indicator) predicted mortality. CONCLUSION Among DR - TB patients with multiple poor prognostic indicators, mortality was the most frequent unsuccessful outcomes. Every additional poor prognostic indicator increased the risk of mortality while anaemia and previous exposure to SLDs were associated with lower odds of treatment success. The management of anaemia among DR - TB patients needs to be evaluated by prospective studies. DR - TB programs should also optimise DR - TB treatment the first time it is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Baruch Baluku
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
- Mildmay Uganda, Wakiso, Uganda
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bridget Nakazibwe
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Naloka
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Nabwana
- Makerere University – Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Mwanja
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rose Mulwana
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mike Sempiira
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Febronius Babirye
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Carol Namugenyi
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Ntambi
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Richard Katuramu
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Andia-Biraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Uganda
| | - William Worodria
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Kampala, Uganda
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12
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Ngari MM, Schmitz S, Maronga C, Mramba LK, Vaillant M. A systematic review of the quality of conduct and reporting of survival analyses of tuberculosis outcomes in Africa. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:89. [PMID: 33906605 PMCID: PMC8080365 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival analyses methods (SAMs) are central to analysing time-to-event outcomes. Appropriate application and reporting of such methods are important to ensure correct interpretation of the data. In this study, we systematically review the application and reporting of SAMs in studies of tuberculosis (TB) patients in Africa. It is the first review to assess the application and reporting of SAMs in this context. METHODS Systematic review of studies involving TB patients from Africa published between January 2010 and April 2020 in English language. Studies were eligible if they reported use of SAMs. Application and reporting of SAMs were evaluated based on seven author-defined criteria. RESULTS Seventy-six studies were included with patient numbers ranging from 56 to 182,890. Forty-three (57%) studies involved a statistician/epidemiologist. The number of published papers per year applying SAMs increased from two in 2010 to 18 in 2019 (P = 0.004). Sample size estimation was not reported by 67 (88%) studies. A total of 22 (29%) studies did not report summary follow-up time. The survival function was commonly presented using Kaplan-Meier survival curves (n = 51, (67%) studies) and group comparisons were performed using log-rank tests (n = 44, (58%) studies). Sixty seven (91%), 3 (4.1%) and 4 (5.4%) studies reported Cox proportional hazard, competing risk and parametric survival regression models, respectively. A total of 37 (49%) studies had hierarchical clustering, of which 28 (76%) did not adjust for the clustering in the analysis. Reporting was adequate among 4.0, 1.3 and 6.6% studies for sample size estimation, plotting of survival curves and test of survival regression underlying assumptions, respectively. Forty-five (59%), 52 (68%) and 73 (96%) studies adequately reported comparison of survival curves, follow-up time and measures of effect, respectively. CONCLUSION The quality of reporting survival analyses remains inadequate despite its increasing application. Because similar reporting deficiencies may be common in other diseases in low- and middle-income countries, reporting guidelines, additional training, and more capacity building are needed along with more vigilance by reviewers and journal editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses M Ngari
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Susanne Schmitz
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Christopher Maronga
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lazarus K Mramba
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, USA
| | - Michel Vaillant
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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13
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Teferi MY, Didana LD, Hailu T, Woldesenbet SG, Bekele S, Mihret A. Tuberculosis treatment outcome and associated factors among tuberculosis patients at Wolayta Sodo Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: a retrospective study. J Public Health Res 2021; 10. [PMID: 33882659 PMCID: PMC8419628 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem throughout the world particularly in resource limited countries. Measuring and reporting of TB treatment outcomes and identifying associated factors are fundamental part of TB treatment. The aim of this study was to assess TB treatment outcome and associated factors among TB patients in Wolayta Sodo Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Design and Method: Facility based retrospective cohort study was conducted in Wolayta Sodo Teaching and Referral Hospital. All TB patients who registered during September 2014 to August 2019 and had known treatment outcome were included in the study. The data were collected using pretested structured data extraction format that included demographic, clinical and treatment outcome variables. SPSS Version 23 for windows was used for data processing. Bivariate and multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI) was employed to infer associations between the independent and dependent variables. Results: Of total 232 TB patients included in the study, 54.3% were male, 80.2% were urban residents, 65.9% were pulmonary TB (PTB). From the total 153 PTB cases, 31.5% were smear positive, 17.2% were HIV co-infected and all of them were on antiretroviral treatment. Most, 97.0% of the TB cases were newly diagnosed and all were treated as first line treatment category. The overall treatment success rate was 82.5% (28% cured 54.3% completed), 11.2% loss to follow-up, 4.7% dead and 0.9% treatment failure. The treatment success rate of HIV co-infected TB patients was 77.5%. There was no significant association between TB treatment outcome and age, sex, residence, type of TB, category of patients and HIV status. Conclusion: The treatment success rate was low (82.5%) which is below the 90% threshold defined standard with high proportion of patient’s lost to follow-up (11.2%). A higher number of transfer-out cases were recorded in this study. Thus, supervision and monitoring of DOTs implementation, improved counseling service, mechanisms for lost to follow-up patients should be strengthen. Establish efficient referral and contact tracing mechanisms for transferred-out cases and document their treatment outcomes of status is also fundamental. Significance for public health In Ethiopia, recognition and amendment of treatment outcome is not feasible with poor surveillance system as well as limited monitoring and evaluation of the health system. Accurate recording and reporting of TB treatment outcomes and associated factors is fundamental to facilitate the End TB Strategy set target TB treatment success rate 90% by 2025. Identifying and measure this information is important for health professionals, programmers and policymakers in terms of resource planning, prioritization and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsegaye Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa.
| | | | - Senedu Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa.
