Free-fatty acid receptor-1 (FFA1/GPR40) promotes papillary RCC proliferation and tumor growth via Src/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB but suppresses migration by inhibition of EGFR, ERK1/2, STAT3 and EMT

Inhibiting stanniocalcin 2 reduces sunitinib resistance of Caki-1 renal cancer cells under hypoxia condition

Background

Our previous study has suggested that blocking stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) could reduce sunitinib resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) under normoxia. The hypoxia is a particularly important environment for RCC occurrence and development, as well as sunitinib resistance. The authors proposed that STC2 also plays important roles in RCC sunitinib resistance under hypoxia conditions.

Methods

The ccRCC Caki-1 cells were treated within the hypoxia conditions. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the STC2 expression in ccRCC Caki-1 cells. STC2-neutralizing antibodies, STC2 siRNA, and the recombinant human STC2 (rhSTC2) were used to identify targeting regulation on STC2 in modulating sunitinib resistance, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion. In addition, autophagy flux and the lysosomal acidic environment were investigated by Western blotting and fluorescence staining, and the accumulation of sunitinib in cells was observed with the addition of STC2-neutralizing antibodies and autophagy modulators.

Results

Under hypoxia conditions, sunitinib disrupted the lysosomal acidic environment and accumulated in Caki-1 cells. Hypoxia-induced the STC2 mRNA and protein levels in Caki-1 cells. STC2-neutralizing antibodies and STC2 siRNA effectively aggravated sunitinib-reduced cell viability and proliferation, which were reversed by rhSTC2. In addition, sunitinib promoted EMT, migration, and invasion, which were reduced by STC2-neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusion

Inhibiting STC2 could reduce the sunitinib resistance of ccRCC cells under hypoxia conditions.