Italian version of Nursing Students' Perception of Instructor Caring (I-NSPIC): assessment of reliability and validity

Caring for nursing students is caring for patients: A multicentre cross-sectional study on the relationship between nursing students' caring and the perception of instructors' caring

BACKGROUND

Caring in nursing is a fundamental aspect, yet teaching and fostering caring behaviours in nursing students remain challenging. Clinical instructors play a crucial role in this process.

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this study were a) to describe nursing students' caring behaviours and perceptions of instructor caring, b) to assess sex-related and year of course differences in students' caring behaviours and perceptions of nursing caring, and c) to investigate the association between nursing students' caring and their perception of instructors' caring.

DESIGN

A multi-centre, cross-sectional observational study was conducted.

SETTING

The study involved undergraduate nursing students from four teaching hospitals of a university in Northern Italy.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 316 nursing undergraduate students participated in the study (83.9 % female, 16.1 % male, 23.1 % 1st year, 48.1 % 2nd year, 28.8 % 3rd year).

METHODS

Participants completed online self-reported surveys assessing caring behaviours, empathy, burnout, and perceptions of instructor caring. Caring behaviours, expressive and instrumental caring, were measured using the Caring Behaviour Inventory (CBI), and perceptions of instructor caring were assessed using the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC) questionnaire.

RESULTS

Students' caring behaviours were positively associated with their perceptions of instructor caring, particularly in relation to a supportive learning climate and instructor flexibility. Female students displayed higher scores in expressive caring, while students in their second and third years demonstrated increased instrumental caring behaviours. Responding to Individual Needs was significantly lower in third-years students, compared to first- and second-year ones.

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasizes the crucial role of clinical instructors in shaping nursing students' caring attributes. However, the influence of sex on caring behaviours remains unclear, necessitating further investigation. These findings underscore the significance of nurturing caring behaviours in nursing education and offer insights for selecting, training, and supporting clinical instructors, to foster more compassionate and competent nurses.

The Italian Validation of the Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale for Nursing

Purpose: The Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS) is a measure of the evaluation of the humanization of care in nursing professions. Despite being validated for the Spanish language, there still needed validation in Italian, which seems essential considering the cultural differences. Aim: We aimed to test the validity and reliability of the HUMAS with an Italian sample of registered nurses. Methods: The present study used cross-sectional data from 300 nurses that completed the survey. The study's main phases were (a) construction of the Italian version; (b) testing and analyzing the psychometric properties of the scale. The exploratory factor analysis and the Content Validity Index (CVI) were performed. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were used to determine the reliability. Findings: The final Italian version of HUMAS (HUMAS-I) comprised 19 items grouped into five correlated latent factors, accounting for 68.4% of the variance. Additionally, it exhibited a satisfactory Cronbach's alpha for each latent component and an average CVI for the entire scale of 0.68. Conclusions: The HUMAS-I shows acceptable psychometric proprieties as the original Spanish version. Therefore, it could be an advantageous instrument for use in nursing practice and research.

Pediatric Version of the Nurse Caring Behavior Scale: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Centers

Background and Purpose: Caring is an essential value in nursing, it's crucial in pediatric hemato-oncology: we tested the Nurse Caring Behavior Scale (NCBS) in this setting. Methods: The NCBS is a 14-item validated psychometric questionnaire: caregivers and nurses adapted versions were used. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used. Results: The questionnaires were completed by 188 caregivers and 193 nurses. The two data sets were suitable for EFA and fitted with one-solution factor analysis; factor loading showed values >0.40 (>0.60 for caregivers). The mean scores were: 4.5 (range: 1-5) for caregivers and 4.7 (range: 1-5) for nurses. Conclusion: The two validated versions can be used on a wider nurses and caregivers sample and provide an instrument for the development of nursing protocols based on caring.

Reliability and validity of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury in patients with non-traumatic spinal cord lesions

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective, observational study.

OBJECTIVES

The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) represent the gold standard for the assessment of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their measurement properties have been evaluated in patients with traumatic lesions. Albeit the ISNCSCI are widely used also for the assessment and prognosis of patients with non-traumatic SCI, a validation of this grading system in this sample has never been performed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the measurement properties of the ISNCSCI in a population of persons with non-traumatic SCI.

SETTING

Three Italian rehabilitation hospitals.

METHODS

The sample included 140 patients with non-traumatic SCI of different etiology, level and grade, for a total of 169 evaluations performed by two examiners. Cronbach's Alpha was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the ISNCSCI various components. The agreement between two examiners of each center in the definition of different components was used to assess the inter-rater reliability. The construct validity was evaluated through the correlation of the ISNCSCI with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM).

RESULTS

The ISNCSCI showed substantial internal consistency, and substantial inter-rater agreement for AIS grade, cumulative motor and sensory scores. The motor scores for upper and lower extremity showed fair to moderate correlation with SCIM self-care and motility subscores, respectively. The ISNCSCI total motor score correlated with the total SCIM score.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates that the ISNCSCI are a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of patients with non-traumatic SCI.

A Blueprint for Becoming a Successful Clinical Nursing Professor, Promoting Health and Wellness in the Clinical Environment to Produce Emerging Nurse Leaders

Clinical professors are a particularly important determinant of student success in becoming a proficient nurse. The clinical professor is responsible for helping students apply didactic knowledge to clinical skills. This article discusses strategies clinical professors can use to maximize undergraduate nursing students' skills and competencies and to raise awareness of healthy behaviors affecting patient care. Applying effective and fun strategies can help students decrease anxiety, apply critical thinking, develop autonomy, and learn time management. These applied strategies help students develop delegation skills required to be professional, competent nurses, while promoting health and well-being.

