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Pearson Z, Hung V, Agarwal A, Stehlik K, Harris A, Ahiarakwe U, Best MJ. Does Reusable Instrumentation for Four-Anchor Rotator Cuff Repair Offer Decreased Waste Disposal Costs and Lower Waste-Related Carbon Emissions? J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2024:00124635-990000000-01013. [PMID: 38861714 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthopaedic surgery is culpable, in part, for the excessive carbon emissions in health care partly due to the utilization of disposable instrumentation in most procedures, such as rotator cuff repair (RCR). To address growing concerns about hospital waste, some have considered replacing disposable instrumentation with reusable instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost and carbon footprint of waste disposal of RCR kits that use disposable instrumentation compared with reusable instrumentation. METHODS The mass of the necessary materials and their packaging to complete a four-anchor RCR from four medical device companies that use disposable instrumentation and one that uses reusable instrumentation were recorded. Using the cost of medical waste disposal at our institution ($0.14 per kilogram) and reported values from the literature for carbon emissions produced from the low-temperature incineration of noninfectious waste (249 kgCO2e/t) and infectious waste (569 kgCO2e/t), we estimated the waste management cost and carbon footprint of waste disposal produced per RCR kit. RESULTS The disposable systems of four commercial medical device companies had 783%, 570%, 1,051%, and 478%, respectively, greater mass and waste costs when compared with the reusable system. The cost of waste disposal for the reusable instrumentation system costs on average $0.14 less than the disposable instrumentation systems. The estimated contribution to the overall carbon footprint produced from the disposal of a RCR kit that uses reusable instrumentation was on average 0.37 kg CO2e less than the disposable instrumentation systems. CONCLUSION According to our analysis, reusable instrumentation in four-anchor RCR leads to decreased waste and waste disposal costs and lower carbon emissions from waste disposal. Additional research should be done to assess the net benefit reusable systems may have on hospitals and the effect this may have on a long-term decrease in carbon footprint. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Pearson
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Pearson, Agarwal, Harris, Ahiarakwe, and Best), and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI (Hung, and Stehlik)
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Periferakis A, Periferakis AT, Troumpata L, Dragosloveanu S, Timofticiuc IA, Georgatos-Garcia S, Scheau AE, Periferakis K, Caruntu A, Badarau IA, Scheau C, Caruntu C. Use of Biomaterials in 3D Printing as a Solution to Microbial Infections in Arthroplasty and Osseous Reconstruction. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:154. [PMID: 38534839 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of microbial infections in orthopedic prosthetic surgeries is a perennial problem that increases morbidity and mortality, representing one of the major complications of such medical interventions. The emergence of novel technologies, especially 3D printing, represents a promising avenue of development for reducing the risk of such eventualities. There are already a host of biomaterials, suitable for 3D printing, that are being tested for antimicrobial properties when they are coated with bioactive compounds, such as antibiotics, or combined with hydrogels with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, such as chitosan and metal nanoparticles, among others. The materials discussed in the context of this paper comprise beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), hydroxyapatite, lithium disilicate glass, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), and zirconia. While the recent research results are promising, further development is required to address the increasing antibiotic resistance exhibited by several common pathogens, the potential for fungal infections, and the potential toxicity of some metal nanoparticles. Other solutions, like the incorporation of phytochemicals, should also be explored. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in the development of certain orthopedic implants and the potential use of AI against bacterial infections might represent viable solutions to these problems. Finally, there are some legal considerations associated with the use of biomaterials and the widespread use of 3D printing, which must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristodemos-Theodoros Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Lamprini Troumpata
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Dragosloveanu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Orthopaedics, "Foisor" Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iosif-Aliodor Timofticiuc
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Spyrangelos Georgatos-Garcia
- Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT), Tilburg University, 5037 DE Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Corvers Greece IKE, 15124 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantinos Periferakis
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P.), 17236 Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, "Foisor" Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, "Prof. N.C. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
