Contested solidarity and vulnerability in social media-based public responses to COVID-19 policies of mobility restrictions in Singapore: a qualitative analysis of temporal evolution

The relationships between trait anger, forgiveness, and subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated mediating model under lockdown situation

Although previous studies have found relationships between anger, forgiveness, and well-being, none have examined whether forgiveness mediates the relationship between trait anger and subjective well-being. To address this gap, this study constructed and tested a relevant moderated mediating model. We also considered the moderating effects of the COVID-19 lockdown situation, which has indirectly deteriorated well-being. The participants included 1,274 individuals who were recruited in April 2022. In sum, the results showed negative relationships between the trait anger and forgiveness and well-being, with a positive association between forgiveness and well-being. Moreover, forgiveness mediated the association between trait anger and subjective well-being, whereas the lockdown situation regulated the effects of trait anger on forgiveness and subjective well-being; specifically, forgiveness and well-being were more susceptible to trait anger among individuals under the lockdown situation. These findings suggest that forgiveness mediates the relationship between trait anger and well-being, while trait anger negatively predicts forgiveness and subjective well-being. Furthermore, the lockdown situation increases the negative predictive effects of anger on forgiveness and subjective well-being.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04500-9.

Measurement of burnout during the prolonged pandemic in the Chinese zero-COVID context: COVID-19 burnout views scale

Burnout is an important public health issue at times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current measures which focus on work-based burnout have limitations in length and/or relevance. When stepping into the post-pandemic as a new Norm Era, the burnout scale for the general population is urgently needed to fill the gap. This study aimed to develop a COVID-19 Burnout Views Scale (COVID-19 BVS) to measure burnout views of the general public in a Chinese context and examine its psychometric properties. A multiphase approach including literature review, expert consultation, and pilot testing was adopted in developing the scale. The scale was administered to a sample of 1,078 of the general public in Hong Kong with an average age of 34.45 years (SD = 12.47). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses suggested a 5-item unidimensional model of COVID-19 BVS. The CFA results indicated that the COVID-19 BVS had a good model fit, as χ2 (10.054)/5 = 2.01, SRMR = 0.010, CFI = 0.998, RMSEA = 0.031. Five items were maintained in EFA with high internal consistency in terms of Cronbach's α of 0.845 and McDonald's ω coefficient of 0.87, and the corrected item-to-total correlations of 0.512 to 0.789 are way above the acceptable range. The KMO values of 0.841 and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (p < 0.01) verified the normal distribution of the EFA and the adequacy of the EFA sampling. The analyses suggest that the COVID-19 BVS is a promising tool for assessing burnout views on the impacts of the epidemic on the Chinese general populations.

COVID-19 Burnout Subject to the Dynamic Zero-COVID Policy in Hong Kong: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the COVID-19 Burnout Frequency Scale

We sought to develop and validate a self-assessment burnout scale of the Chinese general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a dynamic zero-COVID policy. Factors relevant to individuals’ burnout during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic were identified in the literature and through the reviews of an expert panel. A convenience sample of 1087 was randomly divided into two subsamples and the scale’s psychometric properties were assessed. Findings suggested that the COVID-19 BFS has adequate reliability (α = 0.90) along with factorial, concurrent, and convergent validity. Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the scale. Concurrent validity results indicate a significant positive correlation between COVID-19 BFS and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (r = 0.131, p < 0.001), suggesting that individuals with higher levels of burnout may also have higher levels of fear of COVID, or vice versa. The scale was also correlated positively with being against the dynamic zero-COVID strategy (r = 0.340, p < 0.001), indicating that a higher level of burnout may be associated with individuals who are against the dynamic zero-COVID strategy. The results suggest the five-item COVID-19 BFS is a valid and reliable scale for the measurement of burnout frequency of the Chinese general population in relation to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic in a dynamic zero-COVID policy context.