Factors associated with sarcopenia screened by finger-circle test among middle-aged and older adults: a population-based multisite cross-sectional survey in Japan

Sensitivity and specificity of Yubi-wakka (finger-ring) screening method for sarcopenia among older Thai adults

AIM

The aim of this study was to validate a Yubi-wakka (finger-ring) test to identify older adults at risk for sarcopenia. Generally, measurements of muscle mass are considered to be a gold standard for testing for sarcopenia; such measurements are typically attained using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, the Yubi-wakka test is a simple assessment that can also be used to screen for sarcopenia.

METHODS

An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Yubi-wakka test. The study cohort included 230 adults older than 60 years who had no disabilities or handicaps and who visited the outpatient department of Phramongkutklao Hospital. Each participant underwent the Yubi-wakka test, a handgrip strength test, the 5-chair stand test, and BIA. We analyzed the associations between the Yubi-wakka test results and sarcopenia. The findings were compared with diagnoses that followed from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019.

RESULTS

The test results were statistically associated with sarcopenia ("just fits" odds ratio [OR]: 8.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.29-22.18, and "smaller" OR: 10.73, 95% CI: 4.31-26.73, relative to "bigger"). The sensitivity and specificity of the Yubi-wakka test in men were 85.7% and 71.2% (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.785, 95% CI: 0.618-0.952), respectively. For women, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 87.5% and 80.8% (AUC: 0.842, 95% CI: 0.764-0.919), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The Yubi-wakka test is a practical way of identifying the risk of sarcopenia among the elderly; it exhibits promising sensitivity and specificity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 263-268.

Validated Tools for Screening Sarcopenia: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVE

Choosing the optimal sarcopenia screening tool for a specific clinical scenario is challenging. We aimed to summarize all validated sarcopenia screening tools with diagnostic accuracy tested in one or more study populations.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Hospitals, nursing homes, communities, or health checkups.

METHODS

We systematically searched 3 databases in April 2022: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL. Two review authors independently performed the study selection and data extraction. The included tools' contents, characteristics, and number of citations were summarized and visualized.

RESULTS

We summarized 102 diagnostic accuracy studies involving 53 screening tools, classified into 7 groups: questionnaires (n = 13); serum biomarkers (n = 10); formulas, algorithms, and models (n = 9); physical ability tests (n = 9); integration tools (n = 7); anthropometric indices (n = 3); and ultrasound or bioimpedance analysis (n = 2). The most commonly used questionnaire was SARC-F (770 citations), followed by SARC-CalF (254 citations) and MSRA-7 (61 citations). Handgrip strength and Ishii score were the most widely used physical performance tests (331 citations) and formulas (294 citations), respectively. Sarcopenia index (based on serum cystatin C and creatinine) and calf circumference were the most commonly used serum biomarkers (123 citations) and anthropometric indexes (127 citations), respectively. Ultrasound was the most commonly used imaging tool for screening sarcopenia (57 citations). The included tools varied significantly in content. Various tools assessed some or all components of sarcopenia with different methods, and others assessed different domains, such as age, body mass index, falls, diet, and even mental health. We also summarized the screening tools that were validated in different clinical settings (hospitals, communities, nursing homes, and health checkups).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

More than 50 validated tools are currently available for screening sarcopenia in different clinical settings. The results of this review may help clinicians and researchers in selecting optimal tools for sarcopenia in different clinical scenarios and in developing future tools.

Comparison of four screening methods for sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults: A diagnostic accuracy study

This study aimed to compare the diagnostic values of SARC-F (strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls), SARC-Calf (SARC-F combined with calf circumference), CC (calf circumference), and the Yubi-wakka (finger-ring) test for screening for sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria were used as a standard reference. A total of 209 participants were enrolled, and 40.7% were identified as sarcopenia. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were respectively 54.1%, 70.2%, and 0.687 for SARC-F; 76.5%, 73.4% and 0.832 for SARC-calf, 86.7%, 82.4%, and 0.906 for CC in men, and 85.5%, 63.3%, and 0.877 for CC in women. Relative to the "bigger," a significant association between sarcopenia and the Yubi-wakka test ("just fits" OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.57-10.98; "small" OR: 27.5, 95% CI: 10.14-74.55) was observed. The overall accuracy of CC was better than SARC-Calf for sarcopenia screening.

Weight over-reporting is associated with low muscle mass among community-dwelling Japanese adults aged 40 years and older: a cross sectional study

Background

Weight misperception adversely affects health-related quality of life (HRQol); however, few studies have evaluated the relationship between weight misperception and muscle mass. This study aimed to examine the relationship of weight misperception with low muscle mass using skeletal muscle index (SMI) estimated by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) among community-dwelling Japanese.

Methods

Participants were 525 Japanese individuals aged 40–91 years old (male 89, female 436). Misperception was calculated by subtracting measured value from self-reported weight, presented as a percentage and categorized into tertiles based on sex (under-reporters, acceptable reporters, and over-reporters). Appendicular lean mass was estimated using MF-BIA, and low muscle mass was defined using SMI values of 7.0 and 5.7 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively, based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus. We evaluated the association between prevalence of low muscle mass and weight misperception (under-reporters and over-reporters) using multivariate logistic regression including covariate.

Results

In total, 9.3% (49/525) of participants had low muscle mass. After adjusting for covariates, prevalence of low muscle mass was higher among over-reporters than acceptable-reporters (odds ratio [OR]; 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.03–5.44). Additionally, sensitivity analysis was performed on females, which confirmed that the prevalence of low muscle mass was higher in over-reporters than in acceptable-reporters (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.18–9.12).

Conclusion

Weight misperception was significantly correlated with low muscle mass, especially in over-reporters.

Associations of physical activity with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in middle-aged and older adults: the Louisiana osteoporosis study

BACKGROUND

This study examined the associations between physical activity, obesity, and sarcopenia in middle-aged and older adults.

METHODS

We analyzed the data of 8, 919 study participants aged between 45 to 97 (mean age = 57.2 ± 8.8) from a Southern state in the United States. Self-reported physical activity was classified to regular exercise ≥ 3 times/week, < 3 times/week, and no regular exercise. Associations between physical activity, obesity and sarcopenia were explored with generalized linear models and ordinal logistic regressions stratified by age (middle-aged and older adults) and gender adjusting for covariates.

RESULTS

In middle-aged and older adults, all examined obesity related traits (e.g., body mass index, waist circumference) were inversely associated with physical activity levels (p < 0.01) in both genders. Exercising ≥ 3 times/week was negatively associated with lean mass indicators (e.g., appendicular lean mass) in middle-aged and older females (p < 0.01), while the negative associations become positive after adjusting for weight. Positive associations between physical activity and grip strength were only found in middle-aged males (p < 0.05). Ordinal logistic regression revealed that those exercising ≥ 3 times/week were less likely to have obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenia obesity in all groups (p < 0.01), except for sarcopenia in older males and females (p > 0.05). Positive associations of exercising < 3 times/week with sarcopenia and sarcopenia obesity were only found in middled adults.

CONCLUSION

The associations of exercise frequency with obesity and sarcopenia vary considerably across gender and age groups. Exercise programs need to be individualized to optimize health benefits. Future research exploring physical activity strategies to balance weight reduction and lean mass maintaining is warranted in middle-aged and especially older adults.