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Constantinescu S, Niculescu AG, Hudiță A, Grumezescu V, Rădulescu D, Bîrcă AC, Dorcioman G, Gherasim O, Holban AM, Gălățeanu B, Vasile BȘ, Grumezescu AM, Bolocan A, Rădulescu R. Nanostructured Coatings Based on Graphene Oxide for the Management of Periprosthetic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2389. [PMID: 38397066 PMCID: PMC10889398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To modulate the bioactivity and boost the therapeutic outcome of implantable metallic devices, biodegradable coatings based on polylactide (PLA) and graphene oxide nanosheets (nGOs) loaded with Zinforo™ (Zin) have been proposed in this study as innovative alternatives for the local management of biofilm-associated periprosthetic infections. Using a modified Hummers protocol, high-purity and ultra-thin nGOs have been obtained, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations. The matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique has been successfully employed to obtain the PLA-nGO-Zin coatings. The stoichiometric and uniform transfer was revealed by infrared microscopy (IRM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. In vitro evaluation, performed on fresh blood samples, has shown the excellent hemocompatibility of PLA-nGO-Zin-coated samples (with a hemolytic index of 1.15%), together with their anti-inflammatory ability. Moreover, the PLA-nGO-Zin coatings significantly inhibited the development of mature bacterial biofilms, inducing important anti-biofilm efficiency in the as-coated samples. The herein-reported results evidence the promising potential of PLA-nGO-Zin coatings to be used for the biocompatible and antimicrobial surface modification of metallic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Constantinescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.C.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.H.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.)
| | - Ariana Hudiță
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.H.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (V.G.); (G.D.); (O.G.)
| | - Dragoș Rădulescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.C.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.)
| | - Gabriela Dorcioman
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (V.G.); (G.D.); (O.G.)
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (V.G.); (G.D.); (O.G.)
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.H.); (A.M.H.)
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, 77206 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Gălățeanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Ștefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.H.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.)
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.C.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Radu Rădulescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.C.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (R.R.)
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van Hengel IAJ, van Dijk B, Modaresifar K, Hooning van Duyvenbode JFF, Nurmohamed FRHA, Leeflang MA, Fluit AC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Apachitei I, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA. In Vivo Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria through Biofunctionalization of Additively Manufactured Porous Titanium. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:520. [PMID: 37888185 PMCID: PMC10607138 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) porous titanium implants may have an increased risk of implant-associated infection (IAI) due to their huge internal surfaces. However, the same surface, when biofunctionalized, can be used to prevent IAI. Here, we used a rat implant infection model to evaluate the biocompatibility and infection prevention performance of AM porous titanium against bioluminescent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The specimens were biofunctionalized with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Infection was initiated using either intramedullary injection in vivo or with in vitro inoculation of the implant prior to implantation. Nontreated (NT) implants were compared with PEO-treated implants with Ag NPs (PT-Ag), without Ag NPs (PT) and infection without an implant. After 7 days, the bacterial load and bone morphological changes were evaluated. When infection was initiated through in vivo injection, the presence of the implant did not enhance the infection, indicating that this technique may not assess the prevention but rather the treatment of IAIs. Following in vitro inoculation, the bacterial load on the implant and in the peri-implant bony tissue was reduced by over 90% for the PT-Ag implants compared to the PT and NT implants. All infected groups had enhanced osteomyelitis scores compared to the noninfected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Aeneas Jan van Hengel
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Bruce van Dijk
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Khashayar Modaresifar
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
| | | | | | - Marius Alexander Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Adriaan Camille Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy Elena Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Iulian Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Abbas Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands (I.A.); (H.W.); (A.A.Z.)
