Higher serum 25(OH)D level is associated with decreased risk of impairment of glucose homeostasis: data from Southwest China

Inverse association of triglyceride-glucose and triglyceride/HDL-c indexes with serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in US adults

The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio (TG/HDL-c) are novel indicators for assessing insulin resistance (IR) in epidemiological studies. This study aimed to evaluate the association between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and these two indicators in the adult population of the United States. 14,380 participants aged 20 years and older were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the association between 25(OH)D and TyG, as well as TG/HDL-c. Smooth fitting curves were employed to identify potential non-linear relationships between 25(OH)D, TyG, and TG/HDL-c. The findings revealed a negative association between 25(OH)D and TyG, with the effect being more pronounced in males and individuals with diabetes (p < 0.01). Similarly, 25(OH)D was negatively associated with TG/HDL-c, with a stronger impact observed in males compared to females. The study population was divided into four quartiles based on 25(OH)D concentration, and TyG and TG/HDL-c levels in Q3 and Q4 were lower than those in Q1. Furthermore, a non-linear relationship was observed between 25(OH)D and TyG, with an inflection point at 19.352 ng/mL. A non-linear relationship was also found between TG/HDL-c and 25(OH)D, with an inflection point at 37.211 ng/mL. 25(OH)D is an independent factor significantly associated with TyG and TG/HDL-c indexes. This negative association may be related to the role of 25(OH)D in insulin resistance.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between serum vitamin D and continuous metabolic syndrome score among children and adolescents: roles of levels of inflammation in peripheral blood

BACKGROUND

Serum vitamin D deficiency is intricately linked to metabolic disorders, however, evidence on its association with continuous metabolic risk in children and adolescents remains insufficient. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and continuous metabolic risk.

METHODS

The cross-sectional analysis involved 4490 participants aged 6 ~ 18, and the longitudinal investigation included 1398 individuals aged 6 ~ 12 years. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Continuous Metabolic syndrome risk score (CMSRS), incorporating waist, blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and glucose metabolism as four components, utilizes age- and gender-specific Z scores to evaluate metabolic risk. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to visualize dose-response relationships and generalized linear models (GLM) were used to estimate potential associations. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediating role of levels of Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).

RESULTS

The RCS indicated a negative linear association between serum 25(OH)D levels and CMSRS (P-overall = 0.0066, P-nonlinear = 0.1393). GLM revealed that compared to Q1, with the quartiles of serum 25(OH)D concentrations increase, the β value ranged from 0.028 (95% CI: - 0.093, 0.037) to 0.001(95%CI: - 0.067, 0.069), and then to -0.074 (95%CI: -0.146, -0.003, P for trend = 0.0659). For every 10 ng/mL increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration corresponded to the β value change -0.058 (95%CI: -0.098, -0.017). This association was more pronounced in younger or overweight/obese individuals. Furthermore, in the longitudinal study, as the baseline quartile of serum 25(OH)D concentration increased, the estimated change of subsequent CMSRS indicated a decreasing trend, ranging from -0.085 (95%CI: -0.203, 0.032) to -0.166 (95%CI: - 0.285, - 0.046), and then to - 0.174 (95%CI: - 0.296, -0.053, P for trend = 0.0031). The mediating proportion of levels of NLR was 7.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher serum 25(OH)D concentration is significantly associated with reduced CMSRS in children and adolescents, and adequate serum vitamin D levels play a prominent role in preventing long-term metabolic disorders, partly meditating by inflammation in peripheral blood.

Associations of Serum Total 25OHD, 25OHD3, and epi-25OHD3 with Insulin Resistance: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2016

Background: Vitamin D may have a role in insulin sensitivity. However, the data on the association between various metabolites of Vitamin D and insulin-related parameters have been limited. Methods: We identified 6026 adults aged 20–80 years who participated in the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum total 25OHD, 25OHD3, and epi-25OHD3, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA2-IR were obtained from the NHANES data. The association between serum Vitamin D-related values and insulin resistance was analyzed using a generalized linear model. For risk analysis, multifactorial logistic regression was used. Results: The median total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level, and 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level were 62.5 nmol/L, 58.8 nmol/L, and 3.3 nmol/L, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, race, ethnicity, and education status, the ORs for the insulin resistance of participants of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were 0.32 (95% CI 0.24, 0.43), 0.34 (95% CI 0.26, 0.44), and 0.64 (95% CI 0.53, 0.77), respectively. After an adjustment for body mass index, diabetes, and drinking and smoking, the ORs for the insulin resistance of the participants for total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were 0.56 (95% CI 0.40, 0.78), 0.63 (95% CI 0.46, 0.85), and 0.99 (95% CI 0.80, 1.24), respectively. Conclusions: Our study provides suggestive evidence for the association between Vitamin D concentrations and a lower risk of insulin resistance. Evidence from larger and more adequately powered cohort studies is needed to confirm our results.

