1
|
Bi W, Liu S, O’Connor MP, Owens JR, Valitutto MT, Hou R, Qi D, Hayek LAC, Wu F, Ma R, Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Callan R, Luo L, Huang W, Zhang Z, Spotila JR. Hematological and biochemical parameters of giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in captive and semi-natural environments. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coad083. [PMID: 38369984 PMCID: PMC10873526 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Physiological indexes like blood parameters have been widely used to monitor the health of free-roaming animals. Attempts to reintroduce one of China's most endangered species, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), have been hampered by a lack of data on its ecology and physiology. We examined three giant pandas' hematological and blood chemistry parameters in a soft release program and 30 captive giant pandas as controls and determined the reference intervals (RIs) for those blood parameters in the captive animals. Elevation, captivity status and the interaction of those factors were statistically significant for hematologic measures. Release pandas had significantly higher hemoglobin and hematocrit values after they moved to high elevation locations. We also found significant difference in the enzyme parameters between high and low elevation pandas such as higher aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine kinase, amylase and lower lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Release pandas also had higher nutrition parameter values such as higher albumin, globulin and creatinine. The RI for blood parameters in our study provides a baseline to monitor the health of captive animals and forms the basis for assessing the health of free-roaming giant pandas in future reintroduction efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Bi
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3145 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Michael P O’Connor
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3145 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob R Owens
- Department of Conservation, Los Angeles Zoo, Botanical Gardens, 5333 Zoo Dr Los Angeles, California, CA 90027, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Ste. 1200, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Lee-Ann Collins Hayek
- Smithsonian Institution, MRC, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Global Cause Foundation, 1002 Doe Run, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Yanshan Zhou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Ramana Callan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
- Miami University, 501 E. High St, Oxford OH, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - James R Spotila
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3145 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Global Cause Foundation, 1002 Doe Run, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao Y, Yu C, Liu G, Zhang M, Liu Z, Liu J, Jin Y. Comparison between Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Qinling and Sichuan Giant Panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis and sichuanensis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3149. [PMID: 37835755 PMCID: PMC10571825 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant pandas are the flagship species in world conservation, and include two subspecies, Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis (A. m. qinlingensis) and Ailuropoda melanoleuca sichuanensis (A. m. sichuanensis). Hematology and serum biochemistry studies are crucial to protecting giant pandas. Even though research on hematology and serum biochemistry are well-established in A. m. sichuanensis, research in A. m. qinlingensis is scarce. The study aimed to (1) establish a baseline for hemogram and reference intervals (RIs) for hematological and serum biochemical parameters in A. m. qinlingensis, (2) assess the possible variations in these parameters of A. m. qinlingensis based on age, gender, and storage condition of blood samples, and (3) compare the parameters to those of A. m. sichuanensis. Blood samples (n = 42) were collected from healthy A. m. qinlingensis (n = 21) housed in Shaanxi (Louguantai) Rare Wildlife Rescue and Breeding Research Center, and hematological (n = 25) and serum biochemical parameters (n = 18) were analyzed in March and December of 2019. The results showed no significant abnormality in the blood smears of all individuals in this study, except for a few serrated red blood cells, platelet aggregations, and occasionally giant platelets. Between sub-adult and adult A. m. qinlingensis, there were significant differences in five hematological and one serum biochemical parameter (p < 0.05), whereas six serum biochemical parameters were present when α = 0.1 (p < 0.1). Gender influenced % NEU, % LYM, % EOS, LYM, EOS, GGT, and CHOL of A. m. qinlingensis. The majority of the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of A. m. qinlingensis were