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Dulchavsky M, Mitra R, Wu K, Li J, Boer K, Liu X, Zhang Z, Vasquez C, Clark CT, Funckes K, Shankar K, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Siddiq M, Sepulveda Y, Suhandynata RT, Momper JD, Calabrese AN, George O, Stull F, Bardwell JCA. Directed evolution unlocks oxygen reactivity for a nicotine-degrading flavoenzyme. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1406-1414. [PMID: 37770699 PMCID: PMC10611581 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The flavoenzyme nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) is a promising injectable treatment to aid in the cessation of smoking, a behavior responsible for one in ten deaths worldwide. NicA2 acts by degrading nicotine in the bloodstream before it reaches the brain. Clinical use of NicA2 is limited by its poor catalytic activity in the absence of its natural electron acceptor CycN. Without CycN, NicA2 is instead oxidized slowly by dioxygen (O2), necessitating unfeasibly large doses in a therapeutic setting. Here, we report a genetic selection strategy that directly links CycN-independent activity of NicA2 to growth of Pseudomonas putida S16. This selection enabled us to evolve NicA2 variants with substantial improvement in their rate of oxidation by O2. The encoded mutations cluster around a putative O2 tunnel, increasing flexibility and accessibility to O2 in this region. These mutations further confer desirable clinical properties. A variant form of NicA2 is tenfold more effective than the wild type at degrading nicotine in the bloodstream of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dulchavsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rishav Mitra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karli Boer
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhiyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Cristian Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | | | - Kaitrin Funckes
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Kokila Shankar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Selene Bonnet-Zahedi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Siddiq
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yadira Sepulveda
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raymond T Suhandynata
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, S chool of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Frederick Stull
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - James C A Bardwell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Zhang K, Yin M, Lei S, Zhang H, Yin X, Niu Q. Bacillus sp. YC7 from intestines of Lasioderma serricorne degrades nicotine due to nicotine dehydrogenase. AMB Express 2023; 13:87. [PMID: 37603100 PMCID: PMC10441963 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nicotine-containing wastes produced during the tobacco manufacturing process are seriously harmful to the environment and human health. The degradation and transformation of nicotine-containing environmental contaminants to harmless substances has become an urgent requirement. Lasioderma serricorne can grow and reproduce in nicotine-rich sources, and their intestinal microbiota show promising potential to degrade and utilize nicotine. The purpose of this study is to screen and identify nicotine-degrading bacteria from the intestines of L. serricorne and explore their degradation characteristics. A dominant strain, YC7, with significant nicotine degradation capabilities was isolated from the intestines of L. serricorne. The strain was identified as Bacillus using a polyphasic approach. The test results showed it can produce multiple enzymes that include β-glucosidase, cellulase, proteases, and amylases. The nicotine-degrading bacteria were functionally annotated using databases. Nicotine dehydrogenase (NDH) was found by combining an activity tracking test and protein mass spectrometry analysis. The YC-7 NDH in the pathway was molecularly docked and functionally verified via the gene knockdown method. The binding ability of nicotine to nicotine-degrading enzymes was investigated using molecular docking. A high-efficiency nicotine-degrading bacteria, YC-7, was isolated and screened from tobacco, and the gene functions related to degradation were verified. This investigation provides a new hypothesis for screening nicotine-degrading bacteria and increases our knowledge of potential nicotine-degrading microbial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, 90 Wangcheng Road, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Mingshen Yin
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Shengwei Lei
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China
| | - Qiuhong Niu
- College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, China.
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3
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Vavilis T, Stamoula E, Sachinidis A, Lamprinou M, Dardalas I, Papazisis G. Biopharmaceuticals against substance use disorders - Present and future. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175587. [PMID: 36775113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pharmacological treatments available for substance use disorder (SUD) focus on pharmacodynamics, agonizing or antagonizing the drug of abuse (DOA) on receptor level. Drawbacks of this approach include the reliance on long-term patient compliance, on-target off-site effects, perpetuation of addiction and unavailability for many DOAs. Newer, pharmacokinetic approaches are needed that restrict DOA's access to the brain or disrupt DOA-instated brain changes maintaining addiction. Biotechnology might be able to provide the right biopharmaceutical tools to deliver a fine-tuned solution with less side effects compared to currently available treatments. METHODS This review examines the available literature on biopharmaceuticals developed to treat SUD. RESULTS Active and passive immunization, metabolic enhancers that augment DOA metabolism and clearance, as well as genetic/epigenetic modulation are promising next generation SUD treatments. Active immunization relies on production of antidrug antibodies by means of vaccination, while passive immunization constitutes of exogenous administration of such antibodies. Metabolic enhancers include drug-specific metabolizing enzymes that can be administered or secreted by modified skin grafts, as well as catalytic antibodies that hasten DOA metabolism. Nanotechnological advances can also allow for brain delivery of siRNAs, mRNAs or DNA in order to modulate central, common in all addictions, genetic or epigenetic targets attenuating drug seeking behavior and reversing drug-induced brain changes. CONCLUSIONS and Scientific Significance: Biopharmaceuticals can in the future complement or even replace traditional pharmacodynamics approaches in SUD treatment. While passive and active immunization biopharmaceuticals have entered human clinical trials, metabolic enhancers and genetic approaches are at the preclinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofanis Vavilis
- Laboratory of Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, 2404, Cyprus.
