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Michaels AM, Zoccarato A, Hoare Z, Firth G, Chung YJ, Kuchel PW, Shah AM, Shattock MJ, Southworth R, Eykyn TR. Disrupting Na + ion homeostasis and Na +/K + ATPase activity in breast cancer cells directly modulates glycolysis in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Metab 2024; 12:15. [PMID: 38783368 PMCID: PMC11119389 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-024-00343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycolytic flux is regulated by the energy demands of the cell. Upregulated glycolysis in cancer cells may therefore result from increased demand for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), however it is unknown what this extra ATP turnover is used for. We hypothesise that an important contribution to the increased glycolytic flux in cancer cells results from the ATP demand of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) due to altered sodium ion homeostasis in cancer cells. METHODS Live whole-cell measurements of intracellular sodium [Na+]i were performed in three human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, HCC1954, MCF-7), in murine breast cancer cells (4T1), and control human epithelial cells MCF-10A using triple quantum filtered 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Glycolytic flux was measured by 2H NMR to monitor conversion of [6,6-2H2]D-glucose to [2H]-labelled L-lactate at baseline and in response to NKA inhibition with ouabain. Intracellular [Na+]i was titrated using isotonic buffers with varying [Na+] and [K+] and introducing an artificial Na+ plasma membrane leak using the ionophore gramicidin-A. Experiments were carried out in parallel with cell viability assays, 1H NMR metabolomics of intracellular and extracellular metabolites, extracellular flux analyses and in vivo measurements in a MDA-MB-231 human-xenograft mouse model using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). RESULTS Intracellular [Na+]i was elevated in human and murine breast cancer cells compared to control MCF-10A cells. Acute inhibition of NKA by ouabain resulted in elevated [Na+]i and inhibition of glycolytic flux in all three human cancer cells which are ouabain sensitive, but not in the murine cells which are ouabain resistant. Permeabilization of cell membranes with gramicidin-A led to a titratable increase of [Na+]i in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells and a Na+-dependent increase in glycolytic flux. This was attenuated with ouabain in the human cells but not in the murine cells. 18FDG PET imaging in an MDA-MB-231 human-xenograft mouse model recorded lower 18FDG tumour uptake when treated with ouabain while murine tissue uptake was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Glycolytic flux correlates with Na+-driven NKA activity in breast cancer cells, providing evidence for the 'centrality of the [Na+]i-NKA nexus' in the mechanistic basis of the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Michaels
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anna Zoccarato
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe Hoare
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Yu Jin Chung
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip W Kuchel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ajay M Shah
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Southworth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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Pérez-Fernández BA, Calzadilla L, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Bosia C, Boggiano T, Mulet R. Sodium acetate increases the productivity of HEK293 cells expressing the ECD-Her1 protein in batch cultures: experimental results and metabolic flux analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1335898. [PMID: 38659646 PMCID: PMC11039900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1335898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293) are a popular host for recombinant protein expression and production in the biotechnological industry. This has driven within both, the scientific and the engineering communities, the search for strategies to increase their protein productivity. The present work is inserted into this search exploring the impact of adding sodium acetate (NaAc) into a batch culture of HEK293 cells. We monitored, as a function of time, the cell density, many external metabolites, and the supernatant concentration of the heterologous extra-cellular domain ECD-Her1 protein, a protein used to produce a candidate prostate cancer vaccine. We observed that by adding different concentrations of NaAc (0, 4, 6 and 8 mM), the production of ECD-Her1 protein increases consistently with increasing concentration, whereas the carrying capacity of the medium decreases. To understand these results we exploited a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Metabolic Flux Analysis (MFA) was used to infer intracellular metabolic fluxes from the concentration of external metabolites. Moreover, we measured independently the extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate of the cells. Both approaches support the idea that the addition of NaAc to the culture has a significant impact on the metabolism of the HEK293 cells and that, if properly tuned, enhances the productivity of the heterologous ECD-Her1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ariane Pérez-Fernández
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Carla Bosia
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Mulet
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
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3
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Sunassee ED, Jardim-Perassi BV, Madonna MC, Ordway B, Ramanujam N. Metabolic Imaging as a Tool to Characterize Chemoresistance and Guide Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:995-1009. [PMID: 37343066 PMCID: PMC10592445 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
After an initial response to chemotherapy, tumor relapse is frequent. This event is reflective of both the spatiotemporal heterogeneities of the tumor microenvironment as well as the evolutionary propensity of cancer cell populations to adapt to variable conditions. Because the cause of this adaptation could be genetic or epigenetic, studying phenotypic properties such as tumor metabolism is useful as it reflects molecular, cellular, and tissue-level dynamics. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the characteristic metabolic phenotype is a highly fermentative state. However, during treatment, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the metabolic landscape are highly unstable, with surviving populations taking on a variety of metabolic states. Thus, longitudinally imaging tumor metabolism provides a promising approach to inform therapeutic strategies, and to monitor treatment responses to understand and mitigate recurrence. Here we summarize some examples of the metabolic plasticity reported in TNBC following chemotherapy and review the current metabolic imaging techniques available in monitoring chemotherapy responses clinically and preclinically. The ensemble of imaging technologies we describe has distinct attributes that make them uniquely suited for a particular length scale, biological model, and/or features that can be captured. We focus on TNBC to highlight the potential of each of these technological advances in understanding evolution-based therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi D. Sunassee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Megan C. Madonna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bryce Ordway