different from those of A. m. sichuanensis regarding age and gender. The anticoagulant whole blood samples of A. m. qinlingensis stored at 2-8 °C for 24 h and the serum samples stored at -18 °C for 48 h had little influence on the values of hematological and serum biochemical parameters. In conclusion, this study provided a baseline of hemogram and established RIs for hematological and serum biochemical parameters of A. m. qinlingensis. RIs of A. m. sichuanensis reported before were not completely fit for A. m. qinlingensis, and age, gender, or the storage condition of blood samples influenced some of the parameters of A. m. qinlingensis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a hemogram baseline and RIs for hematological and serum biochemical parameters of A. m. qinlingensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zichen Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | | | - Yipeng Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frøbert AM, Toews JNC, Nielsen CG, Brohus M, Kindberg J, Jessen N, Fröbert O, Hammond GL, Overgaard MT. Differential Changes in Circulating Steroid Hormones in Hibernating Brown Bears: Preliminary Conclusions and Caveats. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:365-378. [PMID: 35839518 DOI: 10.1086/721154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brown bears are obese when they enter the den, and after 6 mo of hibernation and physical inactivity, bears show none of the adverse consequences of a sedentary lifestyle in humans, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and kidney failure. The metabolic mechanisms that drive hibernation physiology in bears are poorly defined, but systemic endocrine regulators are likely involved. To investigate the potential role of steroid hormones, we quantified the total levels of 12 steroid hormones, the precursor cholesterol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) in paired serum samples from subadult free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears during the active and hibernation states. During hibernation, androstenedione and testosterone were significantly decreased in subadult female bears (n=13), whereas they increased in all males but one (n=6) and therefore did not reach a significant difference. Despite this difference, SHBG increased more than 20-fold during hibernation for all bears. Compared with SHBG concentrations in humans, bear levels were very low in the active state, but during hibernation, levels equaled high levels in humans. The increased SHBG levels likely maintain a state of relative quiescence of the reproductive hormones in hibernating bears. Interestingly, the combination of SHBG and testosterone levels results in similar free bioavailable testosterone levels of 70-80 pM in both subadult and adult sexually active male bears, suggesting a role for SHBG in controlling androgen action during hibernation in males. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol levels were below the detection limit in all but one animal. The metabolically active glucocorticoids were significantly higher in both sexes during hibernation, whereas the inactive metabolite cortisone was reduced and CBG was low approaching the detection limit. A potential caveat is that the glucocorticoid levels might be affected by the ketamine applied in the anesthetic mixture for hibernating bears. However, increased hibernating cortisol levels have consistently been reported in both black bears and brown bears. Thus, we suggest that high glucocorticoid activity may support the hibernation state, likely serving to promote lipolysis and gluconeogenesis while limiting tissue glucose uptake to maintain a continuous glucose supply to the brain.
Collapse
|
4
|
ANALYSIS OF SERUM PROTEINS IN HEALTHY GIANT PANDAS ( AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) UNDER MANAGED CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:442-447. [PMID: 35758586 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a practical diagnostic tool for the identification of changes in serum protein fractions, which can be associated with a variety of diseases. Protein electrophoresis studies in Ursidae are limited, and currently no published fraction values are available for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The aim of this study was to describe the serum protein fractions in the giant panda using both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and standard agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) techniques. Serum samples from nine healthy giant pandas (n = 19) were used for this study. Samples were evaluated using CZE and standard AGE. The CZE procedure successfully resolved serum proteins into seven fractions: prealbumin; albumin; and α1-, α2-, β1-, β2-, and γ-globulin; while AGE separated serum into only six protein fractions: prealbumin; albumin; α1-, α2-, and β-globulins; and γ-globulin. These data will serve as a preliminary baseline for further studies and provide insight for the medical management of giant pandas.