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Insulin Resistance in Obese Women with Normal Fasting Glucose

Results

A total of 264 obese and 133 normal BMI women (controls) of age range 20-50 years were selected. Obese women had significantly lower vitamin D compared to control women (P < 0.05). Among euglycemic (fasting glucose < 100 mg/dl) obese women (n = 221), 90 (40.7%) were vitamin D deficient. Serum PTH and calcium levels were negatively correlated, though nonsignificantly with vitamin D (r = −0.172, P = 0.090, and r = −0.051, P = 0.557, respectively). The mean age, BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, PTH, and calcium were not significantly different in vitamin D-deficient as compared to nondeficient obese women. IR was detected in 109 (49.3%) obese women. Mean HOMA-IR in vitamin D-deficient women was significantly higher than that in the nondeficient obese women (3.03 ± 1.64 vs. 2.40 ± 1.02; P = 0.041), but the percentage of women with IR was comparable in both groups (51.1% vs. 45.8%; P = 0.745). Univariate analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with vitamin D and positively with BMI and PTH. A multivariate regression analysis, stepwise method revealed that BMI and PTH were independent determinants of HOMA-IR instead of vitamin D.

Conclusion

More than 40% of obese women were vitamin D deficient. Among euglycemic obese women, 49% were insulin resistant. Prevalence of insulin resistance, though negatively correlated with vitamin D, could be better explained by BMI and PTH levels.

Association of serum vitamin D levels with chronic disease and mortality

Introduction

Introduction: whether hypovitaminosis D is an overarching cause of increased mortality or a prognostic marker of poor health has not been well elucidated. Objectives: we sought to determine the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)-D3] levels with the clinical biochemical parameters and mortality risk in chronic diseases. Methods: we reviewed the clinical charts and collected the clinical biochemical parameters of patients diagnosed with chronic conditions who had at least one 25-(OH)-D3 determination, with or without calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and who were selected using a cluster random sampling design (n = 1,705). The analysis was focused on metabolic disorders (type-2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] and obesity), autoimmune disorders, and mortality. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: low 25-(OH)-D3 levels were reported in 1,433 (84.0%) patients, of which 774 (45.4%) had insufficiency (20-29 ng/mL) and 659 (38.6%) patients had deficiency (< 20 ng/mL). Lower 25-(OH)-D3 levels in T2DM patients were associated with higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels (p < 0.001). Patients with 25-(OH)-D3 levels < 12.5 ng/mL had a higher mortality risk than those with levels ≥ 12.5 ng/mL (HR: 3.339; 95% CI: 1.342-8.308). We observed lower 25-(OH)-D3 levels in patients with grade-III obesity (p = 0.01). We found a higher risk of 25-(OH)-D3 deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis, type-1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus (p = 0.032, p = 0.002, p = 0.049, respectively). Conclusions: we found a significant relationship between 25-(OH)-D3 levels and glycemic control, body mass index, autoimmune disease, and mortality risk. Nevertheless, whether hypovitaminosis D plays a causal role or is a consequence of chronic disease remains controversial.

Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk and complications and to establish a model to predict T2DM in the general population. A total of 567 adults (389 T2DM patients and 178 controls) were enrolled, and the levels of 25(OH)D, iodine, and blood biochemical parameters were measured. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed an inverse correlation between 25(OH)D level, UIC, and T2DM risk. Low 25(OH)D level was a risk factor for developing T2DM (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 1.90–2.63; P = 0.043) after adjustment for multiple risk factors. 25(OH)D level and UIC were inversely correlated with short-term and long-term glucose levels. 25(OH)D deficiency was also associated with a high incidence of T2DM complicated with thyroid dysfunction. A prediction model based on 25(OH)D, iodine status, and other risk factors was established and recommended to screen high-risk T2DM in the general population and provide early screening and timely treatment for them.

The association of vitamin D levels and insulin resistance

OBJECTIVE

Vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance have great prevalence in society. The latest studies indicate an inverse association between Vitamin D levels, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D status on insulin resistance.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, 2160 participants were randomly recruited from a nutrition clinic in Tehran, Iran, 1057 (48.9%) were female and 1103 (51.1%) male. Information was gathered by a questionnaire. Following 12-h fasting, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin levels, as well as 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured. 2-H glucose and insulin levels measured after consumption of 75 g glucose, HOMA2-IR, and HOMA-β indices were then calculated.

RESULTS

The average serum Vitamin D was 22.3 + 8.9 nmol/L and the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was 100%. There was an inverse relationship between Vitamin D levels and age, BMI, waist circumference, and all metabolic parameters (p < 0.001 in all) and a direct association with levels of exercise. Two logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounding variables; firstly, for age, gender, and smoking and secondly, additionally for BMI and energy intake. Both models showed a significant inverse relationship between Vitamin D levels and FPG and insulin levels, 2-h glucose and insulin levels, and HOMA2-IR. The optimum cut point for vitamin D was calculated at about 25 nmol/L for preventing insulin resistance.

