Semaglutide reduces cardiovascular events regardless of metformin use: a post hoc subgroup analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6

Advances in the management of type 2 diabetes in adults

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic and progressive cardiometabolic disorder that affects more than 10% of adults worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, disability, and high costs. Over the past decade, the pattern of management of diabetes has shifted from a predominantly glucose centric approach, focused on lowering levels of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), to a directed complications centric approach, aimed at preventing short term and long term complications of diabetes, and a pathogenesis centric approach, which looks at the underlying metabolic dysfunction of excess adiposity that both causes and complicates the management of diabetes. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in patient centred care for type 2 diabetes, focusing on drug and non-drug approaches to reducing the risks of complications of diabetes in adults. We also discuss the effects of social determinants of health on the management of diabetes, particularly as they affect the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.

The Impact of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist on the Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Since 2005, the cardioprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have garnered attention. The cardioprotective effect could be an added benefit to the use of GLP-1 RA. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at summarizing observational studies that recruited type 2 diabetes individuals with fewer cardiovascular (CV) events before enrolling in the research.

METHODS

Systematically, the databases were searched for observational studies reporting compound CV events and deaths in type 2 diabetics without having the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) compared to other glucose-lowering agents. A meta-analysis was carried out using random effects model to estimate the overall hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Five studies were found eligible for the systematic review including a total of 64,452 patients receiving either liraglutide (three studies) or exenatide (two studies).

RESULTS

The pooled HR for major adverse cardiac event (MACE) and extended MACE was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.93, I2 = 68%) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89 - 0.98, I2 = 29%), respectively. The pooled HR for hospitalization due to heart failure (HHF) and occurrence of HF was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77 - 0.91, I2 = 79%) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75 - 0.94, I2 = 95%), respectively. For stroke, GLP-1 RA was associated with a significant risk reduction of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75 - 0.98, I2 = 81%). There was no significant myocardial infarction (MI) risk reduction with GLP-1 RA. As for all-cause mortality, the pooled HR for the occurrence of all-cause mortality was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76 - 0.88, I2 = 0%). The pooled HR for the occurrence of CV death was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.85, I2 = 38%). GLP-1 RA therapy was associated with a significantly low risk of MACE, extended MACE, all-cause mortality, and CV mortality. Except for MACE, the heterogenicity among the studies was low.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that GLP-1 RA is associated with a low risk of CV events composites and mortality. The findings support the cardioprotective effect of GLP-1 RA.

Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

The American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes convened a panel to update the previous consensus statements on the management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes in adults, published since 2006 and last updated in 2019. The target audience is the full spectrum of the professional healthcare team providing diabetes care in the USA and Europe. A systematic examination of publications since 2018 informed new recommendations. These include additional focus on social determinants of health, the healthcare system and physical activity behaviours including sleep. There is a greater emphasis on weight management as part of the holistic approach to diabetes management. The results of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes trials involving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, including assessment of subgroups, inform broader recommendations for cardiorenal protection in people with diabetes at high risk of cardiorenal disease. After a summary listing of consensus recommendations, practical tips for implementation are provided.

Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

The American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes convened a panel to update the previous consensus statements on the management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes in adults, published since 2006 and last updated in 2019. The target audience is the full spectrum of the professional health care team providing diabetes care in the U.S. and Europe. A systematic examination of publications since 2018 informed new recommendations. These include additional focus on social determinants of health, the health care system, and physical activity behaviors, including sleep. There is a greater emphasis on weight management as part of the holistic approach to diabetes management. The results of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes trials involving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, including assessment of subgroups, inform broader recommendations for cardiorenal protection in people with diabetes at high risk of cardiorenal disease. After a summary listing of consensus recommendations, practical tips for implementation are provided.