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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4
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O'Sullivan JDB, Blacker TS, Scott C, Chang W, Ahmed M, Yianni V, Mann ZF. Gradients of glucose metabolism regulate morphogen signalling required for specifying tonotopic organisation in the chicken cochlea. eLife 2023; 12:e86233. [PMID: 37539863 PMCID: PMC10425173 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates with elongated auditory organs, mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) are organised such that complex sounds are broken down into their component frequencies along a proximal-to-distal long (tonotopic) axis. Acquisition of unique morphologies at the appropriate position along the chick cochlea, the basilar papilla, requires that nascent HCs determine their tonotopic positions during development. The complex signalling within the auditory organ between a developing HC and its local niche along the cochlea is poorly understood. Using a combination of live imaging and NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, we reveal that there is a gradient in the cellular balance between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway in developing HCs along the tonotopic axis. Perturbing this balance by inhibiting different branches of cytosolic glucose catabolism disrupts developmental morphogen signalling and abolishes the normal tonotopic gradient in HC morphology. These findings highlight a causal link between graded morphogen signalling and metabolic reprogramming in specifying the tonotopic identity of developing HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James DB O'Sullivan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas S Blacker
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire Scott
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Weise Chang
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mohi Ahmed
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Val Yianni
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Zoe F Mann
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Michl J, Monterisi S, White B, Blaszczak W, Hulikova A, Abdullayeva G, Bridges E, Yin Z, Bodmer WF, Swietach P. Acid-adapted cancer cells alkalinize their cytoplasm by degrading the acid-loading membrane transporter anion exchanger 2, SLC4A2. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112601. [PMID: 37270778 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidic environments reduce the intracellular pH (pHi) of most cells to levels that are sub-optimal for growth and cellular functions. Yet, cancers maintain an alkaline cytoplasm despite low extracellular pH (pHe). Raised pHi is thought to be beneficial for tumor progression and invasiveness. However, the transport mechanisms underpinning this adaptation have not been studied systematically. Here, we characterize the pHe-pHi relationship in 66 colorectal cancer cell lines and identify the acid-loading anion exchanger 2 (AE2, SLC4A2) as a regulator of resting pHi. Cells adapt to chronic extracellular acidosis by degrading AE2 protein, which raises pHi and reduces acid sensitivity of growth. Acidity inhibits mTOR signaling, which stimulates lysosomal function and AE2 degradation, a process reversed by bafilomycin A1. We identify AE2 degradation as a mechanism for maintaining a conducive pHi in tumors. As an adaptive mechanism, inhibiting lysosomal degradation of AE2 is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Stefania Monterisi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Bobby White
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Wiktoria Blaszczak
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Alzbeta Hulikova
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Gulnar Abdullayeva
- MRC Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Esther Bridges
- Department of NDM Experimental Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, JR Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Zinan Yin
- Department of NDM Experimental Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, JR Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Walter F Bodmer
- MRC Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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6
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Audero MM, Carvalho TMA, Ruffinatti FA, Loeck T, Yassine M, Chinigò G, Folcher A, Farfariello V, Amadori S, Vaghi C, Schwab A, Reshkin SJ, Cardone RA, Prevarskaya N, Fiorio Pla A. Acidic Growth Conditions Promote Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition to Select More Aggressive PDAC Cell Phenotypes In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092572. [PMID: 37174038 PMCID: PMC10177299 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an acidic microenvironment, which contributes to therapeutic failure. So far there is a lack of knowledge with respect to the role of the acidic microenvironment in the invasive process. This work aimed to study the phenotypic and genetic response of PDAC cells to acidic stress along the different stages of selection. To this end, we subjected the cells to short- and long-term acidic pressure and recovery to pHe 7.4. This treatment aimed at mimicking PDAC edges and consequent cancer cell escape from the tumor. The impact of acidosis was assessed for cell morphology, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via functional in vitro assays and RNA sequencing. Our results indicate that short acidic treatment limits growth, adhesion, invasion, and viability of PDAC cells. As the acid treatment progresses, it selects cancer cells with enhanced migration and invasion abilities induced by EMT, potentiating their metastatic potential when re-exposed to pHe 7.4. The RNA-seq analysis of PANC-1 cells exposed to short-term acidosis and pHe-selected recovered to pHe 7.4 revealed distinct transcriptome rewiring. We describe an enrichment of genes relevant to proliferation, migration, EMT, and invasion in acid-selected cells. Our work clearly demonstrates that upon acidosis stress, PDAC cells acquire more invasive cell phenotypes by promoting EMT and thus paving the way for more aggressive cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Magalì Audero
- U1003-PHYCELL-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Inserm, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Thorsten Loeck
