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Quattrini C, Scalco R, Vernau W, Dini P, Aleman M. Effect of time and autologous serum addition on the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:713-717. [PMID: 36692189 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is highly labile and delayed processing might alter results of analysis. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of time and addition of autologous serum on cytological evaluation of CSF. ANIMALS Ten client-owned adult horses requiring euthanasia. METHODS Prospective study. Serum and CSF were collected from each horse before and within 10 minutes after euthanasia. CSF samples were divided into 15 aliquots (2 mL each); 1 aliquot was submitted for routine CSF analysis within 60 minutes of collection. Four drops of autologous serum were added to 7 of the aliquots, and stored at 4°C (serum group); the remaining 7 samples were stored unaltered at 4°C (control group). Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and cell morphology score were done at T4, T8, T12, T24, T48, T72, and T96 hours after collection. Protein concentration was measured in the control group at T0 and T96 hours. RESULTS The cell morphology scores were significantly different in the control group at T48 (median 2, range 0-4), T72 (2, 0-4), and T96 (3, 0-4) in comparison to T0 (1). No change was observed in the serum group. TNCC remained stable over time in both groups. No statistically significant difference in CSF protein concentration was found between T0 and T96. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The addition of autologous serum to an aliquot of CSF sample before shipping improves the preservation of cell morphology up to 96 hours after collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Quattrini
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Quatrini) and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Scalco, Aleman), Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Vernau), Population, Health and Reproduction (Dini), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebeca Scalco
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Quatrini) and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Scalco, Aleman), Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Vernau), Population, Health and Reproduction (Dini), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Vernau
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Quatrini) and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Scalco, Aleman), Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Vernau), Population, Health and Reproduction (Dini), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Quatrini) and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Scalco, Aleman), Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Vernau), Population, Health and Reproduction (Dini), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Monica Aleman
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Quatrini) and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Scalco, Aleman), Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Vernau), Population, Health and Reproduction (Dini), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Peterson LN, Christian JA, Bentley RT, Moore GE, Thomovsky SA. Evaluation of the hydroxyethyl starch stabilizing agent, Vetstarch, in the preservation of canine cerebrospinal fluid samples. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:95-99. [PMID: 32190921 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is the time-dependent degradation of nucleated cells, impeding accurate interpretation. CSF additives have been used to delay cell degradation; however, stabilizing agents, including serum, can alter microprotein levels. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine if the hydroxyethyl starch, Vetstarch, is effective at preserving nucleated cell morphology in CSF compared with the saline diluent or serum without altering microprotein levels. METHODS CSF samples were collected from 26 dogs. Samples were divided into four aliquots. One aliquot was analyzed immediately (control). The remaining three aliquots were mixed with either saline, fetal calf serum, or Vetstarch before storage at 4°C. Nucleated cell differentials, protein concentrations, and cell morphology scores were analyzed 48 hours later. A cell morphology score of 1 indicated no cellular degeneration; a score of 4 indicated severe degeneration. RESULTS Samples stored in serum, saline, and Vetstarch exhibited poorer mean (±SD) morphology scores (2.4 ± 0.7, 2.6 ± 0.8, and 2.7 ± 0.9, respectively) compared with controls (1.9 ± 0.4). Samples stored in saline and Vetstarch demonstrated higher percentages of unrecognizable cells, with a median of 28 (range 0-100) and 27 (0-100), respectively; samples stored in serum had a median of 14 (range 0-67) unrecognizable. Microprotein levels of samples stored in Vetstarch were dependent on the method of protein analysis. Serum significantly increased microprotein levels. CONCLUSIONS Vetstarch does not reduce time-dependent cellular degeneration compared with the saline diluent or serum and is, therefore, not recommended as a stabilizing agent for canine cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Peterson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John A Christian
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Thomovsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Chung ELT, Jesse FFA, Marza AD, Ibrahim HH, Abba Y, Zamri-Saad M, Haron AW, Lila MAM, Saharee AA, Omar AR, Bakar MZA, Norsidin MJ. Responses of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins and cytological analysis in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during haemorrhagic septicaemia infection in buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1773-1782. [PMID: 30919320 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sudden death is usually the main finding in field animals during haemorrhagic septicaemia outbreaks caused by Pasteurella multocida type B:2 that causes acute, fatal and septicaemic disease in cattle and buffaloes. This situation may be due to failure in early detection of the disease where early treatment of antibiotics may improve the prognosis of the animal and other surviving animals. Thus, there is a grey area on the knowledge on the potential usage of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins as early biomarkers in the diagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia. In addition, exploration of the cerebrospinal fluid during infection has never been studied before. Therefore, this study was designed to fill up the grey areas in haemorrhagic septicaemia research. Twenty-one buffalo calves were divided into seven treatment groups where group 1 was inoculated orally with 10 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline pH 7 which act as a negative control group. Groups 2 and 3 were inoculated orally and subcutaneously with 10 mL of 1012 colony-forming unit of P. multocida type B:2. Group 4 and 5 buffaloes were inoculated orally and intravenously with 10 mL of lipopolysaccharide broth. Groups 6 and 7 were administered orally and subcutaneously with 10 mL of outer membrane protein broth. During the post-infection period of 21 days, blood and cerebrospinal fluid were sampled for the analyses of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins and cytological examination. Buffalo calves infected with P. multocida and its immunogens via different routes of inoculation showed significant changes (p < 0.05) of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins and cytological changes in both the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Buffalo calves from groups 3 and 7 showed the highest pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas group 6 had the highest acute phase protein concentration and group 5 revealed the highest value for cytology changes. In summary, results obtained in this study could be used as a profiling study to add novel knowledge to the haemorrhagic septicaemia research as well as the development of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Dhiaa Marza
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq
| | | | - Yusuf Abba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Saharee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Zuki Abu Bakar
- Department of Preclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jefri Norsidin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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