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Doyle B, Madden LA, Pamme N, Jones HS. Immobilised-enzyme microreactors for the identification and synthesis of conjugated drug metabolites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27696-27704. [PMID: 37727313 PMCID: PMC10506384 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03742h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of naturally circulating drug metabolites has been a focus of interest, since these metabolites may have different therapeutic and toxicological effects compared to the parent drug. The synthesis of metabolites outside of the human body is vital in order to conduct studies into the pharmacological activities of drugs and bioactive compounds. Current synthesis methods require significant purification and separation efforts or do not provide sufficient quantities for use in pharmacology experiments. Thus, there is a need for simple methods yielding high conversions whilst bypassing the requirement for a separation. Here we have developed and optimised flow chemistry methods in glass microfluidic reactors utilising surface-immobilised enzymes for sulfonation (SULT1a1) and glucuronidation (UGT1a1). Conversion occurs in flow, the precursor and co-factor are pumped through the device, react with the immobilised enzymes and the product is then simply collected at the outlet with no separation from a complex biological matrix required. Conversion only occurred when both the correct co-factor and enzyme were present within the microfluidic system. Yields of 0.97 ± 0.26 μg were obtained from the conversion of resorufin into resorufin sulfate over 2 h with the SULT1a1 enzyme and 0.47 μg of resorufin glucuronide over 4 h for UGT1a1. This was demonstrated to be significantly more than static test tube reactions at 0.22 μg (SULT1a1) and 0.19 μg (UGT1a1) over 4 h. With scaling out and parallelising, useable quantities of hundreds of micrograms for use in pharmacology studies can be synthesised simply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Doyle
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | | | - Nicole Pamme
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull HU6 7RX UK
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Huw S Jones
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford BD7 1DP UK
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Wang Z, Zeng Y, Jia H, Yang N, Liu M, Jiang M, Zheng Y. Bioconversion of vitamin D 3 to bioactive calcifediol and calcitriol as high-value compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:109. [PMID: 36229827 PMCID: PMC9563128 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological catalysis is an important approach for the production of high-value-added compounds, especially for products with complex structures. Limited by the complex steps of chemical synthesis and low yields, the bioconversion of vitamin D3 (VD3) to calcifediol and calcitriol, which are natural steroid products with high added value and significantly higher biological activity compared to VD3, is probably the most promising strategy for calcifediol and calcitriol production, and can be used as an alternative method for chemical synthesis. The conversion efficiency of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol has continued to rise in the past few decades with the help of several different VD3 hydroxylases, mostly cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and newly isolated strains. The production of calcifediol and calcitriol can be systematically increased in different ways. Specific CYPs and steroid C25 dehydrogenase (S25DH), as VD3 hydroxylases, are capable of converting VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol. Some isolated actinomycetes have also been exploited for fermentative production of calcifediol and calcitriol, although the VD3 hydroxylases of these strains have not been elucidated. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and enzyme engineering, quite a lot of advances in bioproduction of calcifediol and calcitriol has been achieved in recent years. Therefore, here we review the successful strategies of promoting VD3 hydroxylation and provide some perspective on how to further improve the bioconversion of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmin Jia
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100095 China
| | - Niping Yang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Mengshuang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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Fan XM, Shen JJ, Xu YY, Gao J, Zhang YW. Metabolic integration of azide functionalized glycan on Escherichia coli cell surface for specific covalent immobilization onto magnetic nanoparticles with click chemistry. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 324:124689. [PMID: 33450627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for specific immobilization of whole-cell with covalent bonds was developed through a click reaction between alkyne and azide groups. In this approach, magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-alkyne was synthesized with Fe3O4 core preparation, SiO2 coating, and alkyne functionalization on the surface. The azides were successfully integrated onto the cell surface of the recombinant E. coli harboring glycerol dehydrogenase, which was employed as the model cell. The highest immobilization yield of 83% and activity recovery of 94% were obtained under the conditions of 0.67 mg mg-1 cell-support ratio, pH 6.0, temperature 45 °C, and 20 mM Cu2+ concentration. The immobilized cell showed good reusability, which remained over 50% of initial activity after 10 cycles of utilization. Its activity was 9.7-fold higher than that of the free cell at the condition of pH 8.0 and each optimal temperature. Furthermore, the immobilized cell showed significantly higher activity, operational stability, and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, 535100 Qinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China; College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, 535100 Qinzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Gao C, Zheng T. Expression of Concern to: Drug metabolite synthesis by immobilized human FMO3 and whole cell catalysts. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:78. [PMID: 32213186 PMCID: PMC7093952 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of Concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongliang Gao
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Tingjie Zheng
- Department of Cultures, Politics and Society, University of Torino, Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153, Turin, Italy
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