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maya Yassine
- U1003-PHYCELL-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Inserm, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Giorgia Chinigò
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Antoine Folcher
- U1003-PHYCELL-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Inserm, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Valerio Farfariello
- U1003-PHYCELL-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Inserm, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Samuele Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Vaghi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- U1003-PHYCELL-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Inserm, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- U1003-PHYCELL-Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Inserm, University of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
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7
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Vesuna F, Penet MF, Mori N, Bhujwalla ZM, Raman V. Twist alters the breast tumor microenvironment via choline kinase to facilitate an aggressive phenotype. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:939-948. [PMID: 36136285 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twist (TWIST1) is a gene required for cell fate specification in embryos and its expression in mammary epithelium can initiate tumorigenesis through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To identify downstream target genes of Twist in breast cancer, we performed microarray analysis on the transgenic breast cancer cell line, MCF-7/Twist. One of the targets identified was choline kinase whose upregulation resulted in increased cellular phosphocholine and total choline containing compounds-a characteristic observed in highly aggressive metastatic cancers. To study the interactions between Twist, choline kinase, and their effect on the microenvironment, we used 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and found significantly higher phosphocholine and total choline, as well as increased phosphocholine/glycerophosphocholine ratio in MCF-7/Twist cells. We also observed significant increases in extracellular glucose, lactate, and [H +] ion concentrations in the MCF-7/Twist cells. Magnetic resonance imaging of MCF-7/Twist orthotopic breast tumors showed a significant increase in vascular volume and permeability surface area product compared to control tumors. In addition, by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we discovered that Twist upregulated choline kinase expression in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell lines through FOXA1 downregulation. Moreover, using The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we observed a significant inverse relationship between FOXA1 and choline kinase expression and propose that it could act as a modulator of the Twist/choline kinase axis. The data presented indicate that Twist is a driver of choline kinase expression in breast cancer cells via FOXA1 resulting in the generation of an aggressive breast cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Vesuna
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noriko Mori
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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The Prime and Integral Cause of Cancer in the Post-Warburg Era. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020540. [PMID: 36672490 PMCID: PMC9856494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Back to beginnings. A century ago, Otto Warburg published that aerobic glycolysis and the respiratory impairment of cells were the prime cause of cancer, a phenomenon that since then has been known as "the Warburg effect". In his early studies, Warburg looked at the effects of hydrogen ions (H+), on glycolysis in anaerobic conditions, as well as of bicarbonate and glucose. He found that gassing with CO2 led to the acidification of the solutions, resulting in decreased rates of glycolysis. It appears that Warburg first interpreted the role of pH on glycolysis as a secondary phenomenon, a side effect that was there just to compensate for the effect of bicarbonate. However, later on, while talking about glycolysis in a seminar at the Rockefeller Foundation, he said: "Special attention should be drawn to the remarkable influence of the bicarbonate…". Departing from the very beginnings of this metabolic cancer research in the 1920s, our perspective advances an analytic as well as the synthetic approach to the new "pH-related paradigm of cancer", while at the same time addressing the most fundamental and recent changing concepts in cancer metabolic etiology and its potential therapeutic implications.
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Zatovicova M, Kajanova I, Takacova M, Jelenska L, Sedlakova O, Labudova M, Pastorekova S. ADAM10 mediates shedding of carbonic anhydrase IX ectodomain non‑redundantly to ADAM17. Oncol Rep 2022; 49:27. [PMID: 36524367 PMCID: PMC9813547 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane enzyme participating in adaptive responses of tumors to hypoxia and acidosis. CA IX regulates pH, facilitates metabolic reprogramming, and supports migration, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Extracellular domain (ECD) of CA IX can be shed to medium and body fluids by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17. Here we show for the first time that CA IX ECD shedding can be also executed by ADAM10, a close relative of ADAM17, via an overlapping cleavage site in the stalk region of CA IX connecting its exofacial catalytic site with the transmembrane region. This finding is supported by biochemical evidence using recombinant human ADAM10 protein, colocalization of ADAM10 with CA IX, ectopic expression of a dominant‑negative mutant of ADAM10 and RNA interference‑mediated suppression of ADAM10. Induction of the CA IX ECD cleavage with ADAM17 and/or ADAM10 activators revealed their additive effect. Similarly, additive effect was observed with an ADAM17‑inhibiting antibody and an ADAM10‑preferential inhibitor GI254023X. These data indicated that ADAM10 is a CA IX sheddase acting on CA IX non‑redundantly to ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zatovicova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Kajanova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Takacova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Jelenska
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olga Sedlakova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Labudova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia,Correspondence to: Professor Silvia Pastorekova, Biomedical Research Center of The Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Department of Tumor Biology, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia, E-mail:
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