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McNamee C, Rakovac A, Cawley DT. Sustainable surgical practices: A comprehensive approach to reducing environmental impact. Surgeon 2023:S1479-666X(23)00093-8. [PMID: 37718181 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the environmental impact of surgical procedures and highlights potential strategies to reduce the associated greenhouse gas emissions. We discuss procurement, waste management, and energy consumption, providing examples of successful interventions in each area. We also emphasize the importance of adopting the Green Theatre Checklist as a useful tool for clinicians aiming to implement sustainable surgical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNamee
- University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ana Rakovac
- Irish Doctors for the Environment, Ireland; Laboratory Medicine Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Derek T Cawley
- Mater Private Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland; Irish Doctors for the Environment, Ireland; Dept of Surgery, University of Galway, Ireland
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Calò PG, Catena F, Corsaro D, Costantini L, Falez F, Moretti B, Parrinello V, Romanini E, Spinarelli A, Venneri F, Vaccaro G. Guidelines for improvement of the procedural aspects of devices and surgical instruments in the operating theatre. Front Surg 2023; 10:1183950. [PMID: 37389104 PMCID: PMC10303800 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1183950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical site infections are a major complication for patients undergoing surgical treatment and a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. Many international guidelines suggest measures for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSI) in perioperative processes and the decontamination of surgical devices and instruments. This document proposes guidelines for improving the perioperative setting in view of the devices and instrumentation required for surgical procedures, aiming to reduce contamination rates and improve clinical performance and management for patients undergoing surgical treatment. This document is intended for doctors, nurses and other practitioners involved in operating theatre procedures, resource management and clinical risk assessment processes, and the procurement, organisation, sterilisation and reprocessing of surgical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Calò
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- General Multi-Specialist Surgery, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F. Catena
- Unit of Emergency Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - D. Corsaro
- International Research Department, BHAVE, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Costantini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Community Medicine and Primary Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F. Falez
- Multi-Specialist Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Santo Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - B. Moretti
- Multi-Specialist Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Polyclinic University Hospital Consortium, Bari, Italy
| | - V. Parrinello
- Quality and Clinical Risk Unit, University Hospital “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - E. Romanini
- Guidelines Commission of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SIOT, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Spinarelli
- Multi-Specialist Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Polyclinic University Hospital Consortium, Bari, Italy
| | - F. Venneri
- Clinical Risk Unit and Surgical Emergency, Florence Health Authority, Florence, Italy
| | - G. Vaccaro
- Social, Epidemiological and Outcome Research, BHAVE, Rome, Italy
- Education and Health Promotion, Catania Provincial Health Authority, Catania, Italy
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McNamee C, Rakovac A, Cawley DT. The Environmental Impact of Spine Surgery and the Path to Sustainability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2023; 48:545-551. [PMID: 36580585 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Narrative literature review. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review published literature discussing sustainable health care and to identify aspects that pertain to spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In recent years, research has investigated the contribution of surgical specialties to climate change. To our knowledge, no article has yet been published discussing the impact specific to spinal procedures and possible mitigation strategies. METHODS A literature search was performed for the present study on relevant terms across four electronic databases. References of included studies were also investigated. RESULTS Spine surgery has a growing environmental impact. Investigations of analogous specialties find that procurement is the single largest source of emissions. Carbon-conscious procurement strategies will be needed to mitigate this fully, but clinicians can best reduce their impact by adopting a minimalist approach when using surgical items. Reduced wastage of disposable goods and increased recycling are beneficial. Technology can aid remote access to clinicians, and also enable patient education. CONCLUSIONS Spine-surgery-specific research is warranted to evaluate its carbon footprint. A broad range of measures is recommended from preventative medicine to preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative spine care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNamee
