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Woodman RJ, Koczwara B, Mangoni AA. Applying precision medicine principles to the management of multimorbidity: the utility of comorbidity networks, graph machine learning, and knowledge graphs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1302844. [PMID: 38404463 PMCID: PMC10885565 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1302844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The current management of patients with multimorbidity is suboptimal, with either a single-disease approach to care or treatment guideline adaptations that result in poor adherence due to their complexity. Although this has resulted in calls for more holistic and personalized approaches to prescribing, progress toward these goals has remained slow. With the rapid advancement of machine learning (ML) methods, promising approaches now also exist to accelerate the advance of precision medicine in multimorbidity. These include analyzing disease comorbidity networks, using knowledge graphs that integrate knowledge from different medical domains, and applying network analysis and graph ML. Multimorbidity disease networks have been used to improve disease diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and patient prognosis. Knowledge graphs that combine different medical entities connected by multiple relationship types integrate data from different sources, allowing for complex interactions and creating a continuous flow of information. Network analysis and graph ML can then extract the topology and structure of networks and reveal hidden properties, including disease phenotypes, network hubs, and pathways; predict drugs for repurposing; and determine safe and more holistic treatments. In this article, we describe the basic concepts of creating bipartite and unipartite disease and patient networks and review the use of knowledge graphs, graph algorithms, graph embedding methods, and graph ML within the context of multimorbidity. Specifically, we provide an overview of the application of graph theory for studying multimorbidity, the methods employed to extract knowledge from graphs, and examples of the application of disease networks for determining the structure and pathways of multimorbidity, identifying disease phenotypes, predicting health outcomes, and selecting safe and effective treatments. In today's modern data-hungry, ML-focused world, such network-based techniques are likely to be at the forefront of developing robust clinical decision support tools for safer and more holistic approaches to treating older patients with multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard John Woodman
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bogda Koczwara
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Arduino Aleksander Mangoni
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Woodman RJ, Mangoni AA. A comprehensive review of machine learning algorithms and their application in geriatric medicine: present and future. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2363-2397. [PMID: 37682491 PMCID: PMC10627901 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing access to health data worldwide is driving a resurgence in machine learning research, including data-hungry deep learning algorithms. More computationally efficient algorithms now offer unique opportunities to enhance diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualised approaches to patient management. Such opportunities are particularly relevant for the management of older patients, a group that is characterised by complex multimorbidity patterns and significant interindividual variability in homeostatic capacity, organ function, and response to treatment. Clinical tools that utilise machine learning algorithms to determine the optimal choice of treatment are slowly gaining the necessary approval from governing bodies and being implemented into healthcare, with significant implications for virtually all medical disciplines during the next phase of digital medicine. Beyond obtaining regulatory approval, a crucial element in implementing these tools is the trust and support of the people that use them. In this context, an increased understanding by clinicians of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms provides an appreciation of the possible benefits, risks, and uncertainties, and improves the chances for successful adoption. This review provides a broad taxonomy of machine learning algorithms, followed by a more detailed description of each algorithm class, their purpose and capabilities, and examples of their applications, particularly in geriatric medicine. Additional focus is given on the clinical implications and challenges involved in relying on devices with reduced interpretability and the progress made in counteracting the latter via the development of explainable machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Woodman
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Chen K, Abtahi F, Carrero JJ, Fernandez-Llatas C, Seoane F. Process mining and data mining applications in the domain of chronic diseases: A systematic review. Artif Intell Med 2023; 144:102645. [PMID: 37783545 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of information technology in healthcare leads to extensive data collection, which can be utilised to enhance patient care and manage chronic illnesses. Our objective is to summarise previous studies that have used data mining or process mining methods in the context of chronic diseases in order to identify research trends and future opportunities. The review covers articles that pertain to the application of data mining or process mining methods on chronic diseases that were published between 2000 and 2022. Articles were sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 71 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Based on the literature review results, we detected a growing trend in the application of data mining methods in diabetes research. Additionally, a distinct increase in the use of process mining methods to model clinical pathways in cancer research was observed. Frequently, this takes the form of a collaborative integration of process mining, data mining, and traditional statistical methods. In light of this collaborative approach, the meticulous selection of statistical methods based on their underlying assumptions is essential when integrating these traditional methods with process mining and data mining methods. Another notable challenge is the lack of standardised guidelines for reporting process mining studies in the medical field. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to enhance the clinical interpretation of data mining and process mining results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Chen
