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Skubica P, Husakova M, Dankova P. In vitro osteoclastogenesis in autoimmune diseases - Strengths and pitfalls of a tool for studying pathological bone resorption and other disease characteristics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21925. [PMID: 38034780 PMCID: PMC10682642 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts play a critical role in bone pathology frequently associated with autoimmune diseases. Studying the etiopathogenesis of these diseases and their clinical manifestations can involve in vitro osteoclastogenesis, an experimental technique that utilizes osteoclast precursors that are relatively easily accessible from peripheral blood or synovial fluid. However, the increasing number of methodical options to study osteoclastogenesis in vitro poses challenges in translating findings to clinical research and practice. This review compares and critically evaluates previous research work based on in vitro differentiation of human osteoclast precursors originating from patients, which aimed to explain autoimmune pathology in rheumatic and enteropathic diseases. The discussion focuses primarily on methodical differences between the studies, including the origin of osteoclast precursors, culture conditions, and methods for identifying osteoclasts and assessing their activity. Additionally, the review examines the clinical significance of the three most commonly used in vitro approaches: induced osteoclastogenesis, spontaneous osteoclastogenesis, and cell co-culture. By analyzing and integrating the gathered information, this review proposes general connections between different studies, even in cases where their results are seemingly contradictory. The derived conclusions and future directions aim to enhance our understanding of a potential and limitations of in vitro osteoclastogenesis and provide a foundation for discussing novel methods (such as osteoclastogenesis dynamic) and standardized approaches (such as spontaneous osteoclastogenesis) for future use in autoimmune disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Skubica
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Husakova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Dankova
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Martínez-Ramos S, Rafael-Vidal C, Pego-Reigosa JM, García S. Monocytes and Macrophages in Spondyloarthritis: Functional Roles and Effects of Current Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030515. [PMID: 35159323 PMCID: PMC8834543 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a family of chronic inflammatory diseases, being the most prevalent ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). These diseases share genetic, clinical and immunological features, such as the implication of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule 27 (HLA-B27), the inflammation of peripheral, spine and sacroiliac joints and the presence of extra-articular manifestations (psoriasis, anterior uveitis, enthesitis and inflammatory bowel disease). Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells of the innate immune system and are the first line of defence against external agents. In rheumatic diseases including SpA, the frequency and phenotypic and functional characteristics of both cell types are deregulated and are involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In fact, monocytes and macrophages play key roles in the inflammatory processes characteristics of SpA. The aim of this review is analysing the characteristics and functional roles of monocytes and macrophages in these diseases, as well as the impact of different current therapies on these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Ramos
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Rafael-Vidal
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
| | - José M. Pego-Reigosa
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
| | - Samuel García
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-217-463
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3
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Tsui FWL, Lin A, Sari I, Zhang Z, Tsui HW, Inman RD. Serial Lipocalin 2 and Oncostatin M levels reflect inflammation status and treatment response in axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:141. [PMID: 33990221 PMCID: PMC8120829 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Informative serum biomarkers for monitoring inflammatory activity and treatment responses in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) are lacking. We assessed whether Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and Oncostatin M (OSM), both having roles in inflammation and bone remodeling, may accurately reflect chronic joint inflammation and treatment response in axSpA. Previous reports in animal models showed involvement of LCN2 and OSM in joint/gut inflammation. We asked whether they also play a role in human axSpA. Methods We analyzed a longitudinal observational axSpA cohort (286 patients) with yearly clinical assessments and concurrent measurements of serum LCN2 and OSM (1204 serum samples) for a mean of 4 years. Biomarker levels were correlated with MRI scoring and treatment response. Results Persistent and transient elevation of LCN2 and OSM were observed in axSpA patients. Persistent elevation of LCN2 or OSM, but not CRP, correlated with sacroiliac joint (SIJ) MRI SPARCC scores (Pearson’s correlation p = 0.0005 and 0.005 for LCN2 and OSM respectively), suggesting that LCN2/OSM outperforms CRP as reflective of SIJ inflammation. We observed both concordant and discordant patterns of LCN2 and OSM in relationship to back pain, the cardinal clinical symptom in axSpA. Twenty-six percent (73/286) of the patients remained both clinically and serologically active (CASA). Sixty percent (173/286) of the patients became clinically quiescent, with back pain resolved, but 53% (92/173) of them were serologically active (CQSA), indicating that pain control may not indicate control of joint inflammation, as reflected by positive MRI imaging of SIJ. With respect to treatment responses, transient elevation of LCN2 or OSM over time was predictive of better response to all treatments. Conclusion In axSpA, persistent LCN2 and/or OSM elevation reflects chronic SIJ inflammation and suboptimal treatment response. In our cohort, half of the currently deemed clinically quiescent patients with back pain resolved continued to demonstrate chronic joint inflammation. LCN2 and OSM profiling outperforms CRP as a predictive measure and provides an objective assessment of chronic local inflammation in axSpA patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02521-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence W L Tsui
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aifeng Lin
- KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ismail Sari
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hing Wo Tsui
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D Inman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Stec M, Seweryn M, Korkosz M, Guła Z, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Lenart M, Czepiel M, Czyż J, Baran J, Gruca A, Wojnar-Lasoń K, Wołkow P, Siedlar M. Expression of VEGFA-mRNA in classical and MSX2-mRNA in non-classical monocytes in patients with spondyloarthritis is associated with peripheral arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9693. [PMID: 33958655 PMCID: PMC8102490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is characterized by chronic inflammation and structural damage involving spine and peripheral joints. Monocytes, as part of innate immune system, following migration into affected tissue, may play a role in the pathogenesis of SpA. Here, potential associations between osteogenesis-linked gene expression profile in particular monocyte subpopulations and clinical signs of SpA were investigated. The 20 patients with axial and 16 with peripheral SpA were enrolled in the study. Monocyte subpopulations (classical—CD14++CD16−, intermediate—CD14++CD16+ and non-classical—CD14+CD16++) were isolated from blood using flow cytometry and gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR method and TaqMan Array, Human Osteogenesis, Fast 96-well plates. Next, the characteristic clinical features shared by axial and peripheral SpA were analyzed in the context of the expression of selected genes in the three subpopulations of monocytes. We demonstrated that expression of VEGFA in classical and MSX2 in non-classical monocytes were associated with the number of swollen and painful peripheral joints of SpA patients. We conclude that monocytes may contribute to the development of peripheral arthritis in SpA patients. This might be possible through subpopulation specific effects, linking number of inflamed joints with expression of VEGFA in classical monocytes and MSX2 in non-classical monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Seweryn
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7c Str., 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korkosz
- Department of Rheumatology and Balneology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Guła
- Department of Rheumatology and Balneology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Str., Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Gruca
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamila Wojnar-Lasoń
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Wołkow
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7c Str., 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland.
