Dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study of residents in Wuhu, China

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Targeted Delivery System: In Treatment Approach for Dyslipidemia

Hyperlipidemia, characterized by abnormally high lipid levels in the bloodstream, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Conventional treatments have limitations in efficacy and may lead to side effects. Nanotechnology offers unique advantages in drug delivery, including improved drug stability, prolonged circulation time, and enhanced tissue targeting. Using nanoparticles as carriers, therapeutic agents can be precisely delivered to the target site, such as the liver or arterial walls, where lipid metabolism occurs. Chitosan nanoparticles represent an advanced approach engineered with precision to target atherosclerotic plaques. They have dual functionalities, serving therapeutic and diagnostic purposes in managing atherosclerosis. Targeting strategies involve coating nanoparticles with ligands or antibodies that recognize specific receptors overexpressed in hyperlipidemic conditions. This selective uptake maximizes the therapeutic effect while minimizing off-target effects, making it a promising alternative to traditional treatments. The review provides an overview of recent research developments for managing dyslipidemia based on the molecular target pathway of dyslipidemia, focusing on Chitosan-based delivery systems that allow controlled drug release, targeting, and enhancing patient compliance.

The association between the ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum uric acid levels and risk of hyperuricemia in different sex groups: A cross-sectional study

Dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia are recognized as significant risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between the novel lipid metabolism marker, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR), and serum uric acid levels or hyperuricemia remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze these associations using data from a nationally representative population, with an emphasis on sex-specific differences and nonlinear relationships. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2005 to 2018 were examined, involving 9439 adults, following the application of exclusion criteria. Weighted linear and logistic regression models categorized by sex were used to investigate the relationships between NHHR, uric acid concentrations, and hyperuricemia. Nonlinear relationships were assessed using restricted cubic splines, and threshold effects were explored using 2-part regression models. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate potential modifiers of the relationship between NHHR and hyperuricemia. NHHR was significantly associated with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in the general population with notable sex-specific differences. In females, NHHR was found to have a very significant positive correlation with hyperuricemia (OR 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-1.58, P < .001); however, this correlation was not as strong in males (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.95-1.20, P = .20). Repeated analyses with nonlinear models showed that NHHR had a threshold relationship with hyperuricemia concentration which reached its highest level of 3.91 for the general population, with male and female inflection points at 4.637 and 4.452, respectively. Subgroup analyses demonstrated significant interactions with body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and stroke, further highlighting the heterogeneity of the NHHR-hyperuricemia relationship. NHHR is independently associated with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia, with significant sex-specific and nonlinear patterns. These findings suggest that the NHHR may serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing hyperuricemia risk, particularly in females. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and the clinical implications of these associations.

Natural polysaccharides in the prevention of hyperuricemia: Source, classification, mechanism, application in food industry

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is one of the major threats to human health. In recent years, with the gradual increase in the incidence rate of Hua, the prevention and treatment of HUA has attracted more and more attention. Clinical pharmaceutical interventions, such as Allopurinol, Febuxostat, and so on, though effective, are usually accompanied by notable adverse effects. Therefore, alternative therapy with high-safety natural components has received more and more attention from scholars. The natural polysaccharides showed a significant potential in HUA therapy and more and more natural polysaccharides for treating HUA were being obtained. Therefore, in this review, the recent progress on natural polysaccharides in preventing HUA was presented focusing on the sources, classification, and biological activities (oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and UA-lowering) of natural polysaccharides. Furthermore, this review explores the mechanisms of action and application. It is beneficial to the development of polysaccharides for natural HUA therapy and the results of this review could offer guidance on preventing the occurrence of HUA in daily life.

Association Between Remnant Cholesterol and Risk of Hyperuricemia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Remnant cholesterol (RC) is closely related to metabolic diseases. Our study aims to explore the relationship between RC and hyperuricemia. This cross-sectional study included 14 568 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2018 in the United States. RC is calculated by subtracting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) from total cholesterol (TC). Hyperuricemia is defined by serum uric acid (SUA) levels≥7 mg/dl in men and≥6 mg/dl in women. The independent association between RC and hyperuricemia was evaluated. As the quartile range of RC levels increases, the prevalence of hyperuricemia also rises (7.84% vs. 13.71% vs. 18.61% vs. 26.24%, p<0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, the fourth quartile of RC was associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia compared with the first quartile (OR=2.942, 95% CI 2.473-3.502, p<0.001). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis shows that RC outperforms other single lipid indices in hyperuricemia. Further Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) analysis suggests a nonlinear relationship between RC levels and hyperuricemia. Elevated RC levels were found to be linked to hyperuricemia. Further studies on RC hold promise for both preventing and addressing hyperuricemia.