CONCLUSION

This study illustrated that there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between Vitamin D levels and insulin resistance.

Serum Vitamin D Affected Type 2 Diabetes though Altering Lipid Profile and Modified the Effects of Testosterone on Diabetes Status

Numerous studies have investigated the associations between serum vitamin D or testosterone and diabetes; however, inconsistencies are observed. Whether there is an interaction between vitamin D and testosterone and whether the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) mediates the association between vitamin D and diabetes is unclear. To investigate the effect of vitamin D and testosterone on impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 2659 participants from the Henan Rural Cohort were included in the case-control study. Generalized linear models were utilized to estimate associations of vitamin D with IFG or T2DM and interactive effects of vitamin D and testosterone on IFG or T2DM. Principal component analysis (PCA) and mediation analysis were used to estimate whether the lipid profile mediated the association of vitamin D with IFG or T2DM. Serum 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, and total 25(OH)D levels were negatively correlated with IFG (odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)): 0.99 (0.97, 1.00), 0.85 (0.82, 0.88), and 0.97 (0.96, 0.98), respectively). Similarity results for associations between serum 25(OH)D2 and total 25(OH)D with T2DM (ORs (95%CIs): 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) and 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)) were observed, whereas serum 25(OH)D3 was negatively correlated to T2DM only in the quartile 2 (Q2) and Q3 groups (both p < 0.05). The lipid profile, mainly TC and TG, partly mediated the relationship between 25(OH)D2 or total 25(OH)D and IFG or T2DM and the proportion explained was from 2.74 to 17.46%. Furthermore, interactive effects of serum 25(OH)D2, total 25(OH)D, and testosterone on T2DM were observed in females (both p for interactive <0.05), implying that the positive association between serum testosterone and T2DM was vanished when 25(OH)D2 was higher than 10.04 ng/mL or total 25(OH)D was higher than 40.04 ng/mL. Therefore, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels could reduce the prevalence of IFG and T2DM, especially in females with high levels of testosterone.

Vitamin D levels, prediabetes risk and hemoglobin A1c levels in young non-diabetic Saudi women

AIMS/INTRODUCTION

Vitamin D levels are negatively correlated with prediabetes risk and hemoglobin A1c levels in individuals with prediabetes. The data are, however, scarce and inconsistent among different populations. We aimed to assess the association of vitamin D with prediabetes risk and hemoglobin A1c levels in young Saudi women with normoglycemia and prediabetes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed the data of individuals without diabetes (without diabetes history and hemoglobin A1c <6.4%) from the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University's non-communicable diseases student registry. Demographic data, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and hemoglobin A1c and vitamin D results were retrieved and analyzed.

RESULTS

In total, 345 participants were included in the analysis. The prediabetes status showed no association with vitamin D levels, but it was significantly associated with the participants' weight and body mass index. Additionally, there was no correlation between the levels of vitamin D and hemoglobin A1c across the whole population, even after correction for body mass index. However, in the body mass index subgroups, when individuals with potentially harmful levels of vitamin D (>125 nmol/L) were excluded, a positive association was detected between vitamin D and hemoglobin A1c levels in the underweight individuals. Hemoglobin A1c values showed a positive correlation only with bodyweight and body mass index.

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D levels did not predict prediabetes status and showed no correlation with hemoglobin A1c levels in this population. Vitamin D levels' effect on the risk of prediabetes might be small compared with other well-established risk factors, such as obesity.

The Nutrition and Health in Southwest China (NHSC) study: design, implementation, and major findings

BACKGROUND

There are few studies of nutritional and genetic factors and their interactions on the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Chinese adults.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim for the Nutrition and Health in Southwest China (NHSC) study is to investigate the impact of diet, lifestyle, genetic background, and their interactions on NCDs among adults in Southwest China.

METHODS

The NSHC is a prospective cohort study initiated in winter 2013. The baseline data collection was completed in December 2018, and follow-ups are conducted every 2 years. Information on genomics, anthropometry, nutrition, eating behaviors, physical activity, depression and mental disorders, clinical and biochemical examinations, and lifestyles was collected.

RESULTS

7926 adults completed the baseline questionnaire. The average age of participants was 42.6 (9.8) years at study enrollment. More than half were female, 37.2% had achieved more than 12 years of education, and 49.3% of them came from family income >35,000 Yuan. Our analyses of the baseline data suggested that adults with greater dietary energy density appeared to have greater body mass index, fat mass index, fat-free mass index and percentage body fat, and that participants with a higher level of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, or serum 25(OH)D had a less favorable glucose homeostasis. In addition, spending less time watching television and having a healthy eating pattern may play significant roles in later cellular aging.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the NHSC cohort provides valuable data for investigations of the relevance of gene, nutrition, lifestyles, and their interactions on NCDs among southwestern Chinese adults.