- University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ana Rakovac
- Irish Doctors for the Environment
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek T Cawley
- Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Irish Doctors for the Environment
- Department of Surgery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Tarabichi S, Parvizi J. Prevention of surgical site infection: a ten-step approach. ARTHROPLASTY 2023; 5:21. [PMID: 37029444 PMCID: PMC10082525 DOI: 10.1186/s42836-023-00174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery. Similarly, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), is a major cause of failure after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). As the annual volume of TJA procedures is projected to rise, so will the rate of subsequent SSI and PJI. Currently, prevention has been identified as the single most important strategy for combating SSI/PJI. Hence, the present article will serve as a summary of an evidence-based ten-step approach for SSI/PJI prevention that may help orthopedic surgeons with their infection prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Tarabichi
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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Sharma N, Zubizarreta-Oteiza J, Tourbier C, Thieringer FM. Can Steam Sterilization Affect the Accuracy of Point-of-Care 3D Printed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Customized Cranial Implants? An Investigative Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072495. [PMID: 37048579 PMCID: PMC10094830 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become the biomaterial of choice for repairing craniofacial defects over time. Prospects for the point-of-care (POC) fabrication of PEEK customized implants have surfaced thanks to the developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing systems. Consequently, it has become essential to investigate the characteristics of these in-house fabricated implants so that they meet the necessary standards and eventually provide the intended clinical benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the steam sterilization method on the dimensional accuracy of POC 3D-printed PEEK customized cranial implants. The objective was to assess the influence of standard sterilization procedures on material extrusion-based 3D-printed PEEK customized implants with non-destructive material testing. Fifteen PEEK customized cranial implants were fabricated using an in-house material extrusion-based 3D printer. After fabrication, the cranial implants were digitalized with a professional-grade optical scanner before and after sterilization. The dimensional changes for the 3D-printed PEEK cranial implants were analyzed using medically certified 3D image-based engineering software. The material extrusion 3D-printed PEEK customized cranial implants displayed no statistically significant dimensional difference with steam sterilization (p > 0.05). Evaluation of the cranial implants’ accuracy revealed that the dimensions were within the clinically acceptable accuracy level with deviations under 1.00 mm. Steam sterilization does not significantly alter the dimensional accuracy of the in-house 3D-printed PEEK customized cranial implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jokin Zubizarreta-Oteiza
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Céline Tourbier
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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10
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Calò P, Catena F, Corsaro D, Costantini L, Falez F, Moretti B, Parrinello V, Romanini E, Spinarelli A, Vaccaro G, Venneri F. Optimisation of perioperative procedural factors to reduce the risk of surgical site infection in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review. DISCOVER HEALTH SYSTEMS 2023; 2:6. [PMID: 37520513 PMCID: PMC9924866 DOI: 10.1007/s44250-023-00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Surgical site infections (SSI) are the leading cause of hospital readmission after surgical procedures with significant impact on post-operative morbidity and mortality. Modifiable risk factors for SSI include procedural aspects, which include the possibility of instrument contamination, the duration of the operation, the number of people present and the traffic in the room and the ventilation system of the operating theatre.The aim of this systematic review was to provide