Collapse
|
5
|
Berg von Linde M, Johansson K, Kruse R, Helenius G, Samano N, Friberg Ö, Frøbert AM, Fröbert O. Expression of Paracrine Effectors in Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treated With Plasma From Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:317-325. [PMID: 32949228 PMCID: PMC7877842 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are promising candidates for novel cell therapeutic applications. Hibernating brown bears sustain tissue integrity and function via unknown mechanisms, which might be plasma borne. We hypothesized that plasma from hibernating bears may increase the expression of favorable factors from human ADSCs. In an experimental study, ADSCs from patients with ischemic heart disease were treated with interventional media containing plasma from hibernating and active bears, respectively, and with control medium. Extracted RNA from the ADSCs was sequenced using next generation sequencing. Statistical analyses of differentially expressed genes were performed using fold change analysis, pathway analysis, and gene ontology. As a result, we found that genes associated with inflammation, such as IGF1, PGF, IL11, and TGFA, were downregulated by > 10‐fold in ADSCs treated with winter plasma compared with control. Genes important for cardiovascular development, ADM, ANGPTL4, and APOL3, were upregulated in ADSCs when treated with winter plasma compared with summer plasma. ADSCs treated with bear plasma, regardless if it was from hibernating or active bears, showed downregulation of IGF1, PGF, IL11, INHBA, IER3, and HMOX1 compared with control, suggesting reduced cell growth and differentiation. This can be summarized in the conclusion that plasma from hibernating bears suppresses inflammatory genes and activates genes associated with cardiovascular development in human ADSCs. Identifying the involved regulator(s) holds therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Johansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ninos Samano
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Örjan Friberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anne Mette Frøbert
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arun A, Sejian V, Bhatta R. Comparative assessment of adaptive capabilities of wild and captive Indian sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) based on rhythmic changes in biochemical response. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1685215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bangalore, India
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - R. Bhatta
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arun AS, Sidharth PM, Rashamol VP, Sejian V, Bhatta R. Comparative study on the rhythmic changes in haematological parameters between captive and free ranging wild sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1498231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attur Shanmugam Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bangalore, India
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Veerasamy Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore, India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boesen AH, Thiel A, Fuchs B, Evans AL, Bertelsen MF, Rodushkin I, Arnemo JM. Assessment of the LeadCare® Plus for Use on Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:285. [PMID: 31552279 PMCID: PMC6736588 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse health effects in both humans and wildlife. Blood lead levels (BLL) of sentinel wildlife species can be used to monitor environmental lead exposure and ecosystem health. BLL analyzers, such as the LeadCare®, are validated for use in humans, assessed for use in some avian species and cattle, and are increasingly being used on wildlife to monitor lead exposure. The LeadCare® analyzers use a technique called anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Species-specific conversion equations have been proposed to approximate the levels found with gold standard measuring methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) because the ASV method has been shown to underestimate BLL in some species. In this study we assessed the LeadCare® Plus (LCP) for use on Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). LCP measurements were correlated with ICP-MS with a Bland-Altman analyzed bias of 16.3-22.5%, showing a consistent overestimation of BLL analyzed with LCP. Based on this analysis we provide conversion equations for calculating ICP-MS BLL based on the LCP results in Scandinavian brown bears. Our study shows that the LeadCare® Plus can be used for monitoring of lead exposure by approximating gold standard levels using conversion equations. This enables comparison with other gold standard measured BLL within the observed range of this study (38.20-174.00 μg/L). Our study also found that Scandinavian brown bears are highly exposed to environmental lead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Boesen
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Alexandra Thiel
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Boris Fuchs
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ilia Rodushkin
- ALS Scandinavia AB, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bando MKH, Nelson OL, Kogan C, Sellon R, Wiest M, Bacon HJ, Hunter-Ishikawa M, Leadbeater W, Yamazaki K, Jin Y, Komatsu T, McGeachy D. Metabolic derangements and reduced survival of bile-extracted Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus). BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:263. [PMID: 31352899 PMCID: PMC6661835 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Across China and Southeast Asia, an estimated 17,000 bears are currently farmed for bile, primarily for traditional medicines. Depending on country, bile is extracted daily via transabdominal gallbladder fistulas, indwelling catheters, or needle aspiration. Despite claims that bears do not develop adverse effects from bile extraction, health issues identified in bears removed from bile farms include bile-extraction site infections, abdominal hernias, peritonitis, cholecystitis, hepatic neoplasia, cardiac disease, skeletal abnormalities, and abnormal behaviors. We present a comprehensive assessment of the effects of bile farming by comparing serum biochemical and hematological values of bears from farms that were bile-extracted (BE) and bears from farms not bile-extracted (FNE) with bears from non-farm captive (ZOO) and free-range (FR) environments. We hypothesized BE bears would have significant laboratory abnormalities compared to all non-extracted bear groups. We also hypothesized BE bears would have reduced long-term survival compared to FNE bears despite removal from farms. Results BE bears exhibited the highest values and greatest variation (on a population level) in laboratory parameters compared to all non-extracted bear groups particularly for alanine transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CREA), and total white blood cell count. Significant differences were detected between bear groups when accounting for season, sex, and/or age. BE bears exhibited greater mean serum GGT compared to all non-extracted bear groups, and the odds of having elevated TBIL were 7.3 times greater for BE bears, consistent with hepatobiliary disease. Biochemical parameter elevations in BE bears persisted up to 14 years post-rescue, consistent with long-term effects of bile-extraction. BE bears that arrived with elevated CREA and ALKP had median survival times of 1 and 4 years respectively, and regardless of laboratory abnormalities, BE bears had significantly shorter survival times compared to FNE bears. Conclusions Our results provide strong evidence that bile extraction practices not only represent a temporary constraint for bears’ welfare, but confer distinct long-term adverse health consequences. Routine laboratory panels may be insensitive to detect the extent of underlying illness in BE bears as these bears have significantly reduced survival regardless of biochemical assessment compared to FNE bears. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2006-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Kaho Herkules Bando
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646610, 100 Grimes Way, ADBF, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6610, USA.
