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Arokia Femina T, Barghavi V, Archana K, Swethaa NG, Maddaly R. Non-uniformity in in vitro drug-induced cytotoxicity as evidenced by differences in IC 50 values - implications and way forward. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107238. [PMID: 36521817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines have proven indispensable for in vitro experiments and their utility as experimental models range from understanding the fundamental cell functioning to drug discovery. One of the most common utility of cell lines is for in vitro drug testing. Drug testing involves determining the cytotoxic effects of the drugs and such a measurement is expressed as the IC50 values of drugs. Although determination of IC50 values of drugs on cell lines is one of the most common in vitro experimental approaches, a significant amount of variations can be observed in the results obtained from such studies. Although the variations in the IC50 values of a drug on different cells lines can and should vary, the non-uniformity of such results reported from different studies using a particular drug on a specific cell line is a matter of concern. We present the IC50 values of 5 most commonly used drugs 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, cisplatin, doxorubicin and methotrexate obtained from several in vitro cell line-based studies. Some of the factors which contribute to the non-uniformity of the IC50 values for a particular drug from different studies are discussed as three types of factors, the biological, non-biological and human factors. Also, ways in which such variations can be reduced to obtain universally common, reliable results are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arokia Femina
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - V Barghavi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - K Archana
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - N G Swethaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Ravi Maddaly
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India.
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Tamai M, Kasai S, Akahane K, Thu TN, Kagami K, Komatsu C, Abe M, Watanabe A, Goi K, Miyake K, Inaba T, Takita J, Goto H, Minegishi M, Iwamoto S, Sugita K, Inukai T. Glucocorticoid receptor gene mutations confer glucocorticoid resistance in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106068. [PMID: 35124168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) is a key drug in the treatment of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), and the initial GC response is an important prognostic factor. GC receptors play an essential role in GC sensitivity, and somatic mutations of the GC receptor gene, NR3C1, are reportedly identified in some BCP-ALL cases, particularly at relapse. Moreover, associations of somatic mutations of the CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) genes with the GC-resistance of ALL have been suggested. However, the significance of these mutations in the GC sensitivity of BCP-ALL remains to be clarified in the intrinsic genes. In the present study, we sequenced NR3C1, WHSC1, and CREBBP genes in 99 BCP-ALL and 22 T-ALL cell lines (32 and 67 cell lines were known to be established at diagnosis and at relapse, respectively), and detected their mutations in 19 (2 cell lines at diagnosis and 15 cell lines at relapse), 26 (6 and 15), and 38 (11 and 15) cell lines, respectively. Of note, 14 BCP-ALL cell lines with the NR3C1 mutations were significantly more resistant to GC than those without mutations. In contrast, WHSC1 and CREBBP mutations were not associated with GC resistance. However, among the NR3C1 unmutated BCP-ALL cell lines, WHSC1 mutations tended to be associated with GC resistance and lower NR3C1 gene expression. Finally, we successfully established GC-resistant sublines of the GC-sensitive BCP-ALL cell line (697) by disrupting ligand binding and DNA binding domains of the NR3C1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These observations demonstrated that somatic mutations of the NR3C1 gene, and possibly the WHSC1 gene, confer GC resistance in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Shin Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Thao Nguyen Thu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masako Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Hematology/Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Tian Y, Wen C, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Li F, Zhao Q, Yao C, Ni K, Yang S, Zhang Y. CXCL9-modified CAR T cells improve immune cell infiltration and antitumor efficacy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2663-2675. [PMID: 35352167 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells remain unsatisfactory in treating solid tumors. The frequency of tumor-infiltrating T cells is closely related to the good prognosis of patients. Augmenting T cell accumulation in the tumor microenvironment is essential for tumor clearance. To overcome insufficient immune cell infiltration, innovative CAR designs need to be developed immediately. CXCL9 plays a pivotal role in regulating T cell migration and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, we engineered CAR T cells expressing CXCL9 (CART-CXCL9). The addition of CXCL9 enhanced cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity of CAR T cells and endowed CAR T cells with the ability to recruit activated T cells and antiangiogenic effect. In tumor-bearing mice, CART-CXCL9 cells attracted more T cell trafficking to the tumor site and inhibited angiogenesis than conventional CAR T cells. Additionally, CART-CXCL9 cell therapy slowed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival, displaying superior antitumor activity. Briefly, modifying CAR T cells to express CXCL9 could effectively improve CAR T cell efficacy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Tian
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chunli Wen
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qitai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chang Yao
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shengli Yang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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