literature evidence on the relationship between features of surgical procedure sets and the frequency of SSI in patients undergoing surgical treatment, and to analyse how time frames of perioperative processes and operating theatre traffic vary in relation to the features of the procedure sets use, in order tooptimise infection control in OT. The results of the systematic review brought to light observational studies that can be divided into two categories: evidence of purely clinical significance and evidence of mainly organisational, managerial and financial significance. These two systems are largely interconnected, and reciprocally influence each other. The decision to use disposable devices and instruments has been accompanied by a lower incidence in surgical site infections and surgical revisions for remediation. A concomitant reduction in post-operative functional recovery time has also been observed. Also, the rationalisation of traditional surgical sets has also been observed in conjunction with outcomes of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Calò
- University Teaching Hospital of Cagliari and Surgical Department at University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F. Catena
- Department General and Emergency Surgery at Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - D. Corsaro
- International Research at BHAVE, Via GiambattistaVico 1, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Costantini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Community Medicine and Primary Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F. Falez
- Department of Orthopaedics ASL Roma 1 and Director UOC Orthopaedics Hospital San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy
| | - B. Moretti
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Complex Operative Unit, University Teaching Hospital of Bari Polyclinic, Bari, Italy
| | - V. Parrinello
- Operative Unit of Quality and Clinical Risk Manager at “G.Rodolico-San Marco” University Teaching Hospital in Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - E. Romanini
- SIOT Guidelines Commission, Rome, Italy
- Complex Operative Unit of Orthopedics and Traumatology at University Teaching Hospital of Bari Polyclinic, Bari, Italy
| | - A. Spinarelli
- Operative Unit of Orthopedics and Traumatology at University Teaching Hospital of Bari Polyclinic, Bari, Italy
| | - G. Vaccaro
- Social, Epidemiological and Outcome Research at BHAVE, Via Giambattista Vico 1, 00196 Rome, Italy
- Sociologist UO Education and Health Promotion, Asp Catania, Via Santa Maria la Grande 5, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - F. Venneri
- Simple Structure Clinical Risk and Surgical Emergency in Florence, Florence, Italy
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11
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Wellington IJ, Schneider TJ, Hawthorne BC, McCarthy MB, Stelzer JW, Connors JP, Dorsey C, Williams V, Lindsay A, Solovyova O. Prevalence of Bacterial Burden on Macroscopic Contaminants of Orthopaedic Surgical Instruments Following Sterilization. J Hosp Infect 2022; 130:52-55. [PMID: 36087803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroscopic contamination of orthopaedic instruments with particulates, including cortical bone and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement, having previously undergone preoperative sterilization, is frequently encountered peri- or intraoperatively, calling into question the sterility of such instruments. AIM The purpose of this study is to determine if macroscopic contaminants of orthopaedic surgical instrumentation maintain a bacterial burden following sterile processing. Additionally, this manuscript looks to determine the most commonly contaminated instruments and what the most common contaminants are. METHODS At a single tertiary referral centre, we prospectively collected available macroscopic contaminants in orthopaedic instrument trays over a six month period from August 2021 to May 2022. When identified, these specimens were swabbed and plated on sheep blood agar. All specimens were incubated at 37°C for 14 days, and visually inspected for colony formation. When bacterial colony formation was identified, samples were sent for species identification. RESULTS A total of 33 contaminants were tested, with only one contaminant growing bacterial colonies which was found to be Corynebacterium. The items most commonly found to have macroscopic contamination were surgical trays (9) and cannulated drills. The identifiable contaminants were bone (10), PMMA bone cement (4), and hair (4). There were 11 macroscopic contaminants that were not identifiable. CONCLUSION This study found that 97% of macroscopic orthopaedic surgical instrument contaminants that underwent sterile processing did not possess a bacterial burden. Contaminants discovered during a procedure are likely to be sterile and do not pose a substantially increased risk of infection to a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wellington
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032.