| | - O Lynne Nelson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646610, 100 Grimes Way, ADBF, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6610, USA
| | - Clark Kogan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research (CISER), Washington State University, Abelson Suite 227, Office 221, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Rance Sellon
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646610, 100 Grimes Way, ADBF, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6610, USA
| | - Michelle Wiest
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1104, Moscow, ID, 83844-1104, USA
| | - Heather J Bacon
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Mandala Hunter-Ishikawa
- Ensessa Kotteh Wildlife Rescue, Born Free Foundation Ethiopia, PO Box 3138/1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Lucky Centre, 1/F, 165-171 Rd, Wan Chai Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Forest Ecology Laboratory, Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yipeng Jin
- Clinical Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu #2, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Takeshi Komatsu
- Kumakuma-en Kitaakita, 1-39 Ani-utto-Jinba, Kitaakita, Akita, 018-4733, Japan
| | - David McGeachy
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, CW405, Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY VALUES AND SELECT SEROLOGIC SCREENING OF BROWN HYENAS ( PARAHYAENA BRUNNEA) FROM THE NAMIB DESERT, NAMIBIA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:931-942. [PMID: 30592906 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood from 30 free-ranging brown hyenas ( Parahyaena brunnea) was collected for biochemical analysis and select serologic screening in Namibia from 1997 to 2010. Age was found to have an influence on several biochemical parameters that may be related to growth, a developing immune system, and differences in diet. Seasonal differences in diet of coastal brown hyenas also had an overall significant effect on lipemia values, and differences in stress due to varying capture methods could be associated with an increase in glucose and creatinine kinase. Comparisons among hyena species from published data were inconclusive, as some samples may have been derived from captive populations and individuals. Sera were tested for antibodies against 18 pathogens. Antibodies were not detected for most pathogens, but the proportion of sera containing antibodies against canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1) and canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2) was 65% and 84%, respectively. There was no effect of sex, age, year of sampling, or contact with domestic dogs, indicating that CAV-1 or CAV-2 may be enzootic. The prevalence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) was 43%, and older brown hyenas were 6.9 times more likely to have been exposed to CDV, adjusting for year of sampling and degree of estimated contact with domestic dogs, suggesting epizootic outbreaks. This study is the first to present biochemical reference intervals for wild brown hyenas and provides an indication of disease exposure in this species.