| | - Eleni Stamoula
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Sachinidis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Malamatenia Lamprinou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dardalas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Papazisis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Clinical Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (SUBRE), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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Hossain MK, Davidson M, Kypreos E, Feehan J, Muir JA, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111778. [PMID: 36366287 PMCID: PMC9697687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are a serious public health concern globally. Existing treatment platforms suffer from a lack of effectiveness. The development of immunotherapies against these substances of abuse for both prophylactic and therapeutic use has gained tremendous importance as an alternative and/or supplementary to existing therapies. Significant development has been made in this area over the last few decades. Herein, we highlight the vaccine and other biologics development strategies, preclinical, clinical updates along with challenges and future directions. Articles were searched in PubMed, ClinicalTrial.gov, and google electronic databases relevant to development, preclinical, clinical trials of nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid vaccines. Various new emerging vaccine development strategies for SUD were also identified through this search and discussed. A good number of vaccine candidates demonstrated promising results in preclinical and clinical phases and support the concept of developing a vaccine for SUD. However, there have been no ultimate success as yet, and there remain some challenges with a massive push to take more candidates to clinical trials for further evaluation to break the bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Erica Kypreos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Joshua Alexander Muir
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zhang Z, Mei X, He Z, Xie X, Yang Y, Mei C, Xue D, Hu T, Shu M, Zhong W. Nicotine metabolism pathway in bacteria: mechanism, modification, and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:889-904. [PMID: 35072735 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a harmful pollutant mainly from the waste of tobacco factories. It is necessary to remove nicotine via high efficient strategies such as bioremediation. So far, an increasing number of nicotine degrading strains have been isolated. However, their degrading efficiency and tolerance to high content nicotine is still not high enough for application in real environment. Thus, the modification of nicotine metabolism pathway is obligated and requires comprehensive molecular insights into whole cell metabolism of nicotine degrading strains. Obviously, the development of multi-omics technology has accelerated the mechanism study on microbial degradation of nicotine and supplied more novel strategy of strains modification. So far, three pathways of nicotine degradation, pyridine pathway, pyrrolidine pathway, and the variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway (VPP pathway), have been clearly identified in bacteria. Muti-omics analysis further revealed specific genome architecture, regulation mechanism, and specific genes or enzymes of three pathways, in different strains. Especially, muti-omics analysis revealed that functional modules coexisted in different genome loci and played additional roles on enhanced degradation efficiency in bacteria. Based on the above discovery, genomic editing strategy becomes more feasible to greatly improve bacterial degrading efficiency of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeling Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Mei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziliang He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiya Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengyu Mei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xue
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Improving the kinetic parameters of nicotine oxidizing enzymes by homologous structure comparison and rational design. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 718:109122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Dulchavsky M, Clark CT, Bardwell JCA, Stull F. A cytochrome c is the natural electron acceptor for nicotine oxidoreductase. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:344-350. [PMID: 33432238 PMCID: PMC7904663 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2), a member of the flavin-containing amine oxidase family, is of medical relevance as it shows potential as a therapeutic to aid cessation of smoking due to its ability to oxidize nicotine into a non-psychoactive metabolite. However, the use of NicA2 in this capacity is stymied by its dismal O2-dependent activity. Unlike other enzymes in the amine oxidase family, NicA2 reacts very slowly with O2, severely limiting its nicotine-degrading activity. Instead of using O2 as an oxidant, we discovered that NicA2 donates electrons to a cytochrome c, which means that NicA2 is actually a dehydrogenase. This is surprising, as enzymes of the flavin-containing amine oxidase family were invariably thought to use O2 as an electron acceptor. Our findings establish new perspectives for engineering this potentially useful therapeutic and prompt a reconsideration of the term 'oxidase' in referring to members of the flavin-containing amine 'oxidase' family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dulchavsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - James C. A. Bardwell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA., or
| | - Frederick Stull
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA., or
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8