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa.
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14
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Kuaban A, Balkissou AD, Ekongolo MCE, Nsounfon AW, Pefura-Yone EW, Kuaban C. Incidence and factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcome among patients with rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:229. [PMID: 34046134 PMCID: PMC8140730 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.229.28317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction in Cameroon patients with multidrug/rifampicin resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR/RR-PTB) are treated with a 9-11 month standardised shorter treatment regimen. Despite its effectiveness, factors associated with the occurrence of an unfavourable treatment outcome in this group of patients are not known. Determine the incidence and identify factors associated with an unfavourable treatment outcome among patients with rifampicin resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (RR-PTB) in Yaoundé. Methods we conducted a retrospective record review of all consecutive patients with bacteriologically confirmed RR-PTB followed up at the specialised MDR/RR-TB treatment centre of the Jamot Hospital in Yaoundé (JHY) from January 2013 to November 2019. A patient was classified as having an unfavourable outcome if he/she had treatment failure, died or was lost to follow-up during the course of treatment. Results a total of 242 RR-PTB patients with a mean age of 35.59 ± 12.02 years including 144 (59.5%) males were registered. Forty-nine (49) of the 242 patients had an unfavourable treatment outcome giving a cumulative incidence of 20.20% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 15.40-25.90%). Multivariable analysis revealed that patients with an unfavourable outcome were more likely to be males (odds ratio (OR): 2.94; 95% CI: 1.24-7.00, p= 0.015), HIV infected (OR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.17-6.06, p = 0.019), and have a baseline haemoglobin level ≤ 10g/dl (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.25-6.58, p = 0.013). Conclusion the rate of an unfavourable treatment outcome among patients with RR-PTB at the specialised MDR/RR-TB treatment centre of the JHY is relatively high. The male sex, HIV infection and moderate to severe anaemia are independent factors associated with an unfavourable treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Kuaban
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Eric Walter Pefura-Yone
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Chest Service, Jamot Hospital in Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christopher Kuaban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda Regional Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon
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15
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Edessa D, Sisay M, Dessie Y. Unfavorable outcomes to second-line tuberculosis therapy among HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected patients in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237534. [PMID: 32797110 PMCID: PMC7428180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a key obstacle to the global target set to end tuberculosis by 2030. Clinical complexities in drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV-infection co-management could worsen outcomes of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. A comprehensive estimate for risks of unsuccessful outcomes to second-line tuberculosis therapy in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected patients is mandatory to address such aspects in segments of the target set. Therefore, this meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the pooled risk ratios of unfavorable outcomes to second-line tuberculosis therapy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We conducted a literature search from PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. We screened the retrieved records by titles and abstracts. Finally, we assessed eligibility and quality of full-text articles for the records retained by employing appraisal checklist of the Joanna Briggs Institute. We analyzed the data extracted from the included studies by using Review Manager Software, version 5.3 and presented our findings in forest and funnel plots. Protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020160473). RESULTS A total of 19 studies with 1,766 from 4,481 HIV-infected and 1,164 from 3,820 HIV-uninfected patients had unfavorable outcomes. The risk ratios we estimated between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected drug-resistant tuberculosis patients were 1.18 (95% CI: 1.07-1.30; I2 = 48%; P = 0.01) for the overall unfavorable outcome; 1.50 (95% CI: 1.30-1.74) for death; 0.66 (95% CI: 0.38-1.13) for treatment failure; and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.92) for loss from treatment. Variable increased risks of unfavorable outcomes estimated for subgroups with significance in mixed-age patients (RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.10-1.36) and eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa (RR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.23-1.75). CONCLUSIONS We found a higher risk of unfavorable treatment outcome in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients with death highly worsening in HIV-infected than in those HIV-uninfected patients. The risks for the unfavorable outcomes were significantly higher in mixed-age patients and in the eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, special strategies that reduce the risks of death should be discovered and implemented for HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis co-infected patients on second-line tuberculosis therapy with optimal integration of the two programs in the eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumessa Edessa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Alemu A, Bitew ZW, Worku T. Poor treatment outcome and its predictors among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 98:420-439. [PMID: 32645375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess poor treatment outcomes and their predictors among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated in Ethiopia. METHODS Data were searched from both electronic databases and other sources. From the whole search, 404 articles were reviewed and 17 articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist was followed and Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist was used for assessing the quality. Risk of bias was assessed using forest plot and Egger's regression test. Data were analyzed using STATA version 15 and Review Manager Software version 5.3. RESULTS The overall pooled proportion of poor treatment outcome and mortality was 17.86% and 15.13% respectively. The incidence density rate of poor treatment outcome and mortality was 10.41/1000 person-months and 9.28/1000 person-months respectively. Survival status and successful treatment outcomes were 76.97% and 63.82% respectively. HIV positivity, non-HIV comorbidities, clinical complications, extrapulmonary involvement, undernutrition, anemia, treatment delay, lower body weight, and older age were the predictors of poor treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Better survival and treatment success rates were noted in Ethiopia as compared to the global average. The majority of the poor treatment outcomes occurred within the intensive phase. Early initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment would be important for successful treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayinalem Alemu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Teshager Worku
- Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia.
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