Collapse
|
11
|
Di Renzo L, Cioccoloni G, Falco S, Abenavoli L, Moia A, Sinibaldi Salimei P, De Lorenzo A. Influence of FTO rs9939609 and Mediterranean diet on body composition and weight loss: a randomized clinical trial. J Transl Med 2018; 16:308. [PMID: 30419927 PMCID: PMC6233363 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Mediterranean diet (MeD) plays a key role in the prevention of obesity. Among the genes involved in obesity, the Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is one of the most known, but its interaction with MeD remained uncertain so far. Methods We carried out a study on a sample of 188 Italian subjects, analyzing their FTO rs9939609 alleles, and the difference in body composition between the baseline and a 4-weeks nutritional intervention. The sample was divided into two groups: the control group of 49 subjects, and the MeD group of 139 subjects. Results We found significant relations between MeD and both variation of total body fat (ΔTBFat) (p = 0.00) and gynoid body fat (p = 0.04). ∆TBFat (kg) demonstrated to have a significant relation with the interaction diet-gene (p = 0.04), whereas FTO was associated with the variation of total body water (p = 0.02). Conclusions MeD demonstrated to be a good nutritional treatment to reduce the body fat mass, whereas data about FTO remain uncertain. Confirming or rejecting the hypothesis of FTO and its influence on body tissues during nutritional treatments is fundamental to decide whether its effect has to be taken into consideration during both development of dietetic plans and patients monitoring. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Id: NCT01890070. Registered 01 July 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01890070
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cioccoloni
- PhD School of Applied Medical-Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Falco
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Moia
- PhD School of History and Philosophical-social Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Orazio Raimondo 18, 00173, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi Salimei
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ciesielski TM, Sonne C, Ormbostad I, Aars J, Lie E, Bytingsvik J, Jenssen BM. Effects of biometrics, location and persistent organic pollutants on blood clinical-chemical parameters in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:387-399. [PMID: 29860211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, blood clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) were analysed in 20 female and 18 male Svalbard polar bears (Ursus maritimus) captured in spring 2007. The aim was to study how age, body condition (BC), biometrics, plasma lipid content and geographical location may confound the relationship between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PCBs, HCB, chlordanes, DDTs, HCHs, mirex and OH-PCBs and the concentrations of 12 specific BCCPs (hematocrit [HCT], hemoglobin [HB], aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT], γ-glutamyltransferase [GGT], creatine kinase [CK], triglycerides [TG], cholesterol [CHOL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], creatinine (CREA], urea, potassium (K]), and to investigate if any of these BCCPs may be applied as potential biomarkers for POP exposure in polar bears. Initial PCA and O-PLS modelling showed that age, lipids, BC and geographical location (longitude and latitude) were important parameters explaining BCCPs in females. Following subsequent partial correlation analyses correcting for age and lipids, multiple POPs in females were still significantly correlated with HCT and HDL (all p < 0.05). In males, age, BM, BC and longitude were important parameters explaining BCCPs. Following partial correlation analyses correcting for age, biometrics, lipids and longitude in males, multiple POPs were significantly correlated with HCT, ASAT, GGT and CHOL (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, several confounding parameters has to be taken into account when studying the relations between BCCPs and POPs in polar bears. When correcting for these, in particular HCT may be used as a simple cost-efficient biomarker of POP exposure in polar bears. Furthermore, decreasing HDL concentrations and increasing CHOL concentration with increasing POP concentrations may indicate responses related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We therefore suggest to further study POP exposure and lipidome response to increase knowledge of the risk of cardiometabolic syndrome in polar bears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, POBox 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Ingunn Ormbostad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Elisabeth Lie
- Norwegian Institute for Water research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jenny Bytingsvik
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, POBox 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svarbard, POBox 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chanon S, Chazarin B, Toubhans B, Durand C, Chery I, Robert M, Vieille-Marchiset A, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A, Evans AL, Brunberg S, Arnemo JM, Gauquelin-Koch G, Storey KB, Simon C, Blanc S, Bertile F, Lefai E. Proteolysis inhibition by hibernating bear serum leads to increased protein content in human muscle cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5525. [PMID: 29615761 PMCID: PMC5883044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is one of the main characteristics of human ageing and physical inactivity, with resulting adverse health outcomes. To date, there are still no efficient therapeutic strategies for its prevention and/or treatment. However, during hibernation, bears exhibit a unique ability for preserving muscle in conditions where muscle atrophy would be expected in humans. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether there are components of bear serum which can control protein balance in human muscles. In this study, we exposed cultured human differentiated muscle cells to bear serum collected during winter and summer periods, and measured the impact on cell protein content and turnover. In addition, we explored the signalling pathways that control rates of protein synthesis and degradation. We show that the protein turnover of human myotubes is reduced when incubated with winter bear serum, with a dramatic inhibition of proteolysis involving both proteasomal and lysosomal systems, and resulting in an increase in muscle cell protein content. By modulating intracellular signalling pathways and inducing a protein sparing phenotype in human muscle cells, winter bear serum therefore holds potential for developing new tools to fight human muscle atrophy and related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Chanon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Blandine Chazarin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES, 75039, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Toubhans
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Christine Durand
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Isabelle Chery
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maud Robert
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
- Department of digestive and bariatric surgery, Obesity Integrated Center, University Hospital of Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University College of Southeast Norway, N3800 Bø in Telemark, Bø, Norway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Sven Brunberg
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2473495. [PMID: 28855976 PMCID: PMC5569630 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2473495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) protection, and its metabolites are able to protect from the endothelial dysfunction commonly present in atherosclerosis. This randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial determined the effect in healthy volunteers of two gastroresistant capsules containing 15 mg/day of HT, for a 3-week period (HTT). Evaluation of nutritional status, serum metabolites, oxidative stress biomarkers, and gene expression of 9 genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and CVDs was performed. Oxidation biomarkers like thiol group (p = 0.001), total antioxidant status (TAS) (p = 0.001), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) (2-ΔΔCt = 3.7), and plasma concentration of HT (2.83 μg·mL-1) were significantly increased, while nitrite (p = 0.001), nitrate (p = 0.001), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.02) were drastically reduced after HTT. A significant reduction of body fat mass percentage (p = 0.01), suprailiac skinfold (p = 0.01), and weight (p = 0.04; Δ% = -0.46%) was observed after HTT. This study shows that regular intake of 15 mg/day of HT changed body composition parameters and modulated the antioxidant profile and the expression of inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes. However, it is advisable to personalize HT doses in order to exert its health benefits in CVD prevention and protection of LDL-C particles from oxidative damage. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01890070.