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Division of Ergonomics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Farhad Abtahi
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Division of Ergonomics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Llatas
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; SABIEN, ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Fernando Seoane
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Textile Technology, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
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Olender RT, Roy S, Nishtala PS. Application of machine learning approaches in predicting clinical outcomes in older adults - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:561. [PMID: 37710210 PMCID: PMC10503191 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning-based prediction models have the potential to have a considerable positive impact on geriatric care. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analyses. PARTICIPANTS Older adults (≥ 65 years) in any setting. INTERVENTION Machine learning models for predicting clinical outcomes in older adults were evaluated. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted in two grouped cohorts, where the predictive models were compared based on their performance in predicting mortality i) under and including 6 months ii) over 6 months. OUTCOME MEASURES Studies were grouped into two groups by the clinical outcome, and the models were compared based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve metric. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies that satisfied the systematic review criteria were appraised, and eight studies predicting a mortality outcome were included in the meta-analyses. We could only pool studies by mortality as there were inconsistent definitions and sparse data to pool studies for other clinical outcomes. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from the meta-analysis yielded a summary estimate of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.76 - 0.84) for mortality within 6 months and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76 - 0.86) for mortality over 6 months, signifying good discriminatory power. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis indicates that machine learning models display good discriminatory power in predicting mortality. However, more large-scale validation studies are necessary. As electronic healthcare databases grow larger and more comprehensive, the available computational power increases and machine learning models become more sophisticated; there should be an effort to integrate these models into a larger research setting to predict various clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Olender
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Sandipan Roy
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Prasad S Nishtala
- Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Zhou D, Qiu H, Wang L, Shen M. Risk prediction of heart failure in patients with ischemic heart disease using network analytics and stacking ensemble learning. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:99. [PMID: 37221512 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is a major complication following ischemic heart disease (IHD) and it adversely affects the outcome. Early prediction of HF risk in patients with IHD is beneficial for timely intervention and for reducing disease burden. METHODS Two cohorts, cases for patients first diagnosed with IHD and then with HF (N = 11,862) and control IHD patients without HF (N = 25,652), were established from the hospital discharge records in Sichuan, China during 2015-2019. Directed personal disease network (PDN) was constructed for each patient, and then these PDNs were merged to generate the baseline disease network (BDN) for the two cohorts, respectively, which identifies the health trajectories of patients and the complex progression patterns. The differences between the BDNs of the two cohort was represented as disease-specific network (DSN). Three novel network features were exacted from PDN and DSN to represent the similarity of disease patterns and specificity trends from IHD to HF. A stacking-based ensemble model DXLR was proposed to predict HF risk in IHD patients using the novel network features and basic demographic features (i.e., age and sex). The Shapley Addictive exPlanations method was applied to analyze the feature importance of the DXLR model. RESULTS Compared with the six traditional machine learning models, our DXLR model exhibited the highest AUC (0.934 ± 0.004), accuracy (0.857 ± 0.007), precision (0.723 ± 0.014), recall (0.892 ± 0.012) and F1 score (0.798 ± 0.010). The feature importance showed that the novel network features ranked as the top three features, playing a notable role in predicting HF risk of IHD patient. The feature comparison experiment also indicated that our novel network features were superior to those proposed by the state-of-the-art study in improving the performance of the prediction model, with an increase in AUC by 19.9%, in accuracy by 18.7%, in precision by 30.7%, in recall by 37.4%, and in F1 score by 33.7%. CONCLUSIONS Our proposed approach that combines network analytics and ensemble learning effectively predicts HF risk in patients with IHD. This highlights the potential value of network-based machine learning in disease risk prediction field using administrative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejia Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P.R. China
| | - Hang Qiu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P.R. China.
- Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghui Shen
- Health Information Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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