Lactobacillus paracasei 259 alleviates hyperuricemia in rats by decreasing uric acid and modulating the gut microbiota

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease arising from abnormal purine metabolism. It contributes to an increased risk of kidney damage. The present study aimed to investigate the uric acid (UA)-lowering effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 259 isolated from yak yogurt and explore its underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that L. paracasei 259 decreased the UA levels in rats and inhibited the serum activities of xanthine oxidase. In addition, L. paracasei 259 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) in the kidney and altered the expressions of UA transporters (ABC transporter 2 (ABCG2), PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1), urate transporter 1 (URAT1), and sodium-phosphate cotransporter type 4 (NPT4)) to near normal levels. Moreover, it increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut and recovered the gut microbiota composition, promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These findings suggested that L. paracasei 259 can potentially be used to decrease UA levels, repair kidney damage, regulate gut microbiota, and alleviate HUA.

Association between life's essential 8 and hyperuricemia among adults in the United States: insights from NHANES 2005-2018

Background

Hyperuricemia is a significant risk factor for various metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. Life's Essential 8 (LE8), a comprehensive measure of cardiovascular health promoted by the American Heart Association, may have a protective role against hyperuricemia. This study aims to evaluate the association between LE8 scores and hyperuricemia in a representative sample of US adults.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018, encompassing 26,885 adults. LE8 scores were calculated based on diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid levels ≥7.0 mg/dL in men and ≥ 6.0 mg/dL in women. Logistic regression and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to analyze the relationship between LE8 scores and hyperuricemia, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Higher LE8 scores were significantly associated with lower odds of hyperuricemia (OR per 10-point increase: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.72-0.75, p < 0.001). Stratified analyses revealed consistent protective effects across subgroups defined by sex, age, race/ethnicity, PIR (poverty income ratio), education level, drinking status, eGFR, and CVD status. Logistic regression and GAM analyses both confirmed a linear relationship between increasing LE8 scores and reduced hyperuricemia risk. For example, in males, the OR was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.78-0.84), and in females, it was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.64-0.68).

Conclusion

The findings suggest that higher LE8 scores are robustly associated with lower odds of hyperuricemia in US adults. These results support the promotion of comprehensive cardiovascular health behaviors encapsulated by LE8 to mitigate hyperuricemia risk. Further studies are needed to explore the causal pathways and potential interventions.

Serum Uric Acid and Iron Status: Exploring a Complex Interaction in Metabolic Syndrome Patients of Eastern India

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of illnesses including insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity, is affecting roughly a quarter of the world population. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis may be associated with insulin resistance, leading to metabolic syndrome. Uric acid is an antioxidant currently studied in relation to several metabolic disorders. It may also be interlinked with iron metabolism. Yet, data regarding the interplay between serum iron, ferritin, and uric acid in metabolic syndrome are scarce. Hence, this study aimed to identify any alteration of serum iron, ferritin, and uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome patients of Eastern India and to explore any inter-relationship between these parameters.  Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study including 103 patients suffering from metabolic syndrome and 107 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals was conducted. Subjects were evaluated for serum iron, ferritin, and uric acid levels, besides the diagnostic parameters of metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS

Metabolic syndrome cases had higher serum iron, ferritin, and uric acid levels as compared to the controls. Serum uric acid was positively correlated with both iron and ferritin.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated serum levels of iron, ferritin, and uric acid. Iron overload, reflected in elevated serum ferritin, can cause oxidative stress and endothelial damage, thereby predisposing to metabolic and vascular complications. Uric acid, an antioxidant, can rise in an attempt to counter oxidative stress. Metabolic syndrome patients should be periodically assessed for iron profile and uric acid to design suitable treatment protocols for better management of disease progression and alleviation of complications.

Nonlinear association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and hyperuricemia in cancer patients: evidence from NHANES 2007-2018

BACKGROUND

Evidence shows that cancer patients are more likely to have hyperuricemia (HUA) compared to the general population, with lipid metabolism playing a significant role. However, it is still unclear whether there is a non-linear relationship between the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and HUA in these patients. This study aims to explore the association between NHHR and HUA in cancer patients.

METHODS

This study included participants from the NHANES database from 2007 to 2018. We used multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS) analysis, and subgroup analysis to examine the association between NHHR and HUA and gout in cancer patients, as well as to investigate differences in this association among specific subgroups.

RESULTS

A total of 2826 participants were included, with a HUA prevalence of 24.30%. Weighted multivariable logistic regression showed that for each unit increase in NHHR, the odds of HUA in cancer patients increased by 16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06, 1.29, P = 0.002). When NHHR was divided into tertiles, those in the highest tertile (Q3) had a 1.84 times higher odds of developing HUA compared to those in the lowest tertile (Q1) (95% CI: 1.32, 2.58, P < 0.001). However, there was no significant association with gout. RCS analysis further revealed a significant non-linear positive association, particularly among males. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests indicated a stronger association in cancer patients who did not have a history of stroke.

CONCLUSION

There is a non-linear association between NHHR and HUA in cancer patients.