Collapse
|
15
|
Fandos Esteruelas N, Cattet M, Zedrosser A, Stenhouse GB, Küker S, Evans AL, Arnemo JM. A Double-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Medetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthesia in Free-Ranging Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170764. [PMID: 28118413 PMCID: PMC5261618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared anesthetic features, blood parameters, and physiological responses to either medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam using a double-blinded, randomized experimental design during 40 anesthetic events of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) either captured by helicopter in Sweden or by culvert trap in Canada. Induction was smooth and predictable with both anesthetic protocols. Induction time, the need for supplemental drugs to sustain anesthesia, and capture-related stress were analyzed using generalized linear models, but anesthetic protocol did not differentially affect these variables. Arterial blood gases and acid-base status, and physiological responses were examined using linear mixed models. We documented acidemia (pH of arterial blood < 7.35), hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen < 80 mmHg), and hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide ≥ 45 mmHg) with both protocols. Arterial pH and oxygen partial pressure were similar between groups with the latter improving markedly after oxygen supplementation (p < 0.001). We documented dose-dependent effects of both anesthetic protocols on induction time and arterial oxygen partial pressure. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide increased as respiratory rate increased with medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, but not with dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, demonstrating a differential drug effect. Differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature among bears could not be attributed to the anesthetic protocol. Heart rate increased with increasing rectal temperature (p < 0.001) and ordinal day of capture (p = 0.002). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in bears captured by helicopter in Sweden than in bears captured by culvert trap in Canada (p < 0.001). Rectal temperature significantly decreased over time (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, we did not find any benefit of using dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam instead of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in the anesthesia of brown bears. Both drug combinations appeared to be safe and reliable for the anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears captured by helicopter or by culvert trap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Fandos Esteruelas
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Marc Cattet
- RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Küker
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
DORSAL LAMINECTOMY TO RELIEVE SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION IN A CAPTIVE SYRIAN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS SYRIACUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 47:1105-1108. [PMID: 28080915 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0265.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 19-yr-old captive male Syrian bear ( Ursus arctos syriacus) presented with a right hind limb lameness that progressed to nonambulatory paraparesis over the course of 2 wk. When night enclosure confinement and a short course of glucocorticoids and antibiotics did not lead to improvement, radiographs were performed, followed by cerebrospinal fluid analysis and myelography, revealing a dynamic spinal cord compression at the level of T2-T3. Dorsal laminectomy of both T2 and T3 was performed to allow decompression. The bear recovered uneventfully with first sign of neurological improvement apparent at 10 days postoperatively. Following 6 mo of rehabilitation the bear was walking and using his hind limbs normally.