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Czepiel M, Stec M, Korkosz M, Guła Z, Błyszczuk P, Baran J, Siedlar M. Down-Regulation of Dkk-1 in Platelets of Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1831-1834. [PMID: 33779048 DOI: 10.1002/art.41739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a chronic autoinflammatory disease with new bone formation, which is controlled by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Dkk-1 is an inhibitor of the Wnt pathway, and in humans, platelets represent a major source of Dkk-1. This study was undertaken to investigate whether levels of Dkk-1 in serum and platelet expression of DKK1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and Dkk-1 protein are affected in patients with axial SpA compared to healthy controls. METHODS Forty-one patients with axial SpA and 35 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Total serum Dkk-1 levels in all patients and healthy controls were measured by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Platelet DKK1 mRNA was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 20 patients with axial SpA and 20 controls, and Dkk-1 protein levels were measured by immunoblotting in 20 patients with axial SpA and 18 controls. RESULTS We found a lower concentration of Dkk-1 in the serum from patients with axial SpA compared to the serum from healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the expression of Dkk-1 was significantly reduced both at the transcriptional level (P < 0.04) and at the protein level (P < 0.007) in platelets isolated from the blood of patients with axial SpA. CONCLUSION Our preliminary observations suggest that dysfunction of the megakaryocyte/platelet axis might be responsible for reduced serum Dkk-1 levels in patients with axial SpA. Dkk-1 is down-regulated in the platelets of patients with axial SpA, a mechanism that might play a role in new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korkosz
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zofia Guła
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Russell T, Watad A, Bridgewood C, Rowe H, Khan A, Rao A, Loughenbury P, Millner P, Dunsmuir R, Cuthbert R, Altaie A, Jones E, McGonagle D. IL-17A and TNF Modulate Normal Human Spinal Entheseal Bone and Soft Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis, Adipogenesis, and Stromal Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020341. [PMID: 33562025 PMCID: PMC7915379 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The spondylarthritides (SpA) are intimately linked to new bone formation and IL-17A and TNF pathways. We investigated spinal soft tissue and bone mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) responses to IL-17A and TNF, including their osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and stromal supportive function and ability to support lymphocyte recruitment. Methods: Normal spinal peri-entheseal bone (PEB) and entheseal soft tissue (EST) were characterized for MSCs by immunophenotypic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation criteria. Functional and gene transcriptomic analysis was carried out on undifferentiated, adipo- differentiated, and osteo-differentiated MSCs. The enthesis C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 20-C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 6 (CCL20-CCR6) axis was investigated at transcript and protein levels to ascertain whether entheseal MSCs influence local immune cell populations. Results: Cultured MSCs from both PEB and EST displayed a tri-lineage differentiation ability. EST MSCs exhibited 4.9-fold greater adipogenesis (p < 0.001) and a 3-fold lower osteogenic capacity (p < 0.05). IL-17A induced greater osteogenesis in PEB MSCs compared to EST MSCs. IL-17A suppressed adipogenic differentiation, with a significant decrease in fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), Cell Death Inducing DFFA Like Effector C (CIDEC), and Perilipin-1 (PLIN1). IL-17A significantly increased the CCL20 transcript (p < 0.01) and protein expression (p < 0.001) in MSCs supporting a role in type 17 lymphocyte recruitment. Conclusions: Normal spinal enthesis harbors resident MSCs with different in vitro functionalities in bone and soft tissue, especially in response to IL-17A, which enhanced osteogenesis and CCL20 production and reduced adipogenesis compared to unstimulated MSCs. This MSC-stromal-enthesis immune system may be a hitherto unappreciated mechanism of “fine tuning” tissue repair responses at the enthesis in health and could be relevant for SpA understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Russell
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Abdulla Watad
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine “B”, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Hannah Rowe
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Almas Khan
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK; (A.K.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Abhay Rao
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK; (A.K.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Peter Loughenbury
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK; (A.K.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Peter Millner
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK; (A.K.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Robert Dunsmuir
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK; (A.K.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (P.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Richard Cuthbert
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Ala Altaie
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK; (T.R.); (A.W.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)-113-392-4747
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