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Wang Z, Xie Q, Zhou H, Zhang M, Shen J, Ju D. Amino Acid Degrading Enzymes and Autophagy in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:582587. [PMID: 33510635 PMCID: PMC7836011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.582587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in metabolic therapy for cancer, particularly in amino acid deprivation by enzymes. L-asparaginase was approved for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Arginine deiminase and recombinant human arginase have been developed into clinical trials as potential cancer therapeutic agents for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors. Moreover, other novel amino acid degrading enzymes, such as glutaminase, methionase, lysine oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, have been developed for the treatment of malignant cancers. One of the greatest obstacles faced by anticancer drugs is the development of drug resistance, which is reported to be associated with autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that is responsible for the degradation of dysfunctional proteins and organelles. There is a growing body of literature revealing that, in response to metabolism stress, autophagy could be induced by amino acid deprivation. The manipulation of autophagy in combination with amino acid degrading enzymes is actively being investigated as a potential therapeutic approach in preclinical studies. Importantly, shedding light on how autophagy fuels tumor metabolism during amino acid deprivation will enable more potential combinational therapeutic strategies. This study summarizes recent advances, discussing several potential anticancer enzymes, and highlighting the promising combined therapeutic strategy of amino acid degrading enzymes and autophagy modulators in tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghong Xie
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li J, Shen M, Chen Z, Pan F, Yang Y, Shu M, Chen G, Jiao Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Zhong W. Expression and functional identification of two homologous nicotine dehydrogenases, NicA2 and Nox, from Pseudomonas sp. JY-Q. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 178:105767. [PMID: 32987121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine contamination in tobacco waste effluent (TWE) from tobacco industry is a serious threat to public health and environment. Microbial degradation is an impending approach to remove nicotine and transform it into some other high value chemicals. Pseudomonas sp. JY-Q exhibits high efficiency of degradation, which can degrade 5 g/L of nicotine within 24 h. In strain JY-Q, we found the co-occurrence of two homologous key enzymes NicA2 and Nox, which catalyze nicotine to N-methylmyosmine, and then to pseudooxylnicotine via simultaneous hydrolysis. In this study, recombinant NicA2 and Nox were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified. In vitro, the activity of recombinant NicA2 and Nox was accelerated by adding co-factor NAD+, suggesting that they worked as dehydrogenases. The optimal reaction conditions, substrate affinity, catabolism efficiency, pH-stability and thermal-stability were determined. Nox showed lower efficiency, but at a higher stability level than NicA2. Nox exhibited wider pH range and higher temperature as optimal conditions for the enzymatic reaction. In addition, The Nox showed higher thermo-stability and acid-stability than that of NicA2. The study on enzymatic reaction kinetics showed that Nox had a lower Km and higher substrate affinity than NicA2. These results suggest that Nox plays more significant role than NicA2 in nicotine degradation in TWE, which usually is processed at low pH (4-5) and high temperature (above 40 °C). Genetic engineering is required to enhance the affinity and suitability of NicA2 for an increased additive effect on homologous NicA2 and Nox in strain JY-Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Mingjie Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Fanda Pan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Ming Shu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Technology Center, Hangzhou Liqun Environmental Protection Paper Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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10
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Smith LC, George O. Advances in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: Non-nicotinic approaches in animal models. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108225. [PMID: 32758566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of worldwide tobacco use is changing, with a decrease in traditional smoking and an exponential rise in electronic cigarette use. No new nicotine cessation pharmacotherapies have come to market in the last 10 years. The current therapies that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for nicotine cessation include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, and the atypical antidepressant bupropion. Nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline both act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bupropion inhibits the dopamine transporter, the norepinephrine transporter, and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to inhibit smoking behavior. Notwithstanding these treatments, rates of successful nicotine cessation in clinical trials remain low. Recent pharmacological approaches to improve nicotine cessation rates in animal models have turned their focus away from activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The present review focuses on such pharmacological approaches, including nicotine vaccines, anti-nicotine antibodies, nicotine-degrading enzymes, cannabinoids, and metformin. Both immunopharmacological and enzymatic approaches rely on restricting and degrading nicotine within the periphery, thus preventing psychoactive effects of nicotine on the central nervous system. In contrast, pharmacologic inhibition of the enzymes which degrade nicotine could affect smoking behavior. Cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists interact with the dopamine reward pathway and show efficacy in reducing nicotine addiction-like behaviors in preclinical studies. Metformin is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of diabetes. It activates specific intracellular kinases that may protect against the lower metabolism, higher oxidation, and inflammation that are associated with nicotine withdrawal. Further studies are needed to investigate non-nicotinic targets to improve the treatment of tobacco use disorder. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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