Collapse
|
17
|
LEUKOCYTE COPING CAPACITY AS A TOOL TO ASSESS CAPTURE- AND HANDLING-INDUCED STRESS IN SCANDINAVIAN BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS). J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:S40-53. [PMID: 26845299 DOI: 10.7589/52.2s.s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are often captured and handled for research and management purposes. Although the techniques used are potentially stressful for the animals and might have detrimental and long-lasting consequences, it is difficult to assess their physiological impact. Here we report the use of the leukocyte coping capacity (LCC) technique to quantify the acute stress of capture and handling in brown bears in Scandinavia. In April and May 2012 and 2013, we collected venous blood samples and recorded a range of physiological variables to evaluate the effects of capture and the added impact of surgical implantation or removal of transmitters and sensors. We studied 24 brown bears, including 19 that had abdominal surgery. We found 1) LCC values following capture were lower in solitary bears than in bears in family groups suggesting capture caused relatively more stress in solitary bears, 2) ability to cope with handling stress was better (greater LCC values) in bears with good body condition, and 3) LCC values did not appear to be influenced by surgery. Although further evaluation of this technique is required, our preliminary results support the use of the LCC technique as a quantitative measure of stress.
Collapse
|
18
|
Græsli AR, Evans AL, Fahlman Å, Bertelsen MF, Blanc S, Arnemo JM. Seasonal variation in haematological and biochemical variables in free-ranging subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:301. [PMID: 26646442 PMCID: PMC4673763 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Free-ranging brown bears exhibit highly contrasting physiological states throughout the year. They hibernate 6 months of the year, experiencing a decrease in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and metabolism. An increase in food consumption and the resulting weight gain (mostly through fat storage) prior to hibernation are also part of the brown bear’s annual cycle. Due to these physiological changes, haematological and biochemical variables vary dramatically throughout the year. Seasonal changes in 12 haematological and 34 biochemical variables were evaluated in blood samples collected from 40 free-ranging subadult brown bears (22 females, 18 males) immobilised in Sweden in winter (February-March), spring (April-May), and summer (June). Results Higher levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cell count, and a lower white blood cell count and mean cell volume was found during hibernation than in spring and summer. Lower values of the enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and amylase, and increased values of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) and blood lipids; triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids, were present during hibernation compared to spring and summer. Conclusions This study documents significant shifts in haematological and biochemical variables in samples collected from brown bears anaesthetised in winter (February-March) compared to in spring and summer (April-June), reflecting the lowered metabolic, renal and hepatic activity during hibernation. Lower values of enzymes and higher values of blood lipids during hibernation, likely reflect a lipid-based metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Randi Græsli
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, NO-2418, Elverum, Norway. .,Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, NO-2418, Elverum, Norway.
| | - Åsa Fahlman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France. .,CNRS, UMR7178, 67087, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, NO-2418, Elverum, Norway. .,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
LEUKOCYTE COPING CAPACITY AS A TOOL TO ASSESS CAPTURE- AND HANDLING-INDUCED STRESS IN SCANDINAVIAN BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS). J Wildl Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.7589/jwdi-52-01s1-04.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Changes in LDL Oxidative Status and Oxidative and Inflammatory Gene Expression after Red Wine Intake in Healthy People: A Randomized Trial. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:317348. [PMID: 26101461 PMCID: PMC4458536 DOI: 10.1155/2015/317348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial oxidative stress is characterized by an increased susceptibility of the organism towards oxidative damage after consumption of a meal rich in lipids and/or carbohydrates. Micronutrients modulate immune system and exert a protective action by reducing low density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation via induction of antioxidant enzymes. We evaluated the gene expression of oxidative stress (HOSp), inflammasome (HIp), and human drug metabolism pathways (HDM) and ox-LDL level at baseline and after the intake of red wine naturally enriched with resveratrol (NPVRW), in association with or without a McDonald's meal (McDM). The ox-LDL levels significantly increase comparing baseline (B) versus McDM and decreased comparing McDM versus McDM + NPVRW (P ≤ 0.05). Percentages of significant genes expressed after each nutritional intervention were the following: (1) B versus McDM, 2.88% HOSp, 2.40% of HIp, and 3.37% of HDMp; (2) B versus McDM + NPVRW, 1.44% of HOSp, 4.81% of HIp, and 0.96% of HDMp; (3) McDM versus McDM + NPVRW, 2.40% of HOSp, 2.40% of HIp, and 5.77% of HDMp; (4) B versus NPVRW, 4.80% HOSp, 3.85% HIp, and 3.85% HDMp. NPVRW intake reduced postprandial ox-LDL and the expression of inflammation and oxidative stress related genes. Chronic studies on larger population are necessary before definitive conclusions.
Collapse
|