| | - Thomas J Schneider
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Benjamin C Hawthorne
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Mary Beth McCarthy
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - John W Stelzer
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - John P Connors
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Caitlin Dorsey
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Vincent Williams
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Adam Lindsay
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
| | - Olga Solovyova
- University of Connecticut Department of Orthopedics, 120 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT, 06032
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12
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Singh D, Zhang R, Hori KH, Parsa FD. Is Iatrogenic Implant Contamination Preventable Using a 16-Step No-Touch Protocol? EPLASTY 2022; 22:e38. [PMID: 36160667 PMCID: PMC9490878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative contamination of the surgical field during aesthetic breast augmentation may lead to implant infection with devastating consequences. This study covers a period of 30 years and is divided into 2 phases: a retrospective phase from 1992-2004 when a standard approach was used and a prospective phase from 2004-2022 when a no-touch approach was implemented to avoid contamination. METHODS Patients in the standard and no-touch groups underwent aesthetic breast augmentation by the same senior surgeon (FDP) in the same outpatient surgical facility during the 30-year period of the study. Patients are divided into 2 groups: from 1992-2004 and from the implementation of the no-touch protocol in 2004-2022. RESULTS Patients who underwent breast augmentation using the no-touch approach developed no infections, whereas the standard group had an infection rate of 3.54% (P = .017). The validity of this finding is discussed. CONCLUSIONS The no-touch approach as described in this article was effective in reducing implant infection rate when performing aesthetic breast augmentation by 1 surgeon at 1 surgical center during an 18-year observation period. Multicenter prospective cooperative studies are necessary to validate perioperative iatrogenic contamination as the cause of implant infection and to explore optimal approaches that could eliminate implant contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Singh
- University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Fereydoun D Parsa
- Plastic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine. Honolulu, HI
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13
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Karczewski D, Schnake KJ, Osterhoff G, Spiegl U, Scheyerer MJ, Ullrich B, Pumberger M. Postoperative Spinal Implant Infections (PSII)-A Systematic Review: What Do We Know So Far and What is Critical About It? Global Spine J 2022; 12:1231-1246. [PMID: 34151619 PMCID: PMC9210225 DOI: 10.1177/21925682211024198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVES Postoperative spinal implant infections (PSII) are an increasing challenge in the daily clinical routine. This review summarizes existing knowledge in the field of PSII, including definitions, epidemiology, classifications, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. METHODS A systematic review was performed using a structured PubMed analysis, based on the PRISMA criteria. The search terminology was set as: "spinal implant associated infection OR spinal implant infection OR spinal instrumentation infection OR peri spinal implant infection." PubMed search was limited to the categories randomized controlled trials (RCT), clinical trials, meta-analysis and (systematic) reviews, whereas case reports were excluded. Studies from January 2000 to December 2020 were considered eligible. A total of 572 studies were identified, 82 references included for qualitative synthesis, and 19 for detailed sub analysis (12 meta-analysis, 7 prospective RCT). RESULTS Structural problems in the field of PSII were revealed, including (1) limited level of evidence in clinical studies (missing prospective RCT, metanalyzes), (2) small patient numbers, (3) missing standardized definitions, (4) heterogeneity in patient groups, and (5) redundancy in cited literature. CONCLUSION Evidence-based knowledge about spinal implant-associated infections is lacking. All involved medical fields should come together to define the term PSII and to combine their approaches toward research, training, and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Karczewski
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charité–Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Daniel Karczewski, Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus J. Schnake
- Center for Spinal and Scoliosis Surgery, Malteser Waldkrankenhaus St. Marien, Erlangen, Germany,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Georg Osterhoff
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spiegl
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max J. Scheyerer
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ullrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Clinic Bergmannstrost, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charité–Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Caous JS, Malchau KS, Petzold M, Fridell Y, Malchau H, Ahlstrom L, Grant P, Andersson AE. Instrument tables equipped with local unidirectional airflow units reduce bacterial contamination during orthopedic implant surgery in an operating room with a displacement ventilation system. Infect Prev Pract 2022; 4:100222. [PMID: 35722048 PMCID: PMC9198428 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2022.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airborne bacteria present in the operating room may be a cause of surgical site infection, either contaminating the surgical wound directly, or indirectly via e.g. surgical instruments. The aim of this study was to evaluate if instrument and assistant tables equipped with local unidirectional airflow reduce bacterial contamination of the instrument area to ultra clean levels, during orthopedic implant surgery in an operating room with displacement ventilation. Methods Local airflow units of instrument and assistant tables were either active or inactive. Colony forming units were sampled intraoperatively from the air above the instruments and from instrument dummies. A minimum of three air samples and two-three samples from instrument dummies were taken during each surgery. Samples were incubated on agar for total aerobic bacterial count. The mean air and instrument contamination during each surgery was calculated and used to analyze the difference in contamination depending on use of local airflow or not. All procedures were performed in the same OR. Results 188 air and 124 instrument samples were collected during 48 orthopedic implant procedures. Analysis showed that local unidirectional airflow above the surgical instruments significantly reduced the bacterial count in the air above assistant table (P<0.001) and instrument table (P=0.002), as well as on the instrument dummies from the assistant table (P=0.001). Conclusions Instrumentation tables equipped with local unidirectional airflow protect the surgical instruments from bacterial contamination during orthopedic implant surgery and may therefore reduce the risk of indirect wound contamination.