A caring model for nursing education

With the many changes occurring within the health system and nursing education, ongoing shortages in the number of nurses and nursing faculty, increased incidences of incivility, and the charge to transform nursing education while upholding and transmitting the core professional values, a better understanding of the climate within nursing education is warranted. Caring is a core value of the profession of nursing and has received much attention and study, primarily in the practice setting. In nursing education much of this work has centered on the structure and processes of nursing education and the nursing student’s development of caring behaviors. This article proposes a caring model for nursing education that integrates the key concepts of organizational climate, leadership, and caring theories. The intent of the model is to provide a framework that can be used for professional nursing education that incorporates the core value of caring and develops graduates prepared to provide relationship-based, patient-centered care.

The value of caring behavior and its impact on students' self-efficacy: Perceptions of undergraduate nursing students

BACKGROUND

Clinical instructors are the key mediators in helping students conquer clinical experiences by preparing them for clinical workplaces. The caring behavior of instructors plays an important role in the instructor-student relationship.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to (a) assess the perception of nursing students of clinical instructors' caring behavior and (b) explore the correlation between their perception of instructors' caring behavior and their self-efficacy.

DESIGN

A quantitative descriptive correlation design was adopted.

SETTING

The sample was collected from the faculty of nursing at a major governmental university for females in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

PARTICIPANTS

A sample of nursing students (N = 200) was recruited.

METHODS

The data were collected using the inventory for nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring (NSPIC) and general self-efficacy (GSE) scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics, such as Pearson r correlation and regression analysis, were used.

RESULTS

The total mean of NSPIC was moderate to high (mean = 3.06, SD = 1.04). The level of GSE among students was high (mean = 3.45, SD = 0.849). NSPIC is significantly correlated with its GSE (r = .282). In addition, GSE turned out to be a major indicator of caring behavior, with P = .021 and R²  = 0.642.

CONCLUSION

Caring relationships between clinical instructors and nursing students enable students to grow as caring professionals. Therefore, nursing programs must have highly qualified clinical instructors to teach and train students and be a good role model in the workplace.

The Turkish version of the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring Scale: An assessment of psychometric properties

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC-Tr) Scale.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Methodological study. The sample of this study consisted of 344 nursing students.

FINDINGS

Its four-factor structure was confirmed with explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results. The results of CFA showed that the scale's fit index supported the EFA. The scale's Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient had high reliability.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

NSPIC-Tr is a valid and reliable scale for the assessment of Turkish nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring.

Psychometric testing of the Caring Behaviors Inventory for nursing students

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

To test the psychometric properties of the nursing students' version of the 24-item Caring Behaviours Inventory.

BACKGROUND

Caring is at the heart of nursing and should also be a core value in nursing education. Caring can be manifested through measurable behaviours. The Caring Behaviors Inventory is a valid and reliable measure of nurses' caring behaviours in clinical settings. It has already been used among nursing students, but it needs more psychometric testing.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional validation study.

METHOD

The questionnaire was filled in by 300 undergraduate nursing students at two Italian universities in May 2016. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using Mplus maximum likelihood with GEOMIN oblique rotation. A multifaceted approach was used to evaluate the model fit. The STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies was followed.

RESULTS

Four dimensions were identified: "being with," "doing with competence," "responding to individual needs" and "providing effective care." Adequate fit indices and high reliability of the factors were found. Correlations between factors were positive and significant.

CONCLUSION

This study makes it possible to use the same tool to compare the caring practices perceived by students, nurses and patients. Further studies with bigger samples could be stratified to investigate the associations between caring levels and student characteristics. The Caring Behaviors Inventory can be used to call attention to caring in nursing education, helping to make this concept less elusive.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

The effective self-assessment of nursing students' caring behaviours offers opportunities for reflection on their caring practice. This could improve the caring level of their behaviours in clinical practice and help them to become caring nurses in the future.

Assessment of reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Nursing Students' Perception of Instructor Caring (S-NSPIC)

The care that clinical instructors demonstrate to students is essential for their education, considering the strong impact it has on their future relationships with patients, relatives, and other health professionals. Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC) is an instrument designed to assess nursing students’ perceptions of instructor’s caring behaviors. A trans-cultural, conceptual, and psychometric validation study was conducted with 315 nursing students at the University of Seville during their clinical practices in three regional hospitals. The NSPIC was translated and adapted to Spanish. The content validity was established by a panel of experts. To assess concurrent validity the culturally adapted Spanish version of the Clinical Placement Evaluation Tool (CPET) was used as a gold standard. The construct validity was determined by an exploratory factor analysis to identify the internal structure of the NSPIC-S. The internal consistency was established by Cronbach’s α and the intra-observer reliability for each item was established by test-retest. The content validity index varied between 0.53 and 0.93 and the correlation to the CPET was moderate. The factor analysis revealed a structure of five factors, one of which differed from the original scale. The value of Cronbach’s α was 0.95 and intraclass correlation coefficients varied between 0.5 and 0.89. Our study provided a culturally adapted version of the NSPIC, valid and reliable to be used in the Spanish context, the NSPIC-S.