A study on the correlation between hyperuricemia and TG/HDL-c ratio in the Naxi ethnic group at high-altitude regions of Yunnan

Objective

The study aimed to explore the risk factors for hyperuricemia (HUA) in the Naxi ethnic population residing in high-altitude areas of Yunnan, China, and assess the clinical value of the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio as a diagnostic marker.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, clinical data were collected from the health checkup population in the People's Hospital of Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, from January 2021 to January 2023. Participants were divided into quartiles based on the TG/HDL-c ratio (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) for group analysis using chi-square tests, t-tests, and rank sum tests. Logistic regression analysis and linear regression models were employed to further investigate the correlation between the prevalence of hyperuricemia and TG/HDL-c ratio in this high-altitude Naxi population.

Results

A total of 714 participants from the health checkup population were included in the study, of whom 61.5% were male participants and 38.5% were female participants, and the average age was 41.21 ± 11.69 years. The mean uric acid level was 388.51 ± 99.24. After correcting for confounding factors, TG/HDL-c, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), red blood cells (RBCs), and hemoglobin (Hb) showed a positive correlation with blood uric acid. Further analysis involved categorizing the TG/HDL-c ratio from a continuous variable to a categorical variable using quartiles. The fully adjusted model showed results that were consistent with the trend observed in the continuous variable analysis when considering the TG/HDL-c ratio as a categorical variable. In addition, in all unadjusted and adjusted models, the serum uric acid (SUA) levels in the high TG/HDL-c ratio group were significantly higher than those in the low TG/HDL-c ratio group (trend p < 0.001). Further linear relationship analysis indicated that after adjusting for covariates, there was an approximate linear relationship between the TG/HDL-c and SUA levels, with a coefficient (β) of 5.421.

Conclusion

The prevalence of hyperuricemia is greater in high-altitude areas of Yunnan, showing a nearly linear positive correlation with the TG/HDL-c ratio. Monitoring TG/HDL-c levels may benefit patients with hyperuricemia.

Associations between estradiol and hyperuricemia and the mediating effects of TC, TG, and TyG: NHANES 2013-2016

OBJECTIVES

To explore the relationship between estradiol (E2) and the incidence of hyperuricemia (HUA) in adult women and to explore whether glucolipid metabolism disorders play a mediating role in mediating this relationship.

METHODS

A total of 2,941 participants aged 20-65 years were included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlations of E2 with HUA. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between E2 and triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was used to further explore the association between E2 and HUA and between TG, TC, and TyG and HUA. Mediation analyses were performed to examine whether TC, TG, and TyG mediated the relationship between E2 and HUA.

RESULTS

After adjusting for covariates, logistic regression revealed that ln(E2) was significantly associated with HUA in the female subgroup (p = 0.035) and that the incidence of HUA tended to increase with decreasing ln(E2) (p for trend = 0.026). Linear regression showed that E2 was significantly associated with TC (p = 0.032), TG (p = 0.019), and TyG (p = 0.048). The RCS model showed that ln(E2) was linearly correlated with the incidence of HUA (p-overall = 0.0106, p-non-linear = 0.3030). TC and TyG were linearly correlated with HUA (TC: p-overall = 0.0039, p-non-linear = 0.4774; TyG: p-overall = 0.0082, p-non-linear = 0.0663), whereas TG was non-linearly correlated with HUA. Mediation analyses revealed that TC, TG, and TyG significantly mediated the relationship between ln(E2) and HUA (TC, indirect effect: -0.00148, 7.5%, p = 0.008; TG, indirect effect: -0.00062, 3.1%, p = 0.004; TyG, indirect effect: -0.00113, 5.6%, p = 0.016).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that compared with women aged 20-45 years, women aged 45-55 years and 55-65 years had lower E2 levels and a greater incidence of HUA. E2 levels and the incidence of HUA were negatively associated in female individuals but not in male individuals. In addition, TC, TG, and TyG, which are markers of glucolipid metabolism, played a mediating role in the association between E2 and HUA.

The relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and hyperuricaemia

PURPOSE

The ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (NHHR) is a novel comprehensive lipid index. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NHHR and the prevalence of hyperuricaemia (HUA) in the adult population of the U.S.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study collected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007-2018). HUA was defined as a serum uric acid (SUA) concentration ≥ 7 mg/dL in men and ≥ 6 mg/dL in women. Multivariate logistic regression models and the restricted cubic spline (RCS) method were applied to examine the relationship between the NHHR and the risk of developing HUA. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were also performed.

RESULTS

The prevalence of HUA increased with increasing NHHR values (9.01% vs. 13.38% vs. 17.31% vs. 25.79%, P < 0.001). The NHHR was independently correlated with the risk of developing HUA (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.16; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the risk of developing HUA was significantly greater among individuals with the highest NHHR quartile than among those with the lowest NHHR quartile (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.62-2.33; P < 0.001). This relationship was consistent across subgroups. According to the RCS analysis, an inverted U-shaped relationship existed between the NHHR and the risk of developing HUA.

CONCLUSIONS

The NHHR was closely associated with an increased risk of developing HUA. Further studies on the NHHR could be beneficial for preventing and treating HUA.