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15
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Bright R, Fernandes D, Wood J, Palms D, Burzava A, Ninan N, Brown T, Barker D, Vasilev K. Long-term antibacterial properties of a nanostructured titanium alloy surface: An in vitro study. Mater Today Bio 2021; 13:100176. [PMID: 34938990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for joint replacement and other orthopedic surgeries involving titanium implants is continuously increasing; however, 1%-2% of surgeries result in costly and devastating implant associated infections (IAIs). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common pathogens known to colonise implants, leading to serious complications. Bioinspired surfaces with spike-like nanotopography have previously been shown to kill bacteria upon contact; however, the longer-term potential of such surfaces to prevent or delay biofilm formation is unclear. Hence, we monitored biofilm formation on control and nanostructured titanium disc surfaces over 21 days following inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. We found a consistent 2-log or higher reduction in live bacteria throughout the time course for both bacteria. The biovolume on nanostructured discs was also significantly lower than control discs at all time points for both bacteria. Analysis of the biovolume revealed that for the nanostructured surface, bacteria was killed not just on the surface, but at locations above the surface. Interestingly, pockets of bacterial regrowth on top of the biomass occurred in both bacterial species, however this was more pronounced for S. aureus cultures after 21 days. We found that the nanostructured surface showed antibacterial properties throughout this longitudinal study. To our knowledge this is the first in vitro study to show reduction in the viability of bacterial colonisation on a nanostructured surface over a clinically relevant time frame, providing potential to reduce the likelihood of implant associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bright
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wood
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Palms
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anouck Burzava
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neethu Ninan
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toby Brown
- Corin Australia, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
| | - Dan Barker
- Corin Australia, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Bright R, Hayles A, Fernandes D, Visalakshan RM, Ninan N, Palms D, Burzava A, Barker D, Brown T, Vasilev K. In Vitro Bactericidal Efficacy of Nanostructured Ti6Al4V Surfaces is Bacterial Load Dependent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38007-38017. [PMID: 34374279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand for medical implants globally has increased significantly due to an aging population amongst other reasons. Despite the overall increase in the survivorship of Ti6Al4V implants, implant infection rates are increasing due to factors such as diabetes, obesity, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Two commonly found bacteria implicated in implant infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on prior work that showed nanostructured surfaces might have potential in passively killing these bacterial species, we developed a hierarchical, hydrothermally etched, nanostructured titanium surface. To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of this surface, etched and as-received surfaces were inoculated with S. aureus or P. aeruginosa at concentrations ranging from 102 to 109 colony-forming units per disc. Live/dead staining revealed there was a 60% decrease in viability for S. aureus and greater than a 98% decrease for P. aeruginosa on etched surfaces at the lowest inoculum of 102 CFU/disc, when compared to the control surface. Bactericidal efficiency decreased with increasing bacterial concentrations in a stepwise manner, with decreases in bacterial viability noted for S. aureus above 105 CFU/disc and above 106 CFU/disc for P. aeruginosa. Surprisingly, biofilm depth analysis revealed a decrease in bacterial viability in the 2 μm layer furthest from the nanostructured surface. The nanostructured Ti6Al4V surface developed here holds the potential to reduce the rate of implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bright
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayles
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Rahul M Visalakshan
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Neethu Ninan
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Dennis Palms
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Anouck Burzava
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Dan Barker
- Corin Australia, Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153, Australia
| | - Toby Brown
- Corin Australia, Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
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